Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports - Volume 7, issue 1

Authors: Ma, Yuanyuan | Gong, Juan | Zeng, Lingli | Wang, Qinghua | Yao, Xiuqing | Li, Huiming | Chen, Yaozhi | Liu, Feng | Zhang, Mengyuan | Ren, Hui | Xiao, Lily Dongxia | Lian, Yan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: As the primary caregivers for people with dementia in China, family caregivers face a significant care burden that can negatively impact their mental and physical health. It is vital to investigate ways to support these caregivers. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a program led by community nurses to support caregivers of individuals with dementia. Methods: A total of 30 caregivers received nurse-led support in addition to usual care, while 28 caregivers received only usual care. The primary outcome was caregivers’ sense of competency in providing dementia care, which was measured using the Short Sense …of Competence Questionnaire (SSCQ). Secondary outcomes included caregivers’ ability to perform daily activities, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) using a neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaire, and quality of life using the short form health survey (SF-36). The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR 2300071484). Results: Compared to the control group, the intervention group had significantly higher SSCQ scores and a lower caregiver distress index over time. Physical and mental health-related quality of life also improved significantly among caregivers in the intervention group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of activities of daily living and BPSD. Conclusions: The community nurse-led support program significantly improved caregivers’ competency in providing dementia care and quality of life and reduced distress. These findings have important implications for dementia care policies, resources, and workforce development in China, including strengthening community dementia care services through collaboration with specialists in hospitals. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, caregivers, community health nursing, community support, dementia

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230067

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1153-1164, 2023

Authors: Tian, Jing | Du, Eric | Guo, Lan

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe brain pathologies and progressive cognitive decline. While the exact cause of this disease remains unknown, emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of neurotransmitters contributes to the development of AD pathology and symptoms. Serotonin, a critical neurotransmitter in the brain, plays a pivotal role in regulating various brain processes and is implicated in neurological and psychiatric disorders, including AD. Recent studies have shed light on the interplay between mitochondrial function and serotonin regulation in brain physiology. In AD, there is a deficiency of serotonin, along with impairments in mitochondrial function, particularly …in serotoninergic neurons. Additionally, altered activity of mitochondrial enzymes, such as monoamine oxidase, may contribute to serotonin dysregulation in AD. Understanding the intricate relationship between mitochondria and serotonin provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of AD and identifies potential therapeutic targets to restore serotonin homeostasis and alleviate AD symptoms. This review summarizes the recent advancements in unraveling the connection between brain mitochondria and serotonin, emphasizing their significance in AD pathogenesis and underscoring the importance of further research in this area. Elucidating the role of mitochondria in serotonin dysfunction will promote the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment and prevention of this neurodegenerative disorder. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, mitochondria, neurobiology, pathogenesis, serotonin

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230070

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1165-1177, 2023

Authors: Luque-Tirado, Andrea | Montiel-Herrera, Fátima | Maestre-Bravo, Rebeca | Barril-Aller, Claudia | García-Roldán, Ernesto | Arriola-Infante, José Enrique | Sánchez-Arjona, María Bernal | Rodrigo-Herrero, Silvia | Vargas-Romero, Juan Pedro | Franco-Macías, Emilio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: The “Triana Test” is a novel story recall test based on emotional material with demonstrated accuracy in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment patients. Objective: This study aims to obtain normative data for the “Triana Test”. Methods: A normative study was conducted at a university hospital in Spain. Partners of patients were systematically recruited if eligible (age ≥50, no memory complaints, and a total TMA-93 score at or above the 10th percentile). The “Triana Test” was administered and scored. For developing the normative data, a regression-based method was followed. Results: The final sample included 362 …participants (median age = 66, range = 50–88; 64.9% females). A model including age and educational level better predicted the total scores. Combinations of these variables resulted in different 10th percentile scores. Conclusions: Norms for using the “Triana Test” are now available. The provided cutoffs for the 10th percentile will aid in the diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive assessment, emotional memory, neuropsychology, normative data

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230096

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1179-1186, 2023

Authors: Gaber, Heba Ahmed | Aly, Eman Mohamed | Mohamed, Eman Saad | Elfoly, Marwa | Rabie, Mostafa Adel | Talaat, Mona Salah | El-Sayed, El-Sayed Mahmoud

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that progresses over time. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis gives identification of the main metabolic changes that happen during neurodegeneration, by monitoring biochemical and molecular structure alterations that can help in AD diagnosis or treatment approach. Objective: The aim of the present work is to assess AD hallmarks in molecular structure of retina and monitor accumulation of amyloid beta42 (Aβ42 ) in brain and retina during disease progression. Methods: AD induced in rats by Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3 ). Retinal molecular structure during disease progression for 2,4,6 and …8 weeks was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the incidence of the disease was confirmed by a behavioural assessment; the Morris Water Maze test. Aβ42 levels in the brain and retina were also measured. Results: The results indicated that cognitive impairment starting from 6 weeks of AlCl3 administration. Retinal concentration of Aβ42 was significant increase (p  < 0.05) from 2 weeks that precedes the observed increase of Aβ42 in the brain which appeared after 4 weeks of AlCl3 administration. Multivariate principal component analysis discovers that the variance noticed in the infrared spectra due to AD condition and it is time dependent for progression of the disease. Conclusions: The accumulation of Aβ42 is a sensitive early biomarker in retina for AD. FTIR analysis of the retina revealed changes in hydrogen bond formation or destruction, alterations in lipid chain length and branching accompanied by depleted lipid content and carbonization, as well as degeneration of the retinal tissue due to AD. Show more

Keywords: Aluminum, Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-β , behavior test, chloride, retina

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230051

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1187-1200, 2023

Authors: Ibrahim, Yehia | Xie, Jianyang | Macerollo, Antonella | Sardone, Rodolfo | Shen, Yaochun | Romano, Vito | Zheng, Yalin

Article Type: Systematic Review

Abstract: Background: Traditional methods for diagnosing dementia are costly, time-consuming, and somewhat invasive. Since the retina shares significant anatomical similarities with the brain, retinal abnormalities detected via optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) have been studied as a potential non-invasive diagnostic tool for neurodegenerative disorders; however, the most effective retinal changes remain a mystery to be unraveled in this review. Objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between retinal abnormalities in OCT/OCTA images and cognitive decline as well as evaluating biomarkers’ effectiveness in detecting neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, …Web of Science, and Scopus until December 2022, resulted in 64 papers using agreed search keywords, and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Results: The superior peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) is a trustworthy biomarker to identify most Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases; however, it is inefficient when dealing with mild AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The global pRNFL (pRNFL-G) is another reliable biomarker to discriminate frontotemporal dementia from mild AD and healthy controls (HCs), moderate AD and MCI from HCs, as well as identifing pathological Aβ42 /tau in cognitively healthy individuals. Conversely, pRNFL-G fails to realize mild AD and the progression of AD. The average pRNFL thickness variation is considered a viable biomarker to monitor the progression of AD. Finally, the superior and average pRNFL thicknesses are considered consistent for advanced AD but not for early/mild AD. Conclusions: Retinal changes may indicate dementia, but further research is needed to confirm the most effective biomarkers for early and mild AD. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative disorders, optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, retinal biomarkers

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230042

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1201-1235, 2023

Authors: Vassilaki, Maria | Syrjanen, Jeremy A. | Krell-Roesch, Janina | Graff-Radford, Jonathan | Vemuri, Prashanthi | Scharf, Eugene L. | Machulda, Mary M. | Fields, Julie A. | Kremers, Walter K. | Lowe, Val J. | Jack Jr., Clifford R. | Knopman, David S. | Petersen, Ronald C. | Geda, Yonas E.

Article Type: Short Communication

Abstract: The study included 1,738 Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants (≥50 years old; 1,460 cognitively unimpaired and 278 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)) and examined the cross-sectional association between cerebrovascular (CVD) imaging biomarkers (e.g., white matter hyperintensities (WMH), infarctions) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores, as well as their association with MCI. High (abnormal) WMH burden was significantly associated with having BDI-II>13 and BAI > 7 scores, and both (CVD imaging biomarkers and depression/anxiety) were significantly associated with MCI when included simultaneously in the model, suggesting that both were independently associated with the odds of MCI.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, cerebrovascular, depression, mild cognitive impairment, neuroimaging

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230073

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1237-1246, 2023

Authors: Ding, Yanfei | Chen, Haijuan | Yan, Yi | Qiu, Yinghui | Zhao, Aonan | Li, Binyin | Xu, Wei | Deng, Yulei

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multi-gene inherited disease, and apolipoprotein E (APOE ) ɛ4 is a strong risk factor. Other genetic factors are important but limited. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between 17 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and AD in the Southern Chinese populations. Methods: We recruited 242 AD patients and 208 controls. The SNaPshot technique was used to detect the SNPs. Results: Adjusted for sex and age, we found rs6572869 (FERMT2 ), rs11604680 (CELF1 ), and rs1317149 (CELF1 ) were associated with AD risk in the dominant (rs6572869: p  = 0.022, …OR = 1.55; rs11604680: p  = 0.007, OR = 1.68; rs1317149: p  = 0.033, OR = 1.50) and overdominant models (rs6572869: p  = 0.001, OR = 1.96; rs11604680: p  = 0.002, OR = 1.82; rs1317149: p  = 0.003, OR = 1.80). rs9898218 (COPI ) was associated with AD risk in the overdominant model (p  = 0.004, OR = 1.81). Further, rs2741342 (CHRNA2 ) was associated with AD protection in the dominant (p  = 0.002, OR = 0.5) and additive models (p  = 0.002, OR = 0.64). Mutations in rs10742814 (CELF1 ), rs11039280 (CELF1 ), and rs3752242 (ABCA7 ) contributed to AD protection. Among them, rs10742814 (CELF1 ), rs3752242 (ABCA7 ), and rs11039280 (CELF1 ) were more significantly associated with AD carrying APOE ɛ4, whereas rs1317149 (CELF1 ) showed an opposite trend. Interestingly, rs4147912 (ABCA7 ) and rs2516049 (HLA-DRB1 ) were identified to be relevant with AD carrying APOE ɛ4. Using expression quantitative trait locus analysis, we found polymorphisms in CELF1 (rs10742814 and rs11039280), ABCA7 (rs4147912), HLA-DRB1 (rs2516049), and ADGRF4 (rs1109581) correlated with their corresponding gene expression in the brain. Conclusions: We identified four risk and four protective SNPs associated with AD in the Southern Chinese population, with different correlations between APOE ɛ4 carriers and non-carriers. rs4147912 (ABCA7 ) and rs2516049 (HLA-DRB1 ) were associated with AD carrying APOE ɛ4. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Apolipoprotein E, neurodegenerative disease, single nucleotide polymorphisms

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230072

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1247-1257, 2023

Authors: Domene-Serrano, Indalo | Cuadros, Raquel | Hernandez, Felix | Avila, Jesus | Santa-Maria, Ismael

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Tauopathies are a subset of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by abnormal tau inclusions. Recently, we have discovered a new, human specific, tau isoform termed W-tau that originates by intron 12 retention. Our preliminary data suggests this newly discovered W-tau isoform might prevent aberrant aggregation of other tau isoforms but is significantly downregulated in tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease. Objective: To accurately predict, examine, and understand tau protein structure and the conformational basis for the neuroprotective role of W-tau. Methods: A tridimensional deep learning-based approach and in vitro polymerization assay was included to accurately predict, analyze, …and understand tau protein structure and the conformational basis for the neuroprotective role of W-tau. Results: Our findings demonstrate: a) the predicted protein tridimensionality structure of the tau isoforms raised by intron retention and their comparison with the other tau isoforms; b) the interaction of W-tau peptide (from W-tau isoform) with other tau isoforms; c) the effect of W-tau peptide in the polymerization of those tau isoforms. Conclusions: This study supports the importance of the structure-function relationship on the neuroprotective behavior of W-tau inhibiting tau fibrillization in vitro . Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, deep learning, intron retention, isoform, polymerization, splicing, tau protein, tridimensional structure

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230074

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1259-1265, 2023

Authors: Chen, Yuanyuan | Lan, Meijuan

Article Type: Other

Abstract: Background: One of the most popular ways to address cognitive decline is cognitive training. The fact that cognitive deterioration is permanent is one of the main issues. This issue might be resolved by preventive cognitive training when it is acute. As a result, this study aims to design and assess how well stroke patients respond to hierarchical, multi-dimensional preventative cognitive training. Objective: To describe the study design of this center implementation trial. Methods: Participants in the study will be recruited from a hospital in China and randomly assigned to the intervention group or the usual care …group. Interventions will include four-week hierarchical multi-dimensional preventive cognitive training through a WeChat program. for Primary outcome measures will be the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment (PSCI) Incidence. The secondary outcome measure will include the Hamilton Depression Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Modified Barthel Index, and National Institutes of Health Neurological Deficit Score. Outcomes will be measured at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks from the baseline. Results: We expect that the hierarchical multi-dimensional preventive cognitive training program will be easy to implement, and the cognitive function, cognitive psychology, ability of daily living will vary in each setting. Conclusions: The results will provide evidence highlighting differences in a new strategy of cognitive training through the WeChat program, which allows the home-based practice, puts forward an advanced idea of preventive cognitive training in the acute stage, and has the highest effectiveness of reducing cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. Show more

Keywords: Acute stage, Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive training, post-stroke cognitive impairment, preventive

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230097

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1267-1275, 2023

Authors: Gharbi, Alya | Nasri, Amina | Sghaier, Ikram | Kacem, Imen | Mrabet, Saloua | Souissi, Amira | Ben Djebara, Mouna | Gargouri, Amina | Gouider, Riadh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with various clinical symptoms. Limited data have described the clinical subtypes of DLB. Objective: We aimed to compare clinical subtypes of DLB according to initial symptoms and to study the effect of Apolipoprotein E (APOE ) gene in DLB. Methods: We included DLB patients classified into three groups based on initial symptoms: non-motor onset (cognitive and/or psychiatric) (NMO-DLB), motor onset (parkinsonism and/or gait disorders) (MO-DLB), and mixed onset (non-motor and motor symptoms) (MXO-DLB). Clinical and APOE genotype associations and survival were analyzed. …Results: A total of 268 patients were included (NMO-DLB = 75%, MXO-DLB = 15.3%, MO-DLB = 9.7%). Visual hallucinations were more frequent (p = 0.025), and attention was less commonly impaired in MXO-DLB (p = 0.047). When adjusting with APOE ɛ 4 status (APOE genotype performed in 155 patients), earlier falls and frontal lobe syndrome were more common in MXO-DLB (p = 0.044 and p = 0.023, respectively). The median MMSE decline was 2.1 points/year and the median FAB decline was 1.9 points/year, with no effect of clinical subtypes. Median survival was 6 years. It was similar in DLB subtypes (p = 0.62), but shorter for patients with memory symptoms at onset (p = 0.04) and for males (p = 0.0058). Conclusions: Our study revealed a few differences between DLB clinical subtypes. APOE ɛ 4 appears to be associated with earlier falls and a higher prevalence of frontal syndrome in MXO-DLB. However, DLB clinical subtypes did not impact on survival. Nevertheless, survival analysis identified other poor prognosis factors, notably inaugural memory impairment and male gender. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, genetic, Lewy bodies, survival

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230064

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1277-1288, 2023

Authors: Zhu, Haohao | Lu, Rongrong | Zhou, Qin | Du, Zhiqiang | Jiang, Ying

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder whose etiology involves multiple genetic and environmental factors. Sphingomyelin (SM) is a type of sphingolipid found in cell membranes, and recent evidence suggests a potential link between SM and AD. However, the nature of this relationship remains unclear. Objective: To elucidate the potential causal relationship between SM levels and the risk of developing AD using a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach. Methods: The study utilized data extracted from the genome wide association study database. The primary analysis method was the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, which was supplemented …by weighted median, weighted mode, and MR Egger methods. The study specifically investigated the bidirectional causal relationship between SM and AD, evaluating odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Elevated levels of SM were found to be a risk factor for AD, as shown by IVW(MRE) [OR: 1.001, 95% CI: 1.000 to 1.002; p  = 0.020 < 0.05], IVW(FE) [OR: 1.001, 95% CI: 1.001 to 1.002; p  = 3.36e-07 < 0.05], and MR Egger. Conversely, AD was demonstrated to lead to an increase in SM levels [IVW(MRE): OR: 5.64e+08, 95% CI: 1.69e+05 to 1.89e+12; p  = 1.14e-06 < 0.05], with consistent findings across the IVW(FE), MR Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods. Conclusions: The study establishes a bidirectional positive correlation between SM and AD. Increased SM levels are associated with a higher risk of developing AD, and the presence of AD can further elevate SM levels, potentially exacerbating the disease’s progression. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, bidirectional Mendelian randomization, genome-wide association study, relationship, sphingomyelin

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230126

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1289-1297, 2023

Authors: van Gils, Veerle | Ramakers, Inez | Jansen, Willemijn J. | Banning, Leonie | Kučikienė, Domantė | Costa, Ana Sofia | Schulz, Jörg B. | Visser, Pieter Jelle | Verhey, Frans | Reetz, Kathrin | Vos, Stephanie J.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Alzheimer’s disease pathology and vascular burden are highly prevalent and often co-occur in elderly. It remains unclear how both relate to cognitive decline. Objective: To investigate whether amyloid abnormality and vascular burden synergistically contribute to cognitive decline in a memory clinic population. Methods: We included 227 patients from Maastricht and Aachen memory clinics. Amyloid abnormality (A+) was defined by CSF Aβ42 using data-driven cut-offs. Vascular burden (V+) was defined as having moderate to severe white matter hyperintensities, or any microbleeds, macrohemorrhage or infarcts on MRI. Longitudinal change in global cognition, memory, processing speed, executive …functioning, and verbal fluency was analysed across the A-V-, A-V+, A+V-, A+V+ groups by linear mixed models. Additionally, individual MRI measures, vascular risk and vascular disease were used as V definitions. Results: At baseline, the A+V+ group scored worse on global cognition and verbal fluency compared to all other groups, and showed worse memory compared to A-V+ and A-V- groups. Over time (mean 2.7+ – 1.5 years), A+V+ and A+V- groups showed faster global cognition decline than A-V+ and A-V- groups. Only the A+V- group showed decline on memory and verbal fluency. The A-V+ group did not differ from the A-V- group. Individual MRI vascular measures only indicated an independent association of microbleeds with executive functioning decline. Findings were similar using other V definitions. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that amyloid abnormality predicts cognitive decline independent from vascular burden in a memory clinic population. Vascular burden shows a minor contribution to cognitive decline in these patients. This has important prognostic implications. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid, biomarkers, cardiovascular risk, cognitive decline, magnetic resonance imaging, vascular diseases

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230040

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1299-1311, 2023

Authors: Feldner, Alyssa C. | Turner, Andrew K. | Simpson, James F. | Estus, Steven

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Understanding the mechanisms whereby genetic variants influence the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may provide insights into treatments that could reduce AD risk. Objective: Here, we sought to test the hypothesis that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with AD risk, rs2070902, influences splicing of FCER1G exon 2. Methods: AD and non-AD brain samples were analyzed for FCER1G expression by genotyping, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and qPCR. Results: The protein encoded by FCER1G, FcRγ , is robustly expressed in microglia in both AD and non-AD brain. The FCER1G isoform lacking exon …2 (D2-FCER1G ) was readily detectable. Moreover, the proportion of FCER1G expressed as this isoform was increased in brains with high AD neuropathology. However, the proportion of FCER1G expressed as the D2-FCER1G isoform was not associated with rs2070902 genotype. Conclusions: In summary, the proportion of FCER1G expressed as the D2-FCER1G isoform is increased with AD neuropathology but is not associated with rs2070902. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, genetics, microglia, polymorphism, RNA splicing

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230076

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1313-1322, 2023

Authors: Mudalige, Dinithi | Guan, Dylan X. | Ghahremani, Maryam | Ismail, Zahinoor

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Clinical guidelines recommend incorporating non-cognitive markers like mild behavioral impairment (MBI) and sleep disturbance (SD) into dementia screening to improve detection. Objective: We investigated the longitudinal associations between MBI, SD, and incident dementia. Methods: Participant data were from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center in the United States. MBI was derived from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) using a published algorithm. SD was determined using the NPI-Q nighttime behaviors item. Cox proportional hazard regressions with time-dependant variables for MBI, SD, and cognitive diagnosis were used to model associations between baseline 1) MBI and incident SD (n … = 11,277); 2) SD and incident MBI (n  = 10,535); 3) MBI with concurrent SD and incident dementia (n  = 13,544); and 4) MBI without concurrent SD and incident dementia (n  = 11,921). Models were adjusted for first-visit age, sex, education, cognitive diagnosis, race, and for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Results: The rate of developing SD was 3.1-fold higher in older adults with MBI at baseline compared to those without MBI (95% CI: 2.8–3.3). The rate of developing MBI was 1.5-fold higher in older adults with baseline SD than those without SD (95% CI: 1.3–1.8). The rate of developing dementia was 2.2-fold greater in older adults with both MBI and SD, as opposed to SD alone (95% CI:1.9–2.6). Conclusions: There is a bidirectional relationship between MBI and SD. Older adults with SD develop dementia at higher rates when co-occurring with MBI. Future studies should explore the mechanisms underlying these relationships, and dementia screening may be improved by assessing for both MBI and SD. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, longitudinal studies, neurobehavioral manifestations, sleep disorders

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230086

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1323-1334, 2023

Authors: Zainuddin, Muhammad-Safuan | Bhuvanendran, Saatheeyavaane | Radhakrishnan, Ammu K. | Azman, Adzzie-Shazleen

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized as rapid and progressive cognitive decline affecting 26 million people worldwide. Although immunotherapies are ideal, its clinical safety and effectiveness are controversial, hence, treatments are still reliant on symptomatic medications. Concurrently, the Streptomyces genus has attracted attention given its pharmaceutically beneficial secondary metabolites to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: To present secondary metabolites from Streptomyces sp. with regulatory effects on proteins and identified prospective target proteins for AD treatment. Methods: Research articles published between 2010 and 2021 were collected from five databases and 83 …relevant research articles were identified. Post-screening, only 12 research articles on AD-related proteins were selected for further review. Bioinformatics analyses were performed through the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) network, PANTHER Go-Slim classification system (PANTHER17.0), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Mapper. Results: A total of 20 target proteins were identified from the 12 shortlisted articles. Amyloid-β, BACE1, Nrf-2, Beclin-1, and ATG5 were identified as the potential target proteins, given their role in initiating AD, mitigating neuroinflammation, and autophagy. Besides, 10 compounds from Streptomyces sp., including rapamycin, alborixin, enterocin, bonnevillamides D and E, caniferolide A, anhydroexfoliamycin, rhizolutin, streptocyclinone A and B, were identified to exhibit considerable regulatory effects on these target proteins. Conclusions: The review highlights several prospective target proteins that can be regulated through treatments with Streptomyces sp. compounds to prevent AD’s early stages and progression. Further identification of Streptomyces sp. compounds with potential anti-AD properties is recommended. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-β , secondary metabolites, Streptomyces sp

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230065

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1335-1350, 2023

Authors: Zhang, Hongwei | Liu, Da | Duan, Yuanyuan | Liu, Yan | Liu, Jianyu | Bai, Na | Zhou, Qiang | Xu, Zhiyao | Li, Linyan | Liu, Hua

Article Type: Systematic Review

Abstract: Background: The relationship between alpha 2-macroglobulin (A2M) gene and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been widely studied across populations; however, the results are inconsistent. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association of A2M gene with AD by the application of meta-analysis. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by comprehensive searches. The quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Allele and genotype frequencies were extracted from each of the included studies. Odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated using a random-effects or fixed-effects model. The Cochran Q statistic and I2 …metric was used to evaluate heterogeneity, and Egger’s test and Funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. Results: A total of 62 studies were identified and included in the current meta-analysis. The G allele of rs226380 reduced AD risk (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.47–0.87, pFDR = 0.012), but carrier with the TT genotype was more likely to develop AD in Asian populations (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.12–2.19, pFDR = 0.0135). The V allele of the A2M-I/V (rs669) increased susceptibility to AD in female population (OR, 95% CI: 2.15, 1.38–3.35, pFDR = 0.0024); however, the II genotype could be a protective factor in these populations (OR, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.26–0.73, pFDR = 0.003). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the reliability of the original results. Conclusions: Existing evidence indicate that A2M single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be associated with AD risk in sub-populations. Future studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm the results. Show more

Keywords: Alpha 2-macroglobulin, Alzheimer’s disease, A2M, meta-analysis, SNPs, systematic review

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230131

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1351-1370, 2023

Authors: Tsapanou, Angeliki | Zoi, Panagiota | Kalligerou, Faidra | Blekou, Patra | Sakka, Paraskevi

Article Type: Short Communication

Abstract: What is the impact of long COVID-19 on people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia? Self-reported questionnaire was used for the report of long COVID-19 symptoms. People with MCI or dementia or their caregivers regarding patients’ health were recruited COVID-19 throughout from the Athens Alzheimer’s Association. We included 72 participants. Thirty had the diagnosis of MCI and 39 had dementia. Most symptoms lasted for 3-4 weeks. The majority of patients reported having all the symptoms, with fatigue being the major disturbance. The diagnosis and the management of long COVID-19 symptoms requires a more holistic and comprehensive approach.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, COVID-19, dementia, long COVID, mild cognitive impairment

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230119

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1371-1375, 2023

Authors: Tsatali, Marianna | Angelidou, Ioanna Antigoni | Tsolaki, Magda | Teichmann, Birgit

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Measuring dementia knowledge can be a valuable tool for assessing the effectiveness of dementia awareness activities, identifying the potential benefits of dementia training programs, and breaking down common myths and stereotypes about dementia. Objective: To compare the psychometric properties of three widely used dementia knowledge tools, the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool 2 (DKAT2-G), the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS-G), and the Knowledge in Dementia Scale (KIDE-G) in the Greek adult population. Methods: A convenience sample of 252 participants from the general population completed the survey online. Statistical analyses included Cronbach’s internal reliability, retest reliability, factor …analysis, concurrent and construct validity, and floor and ceiling effects. Results: The DKAS-G had the most appropriate reliability levels (Cronbach’s alpha  =  0.845; retest reliability  =  0.921), whereas the DKAT2-G had satisfactory indexes (Cronbach’s α = 0.760; retest reliability  =  0.630). The KIDE-G showed unsatisfactory reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.419; retest reliability  =  0.619). Construct validity was confirmed for all questionnaires, showing that all of them detected participants with pre-existing knowledge of dementia. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a four-factor model for the DKAS-G and proposed the removal of 5 items. Floor and ceiling effects were found for the DKAT2-G and the KIDE-G, mainly among those who had previously participated in dementia training. Conclusions: The DKAS-G was found to have the highest levels of reliability and validity. The results prove that the DKAS-G meets the requirements for measuring dementia knowledge and evaluating dementia training programs in health professionals, caregivers, and the general population. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, knowledge, reliability and validity, test-retest reliability, validation study

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230161

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1377-1393, 2023

Authors: André, Séverine | Verteneuil, Sébastien | Ris, Laurence | Kahvecioglu, Zehra-Cagla | Nonclercq, Denis | De Winter, Julien | Vander Elst, Luce | Laurent, Sophie | Muller, Robert N. | Burtea, Carmen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder lacking any curative treatment up to now. Indeed, actual medication given to the patients alleviates only symptoms. The cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 -IVA) appears as a pivotal player situated at the center of pathological pathways leading to AD and its inhibition could be a promising therapeutic approach. Objective: A cPLA2 -IVA inhibiting peptide was identified in the present work, aiming to develop an original therapeutic strategy. Methods: We targeted the cPLA2 -IVA using the phage display technology. The hit peptide PLP25 was first validated in vitro (arachidonic …acid dosage [AA], cPLA2 -IVA cellular translocation) before being tested in vivo . We evaluated spatial memory using the Barnes maze, amyloid deposits by MRI and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and other important biomarkers such as the cPLA2 -IVA itself, the NMDA receptor, AβPP and tau by IHC after i.v. injection in APP/PS1 mice. Results: Showing a high affinity for the C2 domain of this enzyme, the peptide PLP25 exhibited an inhibitory effect on cPLA2 -IVA activity by blocking its binding to its substrate, resulting in a decreased release of AA. Coupled to a vector peptide (LRPep2) in order to optimize brain access, we showed an improvement of cognitive abilities of APP/PS1 mice, which also exhibited a decreased number of amyloid plaques, a restored expression of cPLA2 -IVA, and a favorable effect on NMDA receptor expression and tau protein phosphorylation. Conclusions: cPLA2 -IVA inhibition through PLP25 peptide could be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-β protein precursor, amyloid plaques, cytosolic phospholipase A2, peptides, phage display, tau protein

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230075

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1395-1426, 2023

Authors: Goodman, Max J. | Li, Xin Ran | Livschitz, Jennifer | Huang, Chiang-Ching | Bendlin, Barbara B. | Granadillo, Elias D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Physicians may soon be able to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in its early stages using fluid biomarkers like amyloid. However, it is acknowledged that additional biomarkers need to be characterized which would facilitate earlier monitoring of AD pathogenesis. Objective: To determine if a potential novel inflammation biomarker for AD, symmetric dimethylarginine, has utility as a baseline serum biomarker for discriminating prodromal AD from cognitively unimpaired controls in comparison to cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β42 (Aβ42 ). Methods: Data including demographics, magnetic resonance imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scans, Mini-Mental State Examination and Functional Activities Questionnaire scores, and …biomarker concentrations were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative for a total of 146 prodromal AD participants and 108 cognitively unimpaired controls. Results: Aβ42 (p  = 0.65) and symmetric dimethylarginine (p  = 0.45) were unable to predict age-matched cognitively unimpaired controls and prodromal AD participants. Aβ42 was negatively associated with regional brain atrophy and hypometabolism as well as cognitive and functional decline in cognitively unimpaired control participants (p  < 0.05) that generally decreased in time. There were no significant associations between Aβ42 and symmetric dimethylarginine with imaging or neurocognitive biomarkers in prodromal AD patients. Conclusions: Correlations were smaller between Aβ42 and neuropathological biomarkers over time and were absent in prodromal AD participants, suggesting a plateau effect dependent on age and disease stage. Evidence supporting symmetric dimethylarginine as a novel biomarker for AD as a single measurement was not found. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid, biomarker, methylarginines, SDMA, serum markers

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230054

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1427-1444, 2023

Authors: Balietti, Marta | Galeazzi, Roberta | Giacconi, Robertina | Santillo, Elpidio | Giuli, Cinzia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Elevated cortisol levels represent a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), prompting treatments to lower hormone concentrations for preventive or therapeutic purposes. Objective: To assess the efficacy of a comprehensive intervention (CI) in modulating serum cortisol levels in patients with AD. Methods: CI consisted in a 2-month protocol involving cognitive stimulation, psychological support, lifestyle guidance, leisure activities, and socialization. AD subjects were randomly assigned to experimental (EG, n  = 45) and control (CG, n  = 45) groups. A wide range of sociodemographic, cognitive, psychosocial, and functional conditions were evaluated before, at the conclusion, and 24 months after …CI. Data about lifestyle and drug prescription were also recorded. Results: Baseline evaluations revealed that higher cortisol levels correlated with worse cognitive status (higher CDR and ADAS-Cog values and lower MMSE scores), increased depressive symptoms, and reduced physical and social engagement. Following CI, EG exhibited reduced cortisol levels, improved overall cognitive status, and enhanced verbal working memory and executive functions compared to CG. However, at the 24-month follow-up, EG displayed a rebound effect, characterized by elevated cortisol levels and cognitive decline compared to CG. Conclusions: These findings strengthen the adverse relationship between excessive cortisol and deficits in cognition/behavior in AD, demonstrate the short-term benefits of CI, and emphasize the potential long-term risks, which may be attributed to the fragile nature of the AD brain. Comprehensive interventions can yield positive results, but careful calibration of type and duration is necessary, considering disease progression and the potential need for re-administration. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive performance, comprehensive intervention, cortisol

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230125

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1445-1453, 2023

Authors: Bonilla-Santos, Jasmin | González-Hernández, Alfredis | Cala-Martínez, Dorian Yisela | Gómez-Morales, Duván Fernando | Calceto-Garavito, Laura Natalia | Forero-Aldana, Arnulfo Eduardo | González-Montealegre, Rodrigo Alberto | Cardona Cumaco, Yeing Alexandra | Rojas-Bernal, Luz Angela | Zabaleta-Orozco, Mario Alberto | Parra, Mario Alfredo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Recent reports suggest that by 2050 there will be an increase of around 310% of cases affected by dementia in Latin American countries. A previous study in a Southern region reported one of the highest prevalences of dementia in Latin America. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment associated with low education, rurality, and demographic characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study recruited a community-dwelling sample of 823 adults from rural and urban areas of two Southern provinces of Colombia from 2020–2022. Participants were assessed with a neuropsychological protocol validated in Colombia. To obtain general …and region-specific prevalence rates, age, sex, schooling, and socioeconomic level were considered and controlled for. Results: Most of the participants reported low education and socioeconomic level, the participation of women was higher. It was determined that the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was 53.6%, with 56.6% in the province of Caquetá followed by 51.9% in the province of Huila. The amnestic MCI represented 42.6%, the amnestic multi-domain was 39%, the non-amnestic 16.55%, and the non-amnestic multi-domain 1.81%. Our participants reported comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. We also observed a relationship between exposure to pesticides and MCI. Conclusions: We observed one of the highest prevalences of MCI in Latin America reported to date. Variables such as age, gender, and education proved risk factors for MCI in the explored regions. Our findings are very much in line with recent studies that highlight the influence of non-canonical risk factors of dementia in underrepresented countries from Latin America. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, epidemiology, mild cognitive impairment, pesticides, prevalence

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230041

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1455-1464, 2023

Authors: Han, Sang-Won | Lee, Sang-Hwa | Kim, Jong Ho | Lee, Jae-Jun | Park, Young Ho | Kim, SangYun | Nho, Kwangsik | Sohn, Jong-Hee

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Emerging evidence has suggested potential interactions between the brain and periphery, particularly the liver, in regulating Aβ homeostasis. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of serum liver enzymes with brain amyloidopathy and cognitive performance in patients with complaints of cognitive decline. Methods: A total of 1,036 patients (mean age 74 years, 66.2% female) with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, AD dementia, and other neurodegenerative diseases were included using the Smart Clinical Data Warehouse. Amyloid positron emission …tomography (PET) imaging, comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations, and measurements of liver enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and albumin, were assessed. After propensity score matching, logistic and linear regression analyses were used to investigate the associations between liver enzymes, amyloid status, and cognitive performance. Additionally, a machine learning approach was used to assess the classification performance of liver enzymes in predicting amyloid PET positivity. Results: Lower ALT levels and higher AST-to-ALT ratios were significantly associated with amyloid PET positivity and AD diagnosis. The AST-to-ALT ratio was also significantly associated with poor memory function. Machine learning analysis revealed that the classification performance of amyloid status (AUC = 0.642) for age, sex, and apolipoprotein E ɛ 4 carrier status significantly improved by 6.2% by integrating the AST-to-ALT ratio. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential association of liver function on AD and its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid PET, cognition, liver enzymes, machine learning

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230148

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1465-1474, 2023

Authors: Baldimtsi, Eleni | Mouzakidis, Christos | Karathanasi, Eleni Maria | Verykouki, Eleni | Hassandra, Mary | Galanis, Evangelos | Hatzigeorgiadis, Antonis | Goudas, Marios | Zikas, Paul | Evangelou, Giannis | Papagiannakis, George | Bellis, George | Kokkotis, Christos | Tsatalas, Themistoklis | Giakas, Giannis | Theodorakis, Yannis | Tsolaki, Magda

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Virtual reality (VR) technology has become increasingly used for assessment and intervention in the neuroscience field. Objective: We aimed to investigate the effects of a VR Training System, named VRADA (VR Exercise App for Dementia and Alzheimer’s Patients), on the cognitive functioning of older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: In this intervention study, 122 older adults with MCI were randomly assigned to five groups (the VRADA group (n  = 28), a bike group (n  = 11), a physical exercise group (n  = 24), a mixed group (physical and cognitive exercise) (n  = 31), and a non-contact control …group (n  = 28). The VRADA group underwent 32 physical and cognitive training sessions, performed 2 or 3 times weekly for 12 weeks in the VR environment. All participants had detailed neuropsychological assessments before and after intervention. Results: A series of linear regression models revealed that the VRADA group showed improvement or no deterioration in cognitive decline in global cognitive function (MMSE), verbal memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and WAIS forward test), and executive functions, mental flexibility (Trail Making Test B). Conclusions: This interventionstudy indicates that the VRADA system improves the cognitive function of elders with MCI. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, multi-component intervention, physical-cognitive training, virtual reality

DOI: 10.3233/ADR-230099

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1475-1490, 2023