Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation - Volume 2, issue 4

Authors: Copley, Alfred L. | Witte, Siegfried

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2401

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 257-258, 1982

Authors: Dintenfass, L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Rheological study was initiated in 1971 on blood samples obtained from patients treated by Melanoma Clinic (Head: Professor Gerald Milton) of Sydney Hospital. These studies, covering 120 patients, included investigations of blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, rigidity of red cells, aggregation of red cells, protein levels and ratios, and formation of artificial thrombi in vitro. Patients were followed in order to observe effect of metastases and in order to correlate time intervals between tests and death with blood viscosity factors. Only half of the patients survived till end of 1980. Both the survivors and the deceased showed significant abnormalities of blood …viscosity factors when compared to normal values. Presence of high degree of aggregation of red cells and of high plasma viscosity appears to be linked with the onset of metastases, and appears to be a diagnostic and predictive test even when the usual clinical tests for metastases are negative. Plasma viscosity in patients with metastases was elevated 2.7 to 4.5 standard deviations above the normal mean value; aggregation of red cells was elevated by 2.8 to 3.4 standard deviations above the normal mean value. Abnormalities increase as the death from metastases nears by. For instance, correlation between plasma viscosity and survival time shows correlation coefficient r = −0.437 and significance P < 0.02. The predictive value of rheological assessment of survival time improves when two main parameters, plasma viscosity and aggregation of red cells, are used simultaneously as a sum of standard deviations from the normal values: y (surv time)= = −3.99x + 36.1 ± 8.7; r = −0.803, P<0.001. Hypothesis has been proposed that metastases are enhanced by increased aggregation of red cells and hyperviscosity (which also inhibits immunological defence). Show more

Keywords: Malignant Melanoma, metastases, blood viscosity, aggregation and rigidity of: red cells, survival time in cancer

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2402

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 259-271, 1982

Authors: McIntire, Larry V. | Adams, George A. | Eskin, Susan G. | Martin, R.R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A new technique of epi-fluorescent video microscopy has been used to continuously monitor platelet and leukocyte interactions with the lumenal surface of collagen and endothelial cell coated glass tubes. The platelets were rendered fluorescent by addition of quinacrine (10 µm) to heparinized (10 units/ml) human blood. Blood was perfused through the tubes at wall shear rates from 80 to 4000 per second. Platelets arrived as individual cells which adhered to the collagen-coated surface on contact. Subsequent platelets preferentially adhered distally and laterally to already-adherent platelets, forming wedge-shaped mural aggregates that were axially aligned. Aggregate growth downstream is consistent with a …platelet-derived material, such as ADP or thromboxane A2 , emitted from adherent platelets promoting platelet accumulation. Endothelial cell surfaces were essentially non-adherent even when aspirin pre-treated. Show more

Keywords: Platelet adhesion, endothelial cells, thrombogenesis

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2403

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 273-281, 1982

Authors: Stoltz, J.F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Blood behaves like a suspension of deformable particles in a macromolecular medium and blood viscosity is conditioned by a number of factors. The determining factors include in particular: macroscopic factors (hematocrit, plasma proteins...), physical factors (temperature, shear rate...) and microrheological factors (internal viscosity, mechanical properties of the erythrocyte membrane...). Considered from this general viewpoint, the rheological modifications which are liable to be encountered during diseases may be related to: – an increase in the number of blood elements, – an increase in plasma protein levels, the appearance of an abnormal protein and a change in erythrocyte aggregation, …– an increase in internal erythrocyte viscosity, – reduced elasticity or change in the shape of the erythrocyte. On the basis of this data, the author has examined a classification of the main hemorheological disturbances encountered during hematological diseases. an increase in the number of blood elements, an increase in plasma protein levels, the appearance of an abnormal protein and a change in erythrocyte aggregation, an increase in internal erythrocyte viscosity, reduced elasticity or change in the shape of the erythrocyte. Show more

Keywords: Hemorheology, blood viscosity, deformability, hematology

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2404

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 283-294, 1982

Authors: Marcel, Georges A.

Article Type: Introduction

Keywords: Hemorheology, Drugs, Coagulation and Stasis

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2405

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 295-297, 1982

Authors: Vanhoutte, Paul M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This brief overview discusses the theoretical reasons why drugs acting on vascular smooth muscle cells may be beneficial in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease, taking the calcium entry blockers as examples. A logical explanation for their potential beneficial effect must consider their ability not only to alleviate vasospasm but also to affect the function of the blood constituents, the endothelial cells, and the tissue cells themselves.

Keywords: Calcium entry blockers, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, red blood cells, platelets, hypoxia

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2406

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 299-303, 1982

Authors: Ehrly, Albrecht M.

Article Type: Research Article

Keywords: Hemorheology, Microcirculation, Drugs and RBC Deformability

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2407

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 305-310, 1982

Authors: Stoltz, J.F. | Voisin, Ph.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The interactions of platelets between themselves or with a damaged endothelium can be diagrammatically divided into three more or less simultaneous phases : contact, stimulation by aggregating substances, formation of microthrombis. On this basis it is possible to examine how an antiplatelet agent may interfere with the rheological factors of blood and alter one or more stages of this theoretical diagram. Two main groups of drugs can be then considered: – drugs which cause physiological changes (release, synthesis, adhesion...) which differ according to blood flow conditions. – drugs which act directly on the membrane and cause modifications …on macrorheological parameters (rouleaux formation, viscosity, viscoelasticity) or on microrheological parameters (R.B.C. deformability, membrane fluidity, surface charge...). On the basis of these two main types of interference, it is possible to study some drugs acting on platelets which are liable to act according to the above patterns. drugs which cause physiological changes (release, synthesis, adhesion...) which differ according to blood flow conditions. drugs which act directly on the membrane and cause modifications on macrorheological parameters (rouleaux formation, viscosity, viscoelasticity) or on microrheological parameters (R.B.C. deformability, membrane fluidity, surface charge...). Show more

Keywords: thrombosis, platelets, rheology

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2408

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 311-318, 1982

Authors: Bartoli, V. | Pasquini, G. | Albanese, B. | Morini, R. | Manescalchi, P.G. | Livi, C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The findings of 398 consecutive measurements of blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and hematocrit were submitted to a statistical analysis. Hematocrit appeared to be the major determinant of blood viscosity, even though its influence was not as strong as had been claimed previously. The correlation between blood viscosity and hematocrit appeared strictly related to the red cell mass of blood sample, being stronger when the latter exceeded physiologic range. The correlation disappeared when red cell mass was severely reduced. The correlation of plasma viscosity and blood viscosity behaved in an opposite manner. The data allow one to draw some corollaries which …may be helpful in clinical practice. Show more

Keywords: Blood Viscosity, Plasma Viscosity, Hematocrit, Red Cell, Plasma Proteins

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2409

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 319-327, 1982

Authors: Mařík, T. | Plášek, J. | Brabec, V. | Mužík, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The red cell shear induced elongation in some hemolytic diseases was determined using the diffractometric method (ektacytometry). Significantly decreased cellular elongation was found in hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune idiopathic hemolytic anemia and some hemoglobinopathies. On the other hand in other hemolytic disorders including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase deficiencies, non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia and even autoimmune hemolytic anemia in remission we failed to observe the altered elongation in shear compared to normal donors. These results confirm our previous findings obtained by the simple filtration method and they show that there is good negative correlation between elongation index and red …blood cell.s retention on filter. Show more

Keywords: red cell shear induced elongation, ektacytometry, hemolytic anemias

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2410

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 329-338, 1982

Authors: Stäubli, M. | Straub, P.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The radial spreading time of a red cell suspension within a filter paper correlates with the filtration time as assessed by a conventional funnel filtration technique. 25 µl of a red cell suspension was dispensed onto an annularly suspended filter paper and the radial spreading time recorded. The filter paper was calibrated by previous measurement of the spreading time for the suspending solution (calibration time). A linear correlation between calibration time and radial spreading time was found for individual red cell suspensions as well as for a population of normal individuals (p < 0.001). The quotient radial spreading time/calibration …time represented a measure of relative red cell suspension viscosity. Technical equipment and procedure were extremely simple and measurements could be made with as little as 1 ml of donor blood, allowing the application to problems of pediatrics and neonatology. Show more

Keywords: Erythrocytes, Viscosity, Filterability, Micromethod

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2411

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 339-354, 1982

Authors: Cerny, L.C. | Stasiw, D.M. | Cerny, | Baldwin, J.E. | Gill, B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A group of polymers has been synthesized using hemoglobin from out-dated blood and starch. These new materials have been characterized with respect to molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity and hemoglobin content. Preliminary studies on the starch-hemoglobin polymers indicate that these compounds will transport oxygen to the tissues, have satisfactory oncotic properties and provide adequate hemodilution when used in transfusion.

Keywords: Hydroxyethyl starch, hemoglobin, polymer, blood substitute

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2412

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 355-365, 1982

Authors: Bertaglia, E. | Guerra, C. | Vertolli, U. | Varchetta, V. | Azzurro, M. | Belmonte, P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To verify the modifications of the haemostatic balance in 9 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, complex Factor VIII, fibrinolysis activators and inhibitors were investigated. The influence of corticosteroid therapy was also assessed. All these determinations were carried out both in patients and in 10 healthy volunteers,before and after stasis. After stasis in SLE patients complex Factor VIII showed a significantly increase which seems to point to a thrombogenic condition, while the fibrinolytic activity showed a tendency to increase. These results were evaluated in order to the possible role of steroid treatment.

Keywords: SLE, Factor VIII, Fibrinolysis

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2413

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 367-371, 1982

Authors: Slater, N.G.P. | Vyas, J. | Lovett, D. | Pearson, T.C. | Grimes, A.J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A method of measuring red-cell filterability is described in which washed, human red cells, substantially freed of white cells and platelets and suspended in isotonic phosphate-buffered saline at 20–220°, are delivered at a constant rate and concentration to a membrane with 3 μ m diameter pores. Filterability is determined as a pressure increase on the upstream side of the membrane arising from the passage of cells through the pores. Application of the technique to iron-deficient red cells demonstrated that at a fixed concentration of cells they are more filterable than normal. Published reports which show them to be less filterable …probably arise from the use of a fixed haematocrit rather than a fixed red-cell concentration to express the results. Show more

Keywords: Filterability, Red cells, Iron deficiency

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2414

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 373-381, 1982

Authors: Davenport, P. | Roath, S.

Article Type: Short Communication

Keywords: viscometer, low shear, yield stress

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2415

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 383-387, 1982

Authors: Benner, Klaus-D.

Article Type: Abstract

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2416

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 389-395, 1982

Article Type: Abstract

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2417

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 397-400, 1982

Article Type: Announcement

DOI: 10.3233/CH-1982-2418

Citation: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 401-411, 1982