Cuproptosis and physical training: A review

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Kordi, Negin^a | Saydi, Ali^a | Azimi, Maliheh^b | Mazdarani, Farivar^c | Gadruni, Keivan^{d; e; f} | Jung, Friedrich^g | Karami, Sajad^{h; *}

Affiliations: [a] Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran | [b] Faculty of Physical Education, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran | [c] Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran | [d] Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran | [e] Kurdistan Education Office, Ministry of Education, Kurdistan, Iran | [f] Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran | [g] Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany | [h] Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author: Sajad Karami, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: +98 9124162864; E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract: Copper is an essential element in the human body, involved in many physiological and metabolic functions, including coagulation, oxidative metabolism, and hormone production. The maintenance of copper homeostasis within cells is a complex procedure that is intrinsically controlled by a multitude of intricate mechanisms. Disorders of copper homeostasis encompass a wide range of pathological conditions, including degenerative neurological diseases, metabolic disorders, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and tumors. Cuproptosis, a recently identified non-apoptotic mode of cell death mode, is characterized by copper dependence and the regulation of mitochondrial respiration. Cuproptosis represents a novel form of cell death distinct from the previously described modes, including apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Excess copper has been shown to induce cuproptosis by stimulating protein toxic stress responses via copper-dependent abnormal oligomerization of lipoylation proteins within the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the subsequent reduction of iron-sulfur cluster protein levels. Ferredoxin1 facilitates the lipoacylation of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, which in turn degrades iron-sulfur cluster proteins by reducing Cu2+ to Cu+, thereby inducing cell death. Furthermore, copper homeostasis is regulated by the copper transporter, and disturbances in this homeostasis result in cuproptosis. Current evidence suggests that cuproptosis plays an important role in the onset and development of several cardiovascular diseases. Copper-chelating agents, including ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (VI) and DL-penicillamine, have been shown to facilitate the alleviation of cardiovascular disease by inhibiting cuproptosis. It is hypothesized that oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors such as physical training may inhibit cuproptosis by inhibiting the protein stress response. In conclusion, the implementation of physical training may be a viable strategy to reducte the incidence of cuproptosis.

Keywords: Copper, exercise, cell death, physical activity, cuproptosis

DOI: 10.3233/CH-242329

Journal: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-14, 2024