Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation - Volume 8, issue 2

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8217

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. I-III, 1988

Authors: Musacci, G.F. | Ansani, L. | Longhini, C. | Baracca, E. | Spanedda, R. | Scapoli, G.L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present work reports the preliminary results concerning an investigation on the effects of polycythemic hyperviscosity on arterial and venous peripheral hemodynamics, in patients affected by polycythemia. The study provides evidence for a multiple correlation among blood viscosity, hematocrit and venous capacity calculated at wrist. There is good predictivity for dependent variable values.

Keywords: Polycythemia, Peripheral hemodynamics, Strain gauge plethysmography, Blood viscosity, Multiple correlation

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8201

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 143-148, 1988

Authors: Ferretti, P.G. | Gelmini, G. | Artioli, F. | Marchini, L. | Palummeri, E. | Butturini, L. | Passeri, M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Authors studied the in vitro modifications of red blood cells elicited by increasing concentrations of calcium (Ca), the modifications obtained by the addition of calcitonin (CT), using the Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M.). Incubating blood samples with increasing calcium concentrations, echynocytes appear abruptly and become progressively more frequent. On the contrary echynocytes count decreased when CT (400 ng/ml)was added. These changes are accompanied by modifications of blood filtration, whose impairment due to calcium addition is restored by calcitonin. The in vivo investigation with intravenous calcium loads showed the capability of this ion in impairing filtration times, probably due to …worsened erythrocyte deformability. In vivo CT does not seem to show the clear haemorheological effect observed in vitro, probably due to the different Ca concentrations. Show more

Keywords: Calcium (Ca), Calcitonin (CT), erythrocyte changes, erythrocyte filtration, Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M.)

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8202

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 149-157, 1988

Authors: Freyburger, G. | Gin, H. | Dousseau, F. | Lorient-Rouoaut, M.F. | Boisseau, M.R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Erythrocyte membrane fluidity in 12 diabetic patients (4 well controlled insulin-dependent diabetics, 4 insulin-dependent diabetics deprived of insulin for 16 to 24 hand 4 non-insulin-dependent diabetics) was studied by fluorescence polarization using 1.6 diphenyl 1,3,5 hexatriene as fluorescence probe. The following haemorheological parameters were measured in these patients : whole blood filtration, Hanss hemorheometer. There are discrepancies in the literature on the results from polarization studies in diabetics patients, and we were interested to find out wether these differences might depend on the type or the stability of diabetes. Our results indicate that, despite alteration in filterability found in some …diabetics, membrane fluorescence, polarization values did not differ between healthy controls and diabetics of whatever type. Show more

Keywords: erythrocyte membrane fluidity, diabetes

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8203

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 159-164, 1988

Authors: Orlando, E. | Cortelazzo, S. | Barbui, T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Dilute suspension of EDTAK2 anticoagulated red blood cells from 28 patients with polycythaemia vera and 22 healthy controls were filtered through 5 µm polycarbonate filters under a vacuum of 10 cm H2 O. The mean erythrocyte filtration times (EFT), taken as a measure of red blood deformability, were not statistically different in patients in comparison to controls. However a group of 39% of patients showed EFT two standard deviations above the mean of controls; the values were unrelated to MCV and MCH of erythrocytes.

Keywords: Polycythaemia Vera, RBC filterability, hypocromic microcytosis

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8204

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 163-168, 1988

Authors: Kikuchi, Y. | Koyama, T. | Ohshima, N. | Oda, K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Red cell deformability (filterability) was studied in 17 diabetic patients and 8 healthy subjects by a modified Nuclepore filtration method. Under a pressure difference of 10 cmH2 O, diabetic red cells suspended in autologous plasma took longer (1.75 ± 0.44 msec; mean ± S.D.) than normal red cells (1.23 ± 0.07 msec) to pass through 5 µm filter pores. The indicated decreases of red cell filterability in the diabetics showed a correlation with increases in fasting blood glucose level (correlation coefficient 0.74) and also a correlation with increases in HbA1 content but with a lower correlation coefficient. In accord …with these results, measurements of oxygen partial pressure in venous blood, PvO2 , suggested increased capillary transit times in these patients; values obtained in 8 of the diabetic patients were 35.1 ± 8.6 mmHg, significantly lower than 44.6 ± 2.1 mmHg in the 8 healthy subjects. Effect of pentoxifylline on whole blood filterability was studied in 10 of the patients, in 8 of whom positive changes of blood passage time were obtained. Show more

Keywords: diabetes, red cell deformability, venous blood oxygen tension

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8205

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 171-181, 1988

Authors: Puniyani, R.R. | Khobragade, Y.S. | Kale, P.A. | Chaturani, P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Haemorheological study in Myocardial Infarction (MI) was done during January 1986 to April 1987. Parameters studied were plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), red cell filtrability, red cell aggregation and haematocrit. Data of thirty six MI patients were compared with thirty five normal cases, and it was found that there is a significant elevation in the levels of plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity and ESR. Although mean values of red cell aggregability and filtrability were elevated, no statistical significant difference was seen. Haematocrit values were not found to be different in both groups. Negative correlation coefficients …was observed between ESR and Myocardial Infarction suggesting that an increase in sedimentation of red cells may be an attributory factor in ischaemic heart disease. Show more

Keywords: Myocardial Infarction, Ischaemic Heart Disease

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8206

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 181-188, 1988

Authors: Bareford, D. | Stone, P.C.W. | Girling, A.J. | Gyde, O.H.B. | Stuart, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Erythrocyte filterability through pores of nominal 3 µm diameter was studied in 37 patients with microcytosis secondary to iron depletion. The index of filtration (IF) was dependent on both the mean cell volume (MCV) and the degree of anisocytosis (red cell volume distribution width; RDW) of the erythrocyte suspension. A significant correlation (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) was found between IF and MCV + 1.62 RDW. When microcytosis is associated with anisocytosis, subpopulations of relatively large microcytes may have a disproportionate effect on filterability through 3µm diameter pores.

Keywords: Rheology, Erythrocyte deformability, Erythrocyte indices

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8207

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 189-194, 1988

Authors: Bareford, D. | Stone, P.C.W. | Girling, A.J. | Gyde, O.H.B. | Stuart, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The degree of rheological benefit arising from microcytosis in polycythaemia is controversial. The filterability (3 µm diameter pores) and viscosity (241 s−l shear rate) of microcytic erythrocytes from 18 patients with polycythaemia were therefore compared with microcytes from 19 patients with iron deficiency and 12 patients with β -thalassaemia trait. In all three disorders, viscosity decreased as cell size decreased. Erythrocyte filterability was significantly impaired in polycythaemia compared with thalassaemia trait as a consequence of the greater degree of erythrocyte anisocytosis in polycythaemia. The beneficial rheological benefit of microcytosis is therefore reduced when the erythrocytes are not homogeneous in …size and contain sub-populations of relatively large cells. Show more

Keywords: Rheology, Erythrocyte deformability, Erythrocyte indices

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8208

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 195-201, 1988

Authors: Zongyao, Wen | Hongru, Wang | Sheng, Chen | Yuheng, Zhao | Qiang, Shen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A new instrument was developed by authors. The principle of this instrument is based on electrical conductivity method, and it may measure static or dynamic behaviour of red cell deformability at different shear stresses This instrument possesses advantages of satisfactory producibility, time-saving performance and economic in cost. All results can be given by a microcomputer. The models of different blood samples were tested. The obtained results were analysed and demonstrated that the instrument can indeed measure red cell deformability, furthermore, an experience formula of exponential relation between electrical conductivity and red cell deformability has been found. The result is consistent …with that obtained by B. S. Bull et al when they studied the relation between shear stress applied to red cells and red cell deformability with a new membrane aspiration technique and the folded cell traction technique(1). Show more

Keywords: Red cell deformability, electrical conductivity, hematocrit, suspending medium

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8209

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 203-210, 1988

Authors: Bilto, Y.Y. | Player, M. | Stuart, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Erythrocytes from healthy adults and patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia were treated in vitro with either the calcium ionophore A23187, the K+ ionophore valinomycin, or the Na+ /K+ ionophore nystatin to induce loss of intracellular K+ and water. The dehydrated cells showed loss of filterability (deformability) through pores of 5 µm diameter. Xanthine derivatives possessing one or two long side chains (oxpentifylline, torbafylline [HWA 448] and A81 3138) showed a similar protective effect against loss of filterability at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 µmol/l and 5 mmol/l. Theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) showed no protective effect at 5 …mmol/l. The presence of at least one long side chain on the xanthine moiety seems to be an important determinant of rheological activity, possibly by increasing binding to the erythrocyte membrane. Show more

Keywords: Rheology, Erythrocyte deformability, Ion transport

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8210

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 211-219, 1988

Authors: Sowter, M.C. | Green, M.A. | Keidan, A.J. | Johnson, C.S. | Stuart, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Rheological methods have considerable potential for the study of sickle cell disease. We have developed a 5 µm pore filtration technique to detect the loss of deformability of sickle cells that occurs secondary to polymerization of haemoglobin S. Loss of filterability was shown to be sensitive to enhancement of polymerization caused by rise in temperature, fall in pH, increase in haemoglobin concentration secondary to cell dehydration, and decrease in oxygen tension. Initial-flow-rate filtration of sickle cells through pores of 5 µm diameter can therefore be used to study the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusive events in sickle-cell patients, to screen potential anti-sickling …drugs in vitro, and to monitor the efficacy of such drugs in clinical trials. Show more

Keywords: Rheology, Erythrocyte deformability, Sickle cell anemia

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8211

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 221-234, 1988

Authors: Dintenfass, L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Excessive aggregation of red cells is a feature of many cardiovascular disorders. Erythrocyte sedimentation rates (corrected for plasma viscosity and haematocrit) show values from 100 to 1,000 mm/hr, but do not distinguish between different morphologies of red cell aggregation. It is unlikely that rouleaux-based aggregation presents a risk factor unless an excessive aggregation leads to a large increase of the low-shear-rate blood viscosity and/or to a high yield point. (Assuming that electrical currents through the blood circulation route are important, an excessive rouleaux network formation will greatly increase resistance in such electrical conduits). A risk factor is presented by …very large and compact aggregates of red cells; in vitro studies using slit-capillary photoviscometer such clumps contained up to 50,000 red cells in a single clump; could occupy a volume of up to 5 million cubic microns (um), and could occlude a circular vessel of up to 100 micron (um) diameter. The mechanism based on the “inversion phenomenon” explains the role of single rigid red cells or smaller rigid aggregates of red cells or platelets, in the sudden increase of resistance to flow. All parts of the cardiovascular system are susceptible to microocclusions, micro-infarctions and micro-gangrene. Specifically this is of importance in the ischaemic heart disease and in diabetes; in prethrombotic states; in many forms of cancer and peripheral vascular disease; in retinopathy and cerebrovascular insufficiency, etc. Show more

Keywords: rouleaux, compact clumps of red cells, risk factors, ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, inversicn phenomenon, slit-capillary-photo-viscometer, microocclusions, rheologic pseudo-spasm

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8212

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 235-255, 1988

Authors: Larsson, Hans | Valdemarsson, Stig | Hedner, Pavo | Odeberg, Håkan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Blood viscosity was measured in 16 hyperthyroid patients before and after normalization of thyroid function, at natural hematocrit (8 patients) and with the hematocrit of the samples adjusted to 40 and/or 45%. In 10 of the patients the passage time for erythrocytes through a cellulose-sigmacell column was also measured. With the hematocrit adjusted to 45% a higher (p < 0.01) blood viscosity was recorded for patients compared to 33 controls at shear rates 0.8 s−1 –40 s−1 . After treatment it decreased (p < 0.05) to a level close to that of controls. Also blood viscosity at hematocrit 40% …decreased upon treatment for hyperthyroidism. The plasma viscosity in the patients did not differ significantly from controls and did not change significantly after treatment for hyperthyroidism. The column passage time was longer for erythrocytes from hyperthyroid patients than controls, and was correlated (p < 0.01) to blood viscosity at hematocrit 45% at all shear rates investigated (r=0.61–0.72). The hematocrit increased from 38.9±3.8 (SD) to 42.1±3.3 % (p < 0.01) after treatment for hyperthyroidism. It is concluded that in hyperthyroidism the erythrocytes may be decreased in concentration and changed in a way that impairs their rheological properties. A normalization is seen upon treatment of the disease. Show more

Keywords: Blood viscosity, hyperthyroidism

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8213

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 257-265, 1988

Authors: Wang, Bao-ping | Sun, Fang-cheng

Article Type: Brief Report

Keywords: Cerebral stroke, Hemodilution, Blood viscosity

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8214

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 267-270, 1988

Authors: Lerche, D.

Article Type: Book Review

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8215

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 271-272, 1988

Authors: Ernst, E.

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1988-8216

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 273-278, 1988