Work - Volume 76, issue 2

Authors: Gunathilaka, Niluka J. | Weerasinghe, Manuj C. | Samaranayake, Dulani B.L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: With the rapid rise in the elderly population and their labour force participation, quality of work life (QoWL) of elderly workers becomes an important concept. A valid instrument to measure elderly workers QoWL is a prerequisite to further in this direction. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate the Quality of Work Life Scale-Elderly (QoWLS-E) for elderly workers 60 years and above in Sri Lanka. METHODS: The development and validation of 35 items in QoWLS-E was carried out in two stages. Using a literature search and expert opinion, the items were developed in English language and later …translated to Sinhala language. The initial scale consisted of 38 items and a principle component analysis (PCA) was conducted among 275 elderly workers in selected administrative divisions of Colombo district. Then a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted among a separate group of 250 elderly workers to confirm the factor structure of the developed scale. RESULTS: PCA identified 9 principle components accounting for a variance of 71%, which was later confirmed in the CFA (RMSEA-0.07, SRMR-1.0, NNFI-0.87, GFI-0.82, CFI-0.96). The final QoWLS-E with a structure of 9 domains namely; physical health, psychological, welfare facility, safety, job content, co-worker, supervisor, flexibility and autonomy having 35 items correlated satisfactorily with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.77 and test – retest reliability of 0.82. CONCLUSION: QoWLS-E is conceptually and culturally appropriate to assess Quality of Work Life Scale in elderly. It could be a useful tool to describe and monitor improvement of QOWL in elderly. Show more

Keywords: Quality of work life measure, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220568

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 679-689, 2023

Authors: Fu, Guo | Zenggen, Ren | Li, Liu | Xueshuang, Wang | Wenbo, Cai

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Neck-shoulder and arm musculoskeletal disorders in smartphone use have attracted increasing attention. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effect of different lying postures and task types by comparing the electrooculography (EOG) responses, perceived discomfort, and the activity of neck-shoulder and arm muscles while using a smartphone on the bed. METHODS: Twenty participants were recruited to perform 30-min tasks (texting/ watching video) while holding the smartphone in three different lying postures (half-lying/lying/side-lying). Subjective discomfort, muscular activities including the abductor pollicis brevis (APB), upper trapezius (UT), and extensor carpi radialis (ECR), and EOG signals were simultaneously …monitored. RESULTS: The results showed that the perceived discomfort of measured body parts increased significantly over time in all postures. Watching video significantly increases muscle activities of APB and UT and decreases blink frequency and blink duration. Compared to lying or half-lying, the side-lying posture has the highest blink frequency, blink duration, and muscle activities in ECR and UT. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that side-lying posture should be avoided while using a smartphone on the bed. It provides an understanding of the association between the postures of using smartphones on the bed and fatigue, which can help prevent muscle and visual fatigue in smartphone use. Show more

Keywords: Muscle activity, smartphone use, lying posture, electrooculography

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220596

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 691-705, 2023

Authors: Yin, Yimeng | Tan, Xiaotong | Fan, Jialin

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational health factors such as shift work, sleep, fatigue, and work environment jeopardise the health and safety of gas station workers. This calls for new research to investigate how the working environment and characteristics impact the occupational health of workers at gas stations. However, minimal research has been conducted in this field, especially those involving psychological and behavioural factors, occupational stress, and so forth. OBJECTIVE: This review was performed to investigate the present condition of the occupational risk of gas station workers in this safety-critical position. METHODS: Five databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google …Scholar, and PsycINFO) were searched for relevant peer-reviewed studies. Results were selected according to these criteria: studies on fatigue, shift work, sleep, and physical and mental health of gas station employees; published on or before November 11, 2021; papers in English. RESULTS: Twenty studies were considered for the final analysis. The results showed that shift work at gas stations leads to psychological and physiological problems. The psychological consequences included anxiety, stress, and depression, while the physiological consequences included biochemical changes and lifestyle consequences. CONCLUSION: Shift work and the specific working environment of gas station employees adversely affect their sleep, stress levels, physical and mental health, and turnover intention. This systematic review allowed us to consider the occupational risk factors that can lead to sickness or accidents and contribute to reducing these risk factors. Realistic countermeasures ought to be established and interventions must be explored to mitigate risks to life, property, and the environment in operating gas stations. Show more

Keywords: Oil and gas industry, occupational health, workload, dyssomnias, safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220415

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 707-726, 2023

Authors: Houghtaling, Bailey | Kourouma, Paulette | Pradhananga, Nila | Balis, Laura

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Trucking companies may be key partners for workplace health promotion programs to improve heavy and tractor-trailer drivers’ health and wellbeing. OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers and facilitators to implementing workplace health promotion programs among Louisiana trucking companies’ leadership and staff. METHODS: A case study approach following an explanatory sequential mixed method research design was used. A quantitative survey, based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), was adapted and distributed online to a convenience sample. Survey respondents were recruited for an interview to gain additional insight on multi-level barriers to implementing workplace health promotion programs. Quantitative data …was analyzed using descriptive statistics to describe barriers and facilitators following TDF constructs. Qualitative data were independently coded among two researchers following the TDF and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to determine themes. RESULTS: Eleven workplace leaders or staff took the survey. Two engaged in a follow-up interview. Regarding the quantitative results, most (82%) believed workplace health promotion programs would save their company money, although were not offering them. No TDF constructs were indicated as barriers given mixed results; however, several were facilitators: Social/Professional Role and Identity ; Emotion ; Action Planning ; Knowledge; Motivation and Goals ; and Beliefs about Consequences . Qualitative results captured several Inner (e.g., time, money) and Outer Setting contextual (e.g., truckers’ needs and resources) factors considered important to trucking companies’ implementation of health promotion programs. CONCLUSION: Results suggest leadership and staff of Louisiana trucking companies value workplace health promotion programs, although are challenged by limited resources and the broader trucking environment. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, health promotion, transportation, diet, food, and nutrition, physical activity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220337

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 727-735, 2023

Authors: Golmohammadpour, Hamedeh | Garosi, Ehsan | Taheri, Mostafa | Dehghan, Naser | Ezbarami, Sahebeh Mirzaei | Karanikas, Nektarios

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Parents often use baby walkers (BWs) as assistive devices to improve their infants’ independent movement and motor skill acquisition. However, the literature suggests that conventional baby walkers (CBW) may cause delays in an infant’s ability to walk independently and musculoskeletal burden on parents. OBJECTIVE: In the current study, a baby walker (RBW) with chest support was redesigned and ergonomically assessed during an infant-walking task. METHODS: The anthropometric dimensions of 90 infants aged 7–11 months were measured in the city of Urmia, northwestern Iran. Following redesigning based on the results from expert panel meetings and prototyping …of the RBW, 18 mothers (age: 28.33±4.27 and height: 163.75±5.32 and weight: 59.45±5.99) with their infants (9 boys and 9 girls) performed a simulated infant walking task in two experimental sessions using the CBW and RBW over a repeated measurements design. The infants’ feet track patterns, including the number of steps and step distances were assessed via the image analysis of the footprints. The mothers’ body posture and lower back spinal load were evaluated using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) technique and 3D Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP), respectively. RESULTS: Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed infants walked more steps with the RBW (p  = 0.002). Similarly, the distance between the infants’ left heel strike (p  = 0.008) and their right and left toe-off (p  = 0.03 and 0.02 respectively) was also significantly lower in the RBW use. Additionally, the body posture of mothers was improved (RULA final score from 7 for CBW to 5 for RBW). Moreover, lower back compression and shear forces were reduced significantly (p  = 0.002) by the RBW use. CONCLUSION: According to the feet track pattern, infants took more balanced steps when the RBW was used. In addition, mothers were subjected to less pressure on the lumbar region when they placed and lifted their infant from the RBW. However, further work is necessary to investigate potential long-term effects of the RBWs use. Show more

Keywords: Baby walker, infants, walking pattern, design, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220440

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 737-747, 2023

Authors: Prasetyo, Yogi Tri | Perez, Jehorom Px Alegre | Gumasing, Ma. Janice J. | Persada, Satria Fadil | Nadlifatin, Reny

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Improving employee performance has been crucial in different organizations for it reflects the company’s product and service quality. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting employee performance in the engineering and technology department in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The effects of these factors such as communication, empathy, encouragement, growth and rewards to employee performance were analyzed. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that among the five factors, the encouragement, growth, and rewards were found to have a significant effect on employee performance in the engineering …and technology department. Surprisingly, communication and empathy were found to have no significant effect to employee performance. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first study that investigated the factors affecting employee performance in the engineering and technology department in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results could serve as a guideline for the management under this type of department. The framework could also be helpful for sustaining the elevated performance of the employees in the engineering and technology department. Show more

Keywords: Job design, employee satisfaction, COVID-19 pandemic, path analysis, human resource

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220470

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 749-758, 2023

Authors: Ma’touq, Jumana | Alnuman, Nasim | Abuzer, Ibrahim | AbdelGader, Bara’a

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mobile phones have become an essential component in our life. There are many concerns about the effects of prolonged mobile phone use on the upper extremity. OBJECTIVE: This research aims to investigate the effects of prolonged mobile phone use on the neuromusculoskeletal system of the upper extremity in young adults in Jordan. METHODS: A total of 228 subjects (age = 20.7±1.27 years) participated in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic variables, mobile phone size, hand/finger used for typing, duration of use daily, and the presence of musculoskeletal pain/syndromes and their location. …RESULTS: Statistically significant relations (p  < 0.05) were found between the prolonged use of mobile phones and self-reported pain in neck/upper back, hands, and symptoms of cubital syndrome; between smaller hand-to-phone ratio and pain in neck/upper back and shoulders with the higher frequency of pain in females. Females and subjects with a smaller hand-to-phone ratio tend to use two hands (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results show an association between mobile phone use and self-reported pain. This study provides guidance for mobile phone manufacturers and regulatory agencies on the potential effects, the need for awareness programs that alert to musculoskeletal complaints, choosing the appropriate mobile phone, and changing using habits. Further investigations on a larger sample with quantitative measures on the kinematics and muscular activities are necessary to generalize and better interpret the results. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal pain, musculoskeletal injury, cubital tunnel syndromes, carpal tunnel syndromes, young adults

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220650

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 759-769, 2023

Authors: Soltanzadeh, Ahmad | Mahdinia, Mohsen | Jafarinia, Ehsan | Golmohammadpour, Hamedeh | Sadeghi-Yarandi, Mohsen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Construction projects are one of the most critical occupational sectors that experienced many challenges in occupational accidents and safety performance. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess safety risk in construction projects based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. METHODS: This study was conducted with 12 construction and occupational safety experts in one of the largest construction projects in Tehran-Iran in 2020. The process of this study included (1) risk identification, (2) measurement of risk parameters and sub-parameters, and (3) risk assessment based on a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Risk-forming parameters in this study included the …probability and severity of the event. The probability of occurrence was estimated based on four sub-parameters of technical inspection, accident experience, detection probability, and human reliability. Sub-parameters of severity included human injury, cost imposition, tarnishing the organization’s esteem, and impact on project timing and work stoppage. RESULTS: Twenty-eight identified hazards were examined in the studied construction project, including falling from a height (9-hazard), falling objects (2-hazard), electric shock (6-hazard), falling crane or load (6-hazard), elevator crashes (2-hazard), and soil fall (3-hazard). Safety risk assessment revealed that 27 risk sources were at the tolerable level and one risk source was unacceptable. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the risk levels in the studied construction project were tolerable and unacceptable. The obtained model in this study demonstrated that using parameters that determine the probability and severity of risk according to the nature of the working environments can be a practical step in risk evaluating and implementing control measures. Show more

Keywords: Construction project, safety, human injury, risk assessment, FAHP

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220086

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 771-782, 2023

Authors: Vennu, Vishal | Bindawas, Saad M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The number of deaths, causes, and frequency measures are crucial in determining the health of a country’s population. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to estimate deaths, causes of death, and their frequency for Saudi nationals in 2017. METHODS: In this descriptive study, we used data from the 2017 Population Characteristics Survey (n  = 14,215,901) and performed secondary data analysis between November 2021 and February 2022. We used a total number of survey samples to compute the deaths. The cause of death was determined by dividing the total number of fatalities according to sex. We calculated the …overall population-, administrative region-, and gender-wise percentages, rates per 1,000 people per year, the ratios for mortality, and their reasons. RESULTS: There were 58,915 (0.4%) total deaths, including 0.3% and 0.2% deaths among females and males, respectively. The illness was the most frequent cause of mortality (46.5% or 465 per 1,000 population/year), notably in women (52.5% or 525 per 1,000 population/year). The fatality rate was higher due to traffic accidents (a total of five in every female and four males in every female). CONCLUSION: In 2017, illness—especially in women—was the cause of death. Road car accidents had a high mortality rate, especially among males. Saudi Arabia has lower death rates than other Arab nations and high-, moderate-, and low-income nations. Show more

Keywords: Traffic accident, illness behavior, automobiles, mortality, epidemiology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220548

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 783-791, 2023

Authors: Karahan, Azize | Kav, Sultan | Çevik, Banu | Çıtak, Ebru Akgün | Uğurlu, Ziyafet | Fulser, Berrak

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Alarm fatigue is an important technological hazard that adversely affects patient safety and the healthcare team. Nurses can be exposed to an excessive amount of alarms during their work which may lead to alarm fatigue. OBJECTIVE: To determine the experiences of alarm fatigue among nurses working in intensive care units and other inpatient clinics. METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted in university hospitals in five cities in Turkey between August and December 2019. A total of 592 nurses participated in this study. The data was collected using questionnaires and the Visual Analog Scale (0 to …10 points) was used to determine the level of alarm fatigue. RESULTS: More than half of the nurses experienced problems, especially false alarms, caused by devices. Alarm fatigue decreased with increasing age and working years. Nurses reported appropriate actions in solving problems, but also had practices that may increase the risk of error, such as turning off or muting alarms or turning off equipment. CONCLUSION: Alarm fatigue is mostly caused by false alarms. It can lead to physical fatigue, increased workload and decreased concentration, resulting in an increased possibility of error. Management of alarm fatigue is necessary in preventing a compromise in patients’ safety and improving quality of care. Show more

Keywords: Clinical alarms, desensitization, hospital, nursing, patient safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220466

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 793-801, 2023

Authors: Neves, Júlio César Bispo | Vidal, Mario Cesar Rodriguez | de Carvalho, Paulo Victor Rodrigues

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Most organizations perceive the concept of ergonomic actions as a local tool used to improve workplace issues. Ergonomics however is not included in global management systems. The paradigm of ergonomics action in large organizations proposed by this study is that of management systems whose primary objective is the pressing need for continuous performance improvement, acquisition of excellence, and integration into all aspects of the business. OBJECTIVE: The general objective of this work is to draw a frame presenting a model of ergonomics management based on good practices in managing this discipline in large industrial companies. …METHOD: In this study, we describe a strategy based on the fuzzy set theory to aggregate a group of good practices expressed by experienced ergonomists attached to large industrial companies for handling the lack of ergonomics in an organization. RESULTS: A set of good practices was compiled as a basis for application in ergonomics in large companies. CONCLUSION: This study shows that ergonomics should not be considered an isolated phenomenon but in a strategic, proactive, integrated, and perennial way as one of the management subjects. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, organizational ergonomics, fuzzy logic, organizational management, benchmarking

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220560

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 803-820, 2023

Authors: Nogueira, Rosenkranz Maciel | Saint-Martin, Daniel Rodrigues Ferreira | Barreto, Kevin Alves | Von Koenig Soares, Edgard M. K. | Smith, Denise L. | Molina, Guilherme E. | Porto, Luiz Guilherme Grossi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Firefighting is a physically demanding profession. Firefighters (FFs) need adequate physical fitness (PF) to perform duty tasks efficiently. While FFs’ work demands are constant throughout their career, there is an expected age-related decline in PF. OBJECTIVE: To describe longitudinal changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) based on a fixed (12.0 METs) and an age-adjusted standard and compare the prevalence of fit/unfit firefighters (FFs) over eight years. METHODS: 297 Brazilian male firefighters were randomly selected. CRF was assessed by the 12-minute Cooper test. To compare the prevalence’s of fit/unfit FFs depending on the standard (12 METs vs. …age-adjusted), the McNemar test was used. RESULTS: The reduction in the prevalence of fit firefighters was 4.4-fold higher when the analysis did not consider age. CONCLUSION: After eight years, the prevalence of fit FFs decreased by 30.5% based on the fixed standard, while this reduction was only 7% when using an age-adjusted standard. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, aging, body mass index

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220608

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 821-829, 2023

Authors: Woodcock, Andree

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-236019

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 831-833, 2023

Authors: Adorean, Emanuel-Cristian | Botelho, Diana Figueiredo | Pimenta, Isabel | Carvalho, Gabriel Stumpf Duarte de | Costa, Mariana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Historically, the transport sector has been male-dominated in all countries, including Portugal. In recent years, Portugal has struggled to balance the proportion of men and women working in the transport sector through policies, programs, and awareness campaigns. In most cases, the overall impact has been rather unsatisfactory, questioning the necessity of introducing other methods and strategies. OBJECTIVE: The main objectives were to assess the existing gender inequalities in the Portuguese transport sector labour market, identify the causes, and propose guidelines and possible solutions towards a more inclusive and gender-neutral society. METHODS: Using both qualitative and …quantitative methods, the methodological background of this research is divided into three main parts: (i) a literature review of academic publications, reports, and laws in the European and Portuguese context, (ii) semi-structured interviews with representatives of two Portuguese transport companies, and (iii) statistical analysis compiling data from European and national official sources. RESULTS: There is evidence of differences in opportunities between women and men, starting with lower mobility and access to the labour market. Some companies in the sector have already recognised the existence of asymmetries and have introduced policies and measures to reduce them. Nonetheless, the actions already implemented have not led to the expected results. CONCLUSION: More governmental and institutional attention should be provided to develop gender-neutral employment policies for the transport sector and more accurate gender equality measures and instruments to change the status quo are needed. This paper presents a series of recommendations for better governance of gender inequalities in the Portuguese transport labour market. Show more

Keywords: Women empowerment, workforce, barriers, opportunities, policies

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210458

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 835-851, 2023

Authors: Nienaber, Ann-Marie | Woodcook, Andree | Soares, André Escórcio | Searle, Rosalind | Tietmeyer, Jan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: A variety of scholars deal with change agents’ role within change processes and highlight their relevance as role models in an organisation, but there are shortcomings. First, research on the impact of change processes has traditionally focused on the impact on employees’ (change recipients’) wellbeing but only limited attention has been paid to the impact on change agents’ own well-being, resilience, and health. Second, studies that reflect on female CAs’ well-being are missed. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to enhance our knowledge on the role of women as change agents in analysing their perceived self-efficacy during change and …their job satisfaction as job-related dimension of wellbeing. METHODS: We applied a mixed-method design, conducting two studies based on data from 71 specialists – change agents – working in the transport or mobility departments of seven local authorities participating in the H2020 CIVITAS SUITS project, from six different countries, Greece, Spain, Italy, Romania, United Kingdom, and Lithuania. RESULTS: The first quantitative survey shows that female change agents may have to perceive higher levels of self-efficacy during organisational change to perceive similar levels of job satisfaction as men. The second qualitative study (focus groups) provides more in-depth explanations of these results. This allows us to derive managerial implications to prevent decreases in women’s well-being and strengthen their resilience and health during change. CONCLUSION: This mixed-method study highlights the role of women as change agents, driving organisational change within male-dominated transport departments of local authorities. Our results show that female change agents need extra support in managing change processes within male-dominated contexts as the transport and mobility field to avoid a decrease in their perceived job satisfaction, their well-being and herewith, their physical and mental health. Show more

Keywords: Change management, gender, self-efficacy, job satisfaction, organisational change, transport departments

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210996

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 853-865, 2023

Authors: Ponsin, Alexandre | Fort, Emmanuel | Hours, Martine | Charbotel, Barbara | Denis, Marie-Agnès

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Traffic road crashes are the leading cause of fatal crashes at work. The circumstances of work-related road accidents have been a regular focus of study, but there is still a lack of knowledge about commuting accidents. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to estimate the overall incidence of commuting accidents for non-physician professionals in a major French university hospital, by gender and different professional categories, and to assess its evolution over a 5-year period. METHODS: A descriptive analysis was performed on 390 commuting accidents from 2012 to 2016 extracted from the university hospital’s occupational …health service. Incidences of commuting accidents were calculated according to gender, occupational categories, and years. Crude relative risk (RR) for the association of commuting accidents with gender, occupational categories, and year of the accident was also estimated using log-binomial regressions. RESULTS: The annual incidence ranged from 354 to 581 accidents per 100,000 employees. Compared with administrative staff, the relative risk (RR) for commuting accidents for service agents was 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1–2.4) and for auxiliary nurses and childcare assistants was 1.3 (95% CI: 1.0–1.9). Nursing executives had a non-significantly lower RR of 0.6 (95% CI: 0.3–1.5). CONCLUSION: The increased risk observed for the auxiliary nurses and childcare assistants and for the service agents may be related in part to the fatigue caused by work schedules, long commuting distances, physical work, and psychological burden. Show more

Keywords: Occupational accidents, road accident, incidence, health personnel, hospital

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210815

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 867-876, 2023

Authors: Iqbal, Sana | Woodcock, Andree

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a widespread acceptance and shift towards sustainable, inclusive and smart mobility solutions around the world. However, in Karachi, poorly coordinated urban planning, lack of effective governance structure and investment in transport, has allowed the growth of an almost unregulated and ungovernable informal transport sector. Women are more severely affected by the poor service since men not only have more space allocated to them on public transport but also have the freedom to use alternative and cheaper private vehicles such as motorbikes and cycles. Poor representation of women in the transport sector further aggravates the situation. …OBJECTIVE: The paper aims to highlight the gender-disaggregated effects of poor transport design, provision and lack of personal agency on mobility, for emphasising the social and cultural attitudes faced by female employees. It argues that not integrating the gender-based disadvantages faced by women into planning, reinforces their disadvantaged position and force them to take complex trips. METHODS: Scenario-based questions were designed for focus group discussion which covered not only the everyday mobility challenges but also their reactions to the potential solutions. For a gender-based comparative analysis, two separate focus group discussions were organised. RESULTS: Adopting a sector-based mapping approach of the issues discussed in the groups helped understand the complexity of female user experience at various levels, starting from planning or discussing the trips with families, to making modal choices. It also helped to tease out the impact of these issues on their employment opportunities as early-career women. CONCLUSION: The model proposed in this paper can help illustrate where changes can be made in the system considering the social aspects of transport. Show more

Keywords: Transport, gender, culture, complex trips, decision-making

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210919

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 877-893, 2023