Work - Volume 73, issue 2

Authors: Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223644

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 353-354, 2022

Authors: Wickert, Kimberly | Romeo, Judiann McCrone | Rumrill, Phillip | Sheppard-Jones, Kathleen | McCurry, Sara

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article discusses how COVID-19 has impacted the American workforce, symptoms of Long COVID syndrome, Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, and ways to avoid triggering its symptoms when sanitizing the workplace and using Universal Design practices to increase accessibility and decrease transmission of COVID-19 among workers. Interface with healthcare providers, rehabilitation professionals, and employers is emphasized.

Keywords: COVID-19, long COVID, accessibility, universal design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223641

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 355-360, 2022

Authors: Faison, Tomeico

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223640

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 361-362, 2022

Authors: La Torre, Giuseppe | Chiappetta, Marta | Mazzalai, Elena | Gresele, Riccardo | Bazzo, Gianromolo | Pederzolli, Giancarlo | Azzolin, Delfo | Lo Izzo, Antonio | Mannocci, Alice

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic forced companies to make decisions to re-assess working-time and location in order to ensure business survival. The resorting to Smart Working (SW) has been adopted to support business continuity, especially in the banking sector. OBJECTIVE: This study aims at evaluating the attitude and opinions of the bank employees on SW, focusing on the demographic, social and occupational characteristics of the respondents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the attitudes of the banking workers towards SW. The research was conducted from September 2020 to April 2021 through a validated questionnaire …administered online. RESULTS: The workers more interested in SW were younger than 45 years old (p  < 0.001), with a high educational level (p  = 0.001), and lived > 50 km away from the workplace (p  < 0.001). Who reported an improved productivity was aged < 45 years, childless (p  < 0.001), not married (p  = 0.004). Who thought that working in smart mode has penalized the teamwork was older than 45 years (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.12-1.73), lived near the office (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.16-2.99). CONCLUSIONS: SW could help finding a balance between private and working life, modifying the traditional working activity. However, it could enhance the risk of social isolation, impacting negatively on the working motivation. Establishing good practices on SW could be useful in the short-term to improve the time-management, focus better on work, and prevent possible psychological consequences on banking workers. Show more

Keywords: Observational study, working from home, technostress, work-life balance, wellbeing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211152

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 363-376, 2022

Authors: Bhadola, Shivkumar | Tang, Connie | Marks, Ariel | Kaku, Michelle C. | Zhou, Lan | Siao, Peter | Lau, K.H. Vincent

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic led to rapid expansion of telehealth services. This was speculated to improve healthcare access among underserved populations, including individuals unable to take time off work or arrange transportation. OBJECTIVE: We completed a quality improvement project to evaluate the feasibility of hybrid consultations that combined televisits and abbreviated in-person visits for neuromuscular referrals. METHODS: Using a censoring date of August 5, 2021, we reviewed all outpatient neuromuscular consultations from August 5, 2020 to February 5, 2021. For both hybrid and traditional in-person consultations, we reviewed no-show rates, completion rates of ordered diagnostic …workup, and billing codes. For hybrid consultations only, we also reviewed intervals between initial televisit and subsequent examination and rates of video-enhanced versus audio-only televisits. RESULTS: During the study period, we completed 153 hybrid and 59 in-person new-patient consultations (no-show rates 9% and 27% respectively.) For hybrid consultations, 77% and 73% of laboratory and imaging studies were completed respectively, compared to 89% and 91% for in-person consultations. For hybrid visits, average RVUs (a marker for reimbursement) per consultation depended on whether audio-only televisits were billed as telephone calls or E/M visits per insurance payer rules, while video-enhanced televisits were uniformly billed as E/M visits. This resulted in average RVUs between 2.09 and 2.26, compared to 2.30 for in-person consultations. CONCLUSIONS: Telehealth-based hybrid neuromuscular consultations are feasible with minor caveats. However, the future of telehealth may be restricted by decreasing reimbursement rates particularly for audio-only televisits, limiting its potential to improve healthcare access. Show more

Keywords: Remote, equity, safety, quality improvement, telehealth

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211463

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 377-382, 2022

Authors: de Souza, Vivian Mendes | Levandoski, Gustavo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Violence in the work or school environment is becoming a public health problem. Bullying in this scenario is characterized by a set of aggressive, repetitive, intentional behaviors which occur without evident motivation and affects countless young people daily. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the incidence of bullying cases of elementary and high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic, describing the reasons for this victimization from an emic view; in addition, to compare associated factors such as nutritional status and body image between victims and non-victims of bullying. METHOD: This is a non-probabilistic descriptive design …involving 115 students regularly enrolled in elementary and high school in public schools in the city of Dourados-MS, Brazil. RESULTS: The results indicated an incidence of 20.9% of victims, with verbal aggression (swearing, nicknames, gossip) and social exclusion being the most recurrent. A total of 78.2% of the victim students did not suffer bullying during social distancing, and 87.3% felt safer in their homes. The rate of overweight and obesity was similar between victims and non-victims, similar to the body perception result. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic was a protective barrier in school bullying actions. Show more

Keywords: Bullying, social distancing, COVID-19, pandemic, violence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220160

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 383-392, 2022

Authors: Kent, Chedza Denise | Adigun, Olufemi Timothy | Mosia, Paseka Andrew

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Implications of entrepreneurial education (EE), entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and personality traits (PT) on the entrepreneurial intentions of the deaf is yet unknown in existing literature. OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of EE, ESE and PT on the entrepreneurial intentions among some 250 Deaf and Hard of hearing (DHH) students from two post-secondary institutions in Oyo state, Nigeria. METHODS: A descriptive research design was adopted, while a structured paper questionnaire was used for data collection. The data generated were analysed using descriptive statistics and the inferential statistics of Pearson Product Moment Correlation and hierarchical multiple regression …at a 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: The entrepreneurial intentions of DHH college students had a significant positive correlation with EE (r  = 0.18, p  < 0.05), agreeableness (r  = 0.23, p  < 0.05), and conscientiousness (r  = 0.19, p  < 0.05); but had a negative correlation with ESE, neuroticism and openness. Furthermore, personality traits and ESE were the highest predictors of entrepreneurial intention among DHH college students. CONCLUSIONS: Personality traits were the greatest predictor of the entrepreneurial intention of DHH college students post the COVID-19 lockdowns in Nigeria. Therefore, higher education institutions should intensify their efforts in entrepreneurial education and parents of DHH students should encourage them to seek entrepreneurial opportunities. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, deaf and hard of hearing, entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, personality traits

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220133

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 393-404, 2022

Authors: Gualano, Maria Rosaria | Rossi, Maria Francesca | Borrelli, Ivan | Santoro, Paolo Emilio | Amantea, Carlotta | Daniele, Alessandra | Tumminello, Antonio | Moscato, Umberto

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing, with rapidly increasing cases all over the world, and the emerging issue of post COVID-19 (or Long COVID-19) condition is impacting the occupational world. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of lasting COVID-19 symptoms or disability on the working population upon their return to employment. METHODS: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statements we performed a systematic review in December 2021, screening three databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus), for articles investigating return to work in patients …that were previously hospitalized due to COVID-19. A hand-searched was then performed through the references of the included systematic review. A quality assessment was performed on the included studies. RESULTS: Out of the 263 articles found through the initial search, 11 studies were included in this systematic review. The selected studies were divided based on follow-up time, in two months follow-up, follow-up between two and six months, and six months follow-up. All the studies highlighted an important impact of post COVID-19 condition in returning to work after being hospitalized, with differences based on follow-up time, home Country and mean/median age of the sample considered. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlighted post COVID-19 condition as a rising problem in occupational medicine, with consequences on workers’ quality of life and productivity. The role of occupational physicians could be essential in applying limitations to work duties or hours and facilitating the return to employment in workers with a post COVID-19 condition. Show more

Keywords: Occupational medicine, COVID-19, return to work, employment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220103

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 405-413, 2022

Authors: Kumari, Archana | Sarkar, Siddharth | Ranjan, Piyush | Chopra, Sakshi | Kaur, Tanveer | Baitha, Upendra | Chakrawarty, Avinash | Klanidhi, Kamal Bandhu

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Workplace violence (WPV) against health-care professionals has been a concern worldwide as it strains the relationship between the patient and healthcare professionals. Implementing mitigation interventions to help the healthcare professionals to prevent and manage these violent episodes might make the workplaces more secure. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to synthesize the recent evidence on intervention strategies for workplace violence. METHOD: Four electronic databases (PubMed, Wiley, Cochrane and Google Scholar) were searched for peer-reviewed intervention studies published in the last 11 years to mitigate workplace violence. A qualitative synthesis of the findings from included studies was done. …RESULT: A total of 17 studies were identified based on prevention and management of workplace violence. The interventions were mainly educational in nature based on a workshop format. These interventions were found to be effective in improving the perceived ability to deal with situations that lead to violence. CONCLUSION: Strategies to mitigate violent episodes could be helpful to health-care professionals and administrators in their attempts to make safer workplaces in the health-care settings. Show more

Keywords: Abuse, assault, verbal violence, physical violence, nurses, management, strategies

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210046

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 415-427, 2022

Authors: Shetty, Gautam M. | Jain, Shikha | Thakur, Harshad | Khanna, Kriti

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although many studies have investigated the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) among Indian subjects, no meta-analysis has been conducted to determine the comprehensive epidemiological point, annual, lifetime prevalence of LBP among Indian subjects. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the point, annual, and lifetime prevalence of LBP in the Indian population. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant studies that reported point, annual, or lifetime prevalence of LBP among Indian subjects. Pooled point, annual and lifetime prevalence rates were calculated. Meta-analysis, subgroup …analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias assessment were performed. RESULTS: Ninety-seven studies were included in this review. Fifty-four studies included in the review (55.5%) were found to be of higher methodological quality. The pooled point, annual, and lifetime prevalence of LBP in India was 48% (95% CI 40–56%); 51% (95% CI 45–58%), and 66% (95% CI 56–75%), respectively. The pooled prevalence rates were highest among females, the rural population, and among elementary workers. CONCLUSION: The point, annual, and lifetime prevalence rates of LBP in the Indian population is higher compared to global and other ethnic populations affecting a large proportion of the population, especially among women, rural population and in elementary workers. The findings of this study can be the basis for formulating policy regarding the prevention and treatment of LBP in a large part of the global population. Show more

Keywords: Epidemiology, spine, prevalence, India, low back pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205300

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 429-452, 2022

Authors: Oberti, Ilaria | Plantamura, Francesca

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: With the ageing of the working population, it is becoming crucial empowering staff of all ages to perform at its best. To this end, organizations can act on the built environment, adapting the workspace to the changing characteristics of workers and using it as a tool for health promotion. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of office workspace requirements to optimise the wellbeing and productivity of older workers. METHODS: The search, by Scopus, Web of Science core collection and Medline, produced 290 records. The screening process, according to the Prisma method, reduced the records to 13 …included in the review. RESULTS: The results show the needs and preferences of the ageing workforce, such as personal control over the environment in terms of both comfort and use of space, as well as negative opinions on specific solutions, such as the extensive use of open offices and the introduction of shared workstations. The included studies report mainly subjective data, derived from interviews and questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: The review provides a first framework for acting on the office workspace to improve wellbeing and productivity of older workers. However, further studies, evidence-based and with subjective and objective measurements of specific solutions, are needed to develop guidelines for an inclusive workspace for all ages. Show more

Keywords: Built environment, indoor quality, older worker, wellbeing, productivity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210758

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 453-469, 2022

Authors: Bennis, Will M. | Mayerhoffer, Manuel | Orel, Marko | Lukeš, Martin

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Several recent reports conclude that open-plan offices negatively impact workers across a variety of outcome measures. This contrasts to a corporate trend to move from cellular to open-plan layouts, often justified by the same outcomes. Two explanations for this paradox are proposed: (1) the results are more complicated than critical reports suggest, and (2) methodological biases make open-plan layouts look more negative than they are. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the proposed explanations using a systematic literature review. METHODS: Google Scholar was used to find original research on the relationship between office openness and worker outcomes. 89 …articles were coded for the variables and methods they used, and conclusions about the relationship between layout and outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: The proposed explanations were partly supported. The relationship between layout openness and worker outcomes depends on the variables considered and the methods used, and a small subset of methods was used far more often than others. That said, more research is needed to evaluate impact of open-plan offices on worker outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between office openness and worker outcomes varies widely depending on how it is measured. Several promising areas for future research may help clarify this relationship. Show more

Keywords: Workplace performance, office type, shared office space, job satisfaction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210820

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 471-494, 2022

Authors: Bertilsson, Monica | Löve, Jesper | Martinsson, Johan | Wängnerud, Lena | Hensing, Gunnel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Depression is a common cause of sickness absence (SA) and also highly associated with stigma. Few studies have addressed the role of stigma in relation to SA. OBJECTIVE: To investigate if attitudes to depression were associated with the public’s opinion of depression as a valid reason of SA. METHODS: The study population (n  = 2413) originated from a web-based panel of citizens. The survey included a short vignette describing a person with symptoms of depression and the person’s work tasks, followed by a question on recommendation of SA. Negative attitudes were measured by the Depression Stigma Scale. …Logistic regressions were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) for the likelihood of not recommending SA, controlling for individual and work-related co-variates. RESULTS: The crude association between negative attitudes and not recommending SA was OR 2.15 (95% CI, 1.76–2.62). In the fully adjusted model the OR was 1.76 (95% CI, 1.40 –2.21) for not recommending SA. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with negative attitudes to depression were more likely to not consider depression as a valid reason of sickness absence. The study supports theories on layered stigma; attitudes from one arena are related to other arenas. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings. Show more

Keywords: Stigma, return-to-work, public health, vignette study

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205181

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 495-504, 2022

Authors: Lundqvist, Daniel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Recruiting and retaining managers has become increasingly difficult in recent years, primarily because of a pressured work situation. A better understanding of managers’ work situation is required, and of the support they need. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of managers’ psychosocial work environment and health by investigating individuals as they enter or leave a managerial position. METHODS: Longitudinal questionnaire data from 1971 individuals distributed across four groups were used: individuals who 1) entered or 2) left a managerial position between measuring points, and those who remained employed as 3) …managers or 4) non-managers at both measuring points. RESULTS: Demands increased between the measuring points for those who entered a managerial position. Their resources and health were, however, rated higher than non-managers already before the transition. Demands decreased for those who left a managerial position, while their resources remained higher than non-managers. Health did not change by changing position. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to knowledge of what happens when someone enters or leaves a managerial position and increases the understanding of differences between managers and non-managers. Organizations should develop supportive strategies through talent management programs to help build resources in employees and future managers. Support should also aim to reduce the increased level of demands in newly hired managers. Show more

Keywords: Leaders, job characteristics, well-being, job transitions, longitudinal study

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210469

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 505-515, 2022

Authors: Elling, Devy L. | Almquist, Ylva B. | Wennberg, Peter | Sundqvist, Kristina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Alcohol interventions targeting the adult population are often conducted in healthcare settings, while preventive interventions often target adolescents or young adults. The general working population is often overlooked. A workplace-based intervention, consisting of development and implementation of an organizational alcohol policy, and skills development training for managers (APMaT) was carried out in order to prevent and reduce alcohol-related harms by identifying hazardous consumers at an early stage. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate APMaT by focusing on managers’ inclination to initiate early alcohol intervention. METHODS: In a cluster randomized design, data were obtained from 187 …managers (control: n  = 70; intervention: n  = 117). Inclination to initiate early alcohol intervention was measured using three items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Changes in managers’ inclination to intervene were analyzed by applying multilevel ordered logistic regression. Predictors included in the model were group (control vs. intervention), time (baseline vs. 12-month follow-up), and the multiplicative interaction term (group×time). RESULTS: Significant increase in inclination to intervene against hazardous alcohol consumption among managers in the intervention group compared to managers in the control group was observed. Specifically, a 50% increase of confidence to initiate an intervention was observed among managers in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: APMaT seems effective to increase managers’ inclination to intervene early against hazardous consumption in the workplace. The effectiveness of APMaT at the employee level should be explored in prospective studies. Show more

Keywords: Workplace interventions, APMaT, alcohol prevention, hazardous alcohol consumption, inclination to intervene

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210943

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 517-526, 2022

Authors: Villamil, Valentina | Djebrouni, Manel | Wolbring, Gregor

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The early involvement of many actors including health professionals is identified in neuroethics and neurogovernance discussions as crucial in constructing conversations around awareness, reaction, and knowledge development pertaining to the ethical, legal, and societal consequences of neuroscientific or neurotechnological advancements (NA). Occupational Therapists (OTs) have a stake in NA; however, OTs are rarely mentioned within this context. Lifelong learning (LL) could be used to increase OTs knowledge on NA and its consequences. However, LL is rarely mentioned within neuroethics and neurogovernance discussions. OBJECTIVE: The study’s purpose is to understand the role of OTs as professionals and citizens …in neuroethics and neurogovernance discussions and to examine the utility of LL processes put in place for OTs to empower OTs to contribute in a meaningful way to NA discussions. METHODS: 8 semi-structured interviews with OTs were conducted and analyzed using a directed content analysis. RESULTS: Although participants believed OTs can provide a holistic perspective to neurogovernance discussions, their knowledge on NA and its consequences is limited, and LL is not used as a tool to remain informed about such consequences. CONCLUSION: More education on NA and its consequences throughout their OT degree and through LL opportunities is warranted to facilitate their involvement. Show more

Keywords: Neuroscience, neuroethics, neurogovernance, role expectation, occupational therapists

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205108

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 527-545, 2022

Authors: Melo, Alyne Araújo | de Toledo, Aline Martins | Emiliano, Lariça | Padula, Rosimeire Simprini | Carregaro, Rodrigo Luiz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Physiotherapy interventions are well known and established in secondary and tertiary care. However, within the Brazilian primary health care (PHC), the role of physiotherapists is still under development, and there is a lack of representative data showing how and what is being implemented by these professionals. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to characterize the professional practices of physiotherapists working at PHC in Brazil. METHODS: This is an exploratory study that adopted a descriptive analysis based on the records of physiotherapists, considering assistance and sociodemographic aspects, in the period from 2016 to 2017. The following variables were …extracted: region, federative unit and municipality, age group and sex of the attended user, condition/problem, procedure and place of attendance. RESULTS: A total of 318,780 procedures were recorded, concentrated in the South and southeast regions, with a predominance of clinical-assistance procedures and a higher frequency of attendance in Basic Health Units. Among the assisted users, the female gender prevailed in the age group of 20 to 59 years. Low back pain was the most frequently treated condition. CONCLUSION: The professional practices of physiotherapists working at PHC in Brazil were characterized by healthcare, clinical-assistance, preventive and health promotion activities, with emphasis on clinical-assistance practices focused on musculoskeletal conditions, especially low back pain. Show more

Keywords: Primary health care, physical therapy, low back pain, health information systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205138

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 547-557, 2022

Authors: Jain, Rahul | Rana, Kunj Bihari | Meena, Makkhan Lal | Verma, Vibhor

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most common work–related health issues among mobile device (MD) users due to long hour of working during homestay. Various researches have been carried out earlier for identifying the MSD risk factors, though the risk factors’ priority and weightage play an important role for risk management. OBJECTIVE: In the current study, the priority and weightage for MSD risk factor (individual factor, personal factor, psychosocial factor, and subfactors in each factor) were identified using the best–worst method (BWM) for MD users through a case study. METHOD: A framework was proposed for evaluating …the risk hierarchy. The rating data provided by decision–makers was analysed using BWM for optimistic risk factor outcomes. A sensitivity analysis was also performed on the prioritized risk factors/subfactors for the consistency check. RESULTS: Research results revealed that personal factor was the most prominent risk factor of MSDs, followed by psychosocial factor and individual factor. Further, the total time spent and gender were identified as most and least dominating risk subfactor of MSDs respectively. The evaluated priority and weightage of MSD risk factors were further validated using sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION: The obtained outcomes may be helpful in reducing the MSDs risk factors among the MD users by ergonomic improvement. Show more

Keywords: Mobile device users, musculoskeletal health, risk factors, sensitivity analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205148

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 559-568, 2022

Authors: Das, Bhibha M. | Conerly, Jillian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hatha yoga programs have been shown to be effective at improving low back pain among a variety of populations; however, methods to decrease low back pain of university office employees have not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of an 8-week hatha yoga intervention on measures of health among university office employees. METHOD: Seven participants completed the 8-week yoga intervention. All measures, including anthropometric measures and online questionnaires, were completed at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS: Baseline pain intensity (6.6±3.1) and pain interference (15.6±4.7) reflected a moderate level of back pain and moderate …to severe interference. Pain intensity showed a non-significant improvement with medium-to-large effect size [p  = 0.07, (d = 0.7)]. There was a significant improvement with a large effect size [p  = 0.002, (d = 2.4)] in pain interference. Baseline anxiety (7.4±3.6) reflected a borderline abnormal symptom level, but anxiety significantly reduced to normal levels at post-intervention with a medium effect size [p  = 0.002 (d = 0.5)]. Focus group themes were improvements in health and development of a sense of community. CONCLUSIONS: Hatha yoga may be an effective mode of low-impact physical activity to decrease pain and improve mental health while facilitating a sense of community for office workers employed by a university. This study demonstrates promising results with large effect sizes; however, more research with larger sample size and randomized treatment and control groups are needed for future study efforts. Show more

Keywords: Pain, worksites, mental health, sense of community

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205156

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 569-577, 2022

Authors: Mahdinia, Mohsen | Mohammadfam, Iraj | Aliabadi, Mostafa Mirzaei | Hamta, Amir | Soltanzadeh, Ahmad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The severity of occupational accidents and injuries in the construction industry is the greatest across all industries. Few studies have examined the causal relationships among physical and psychological variables affecting the safety behavior of construction workers. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationships among three factors (metal health, work ability and sleep quality) influencing the safety behavior of construction workers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 204 workers in civil construction projects in Iran. The data were gathered via self-reporting questionnaires. The acquired data were analyzed by the Smart PLS3 software using structural …equation modeling with the partial least squares (PLS) regression approach. RESULTS: The R square revealed an acceptable fineness of the structural model. Similarly, as Q square values were higher than 0.15 for all factors, the predictability of the model was approved. The direct effect of mental health on safety behavior was not significant, but work ability and sleep quality had significant direct effects on safety behavior. Moreover, a decrease in mental health significantly reduced construction workers’ sleep quality and work ability. CONCLUSION: The results of this study prove that sleep quality and work ability mediate the relationship between mental health and safety behavior. The deterioration of construction workers’ mental health can increase the risk of unsafe behavior and occupational injuries. Therefore, appropriate measures need to be taken to maintain and improve the mental health of construction workers. Show more

Keywords: Mental health, work ability, sleep quality, safety behavior, the construction industry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205256

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 579-589, 2022

Authors: Jussli, Alexandra | Villegas, Paloma Ocampo | Lippke, Sonia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work in the industrial sector underlies deep structural changes triggered by demographic and societal transformations. These developments require tailored measures for maintaining employees’ work ability by reacting to new demands and overcoming barriers in organizational implementation. Previous research lacks in considering practitioners’ perspective in terms of tailoring effective interventions to the workplace conditions of blue-collar employees. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to enrich the understanding of work ability by using the job-demands-resources (JDR)-theory and the work ability house concept as basis and considering aspects of organizational measures’ feasibility. METHODS: Data results from observations of the collaboration …between occupational health professionals and supervisors on the shop-floor and n  = 18 semi-structured interviews with different occupational health stakeholders. A participatory and qualitative approach characterizes this study. RESULTS: The study participants report on how increasing organizational demands of efficiency and uncertainty affect workability promotion of blue-collar employees. Furthermore, the findings imply aspects regarding feasible interventions. For designing effective interventions, specifically psychosocial aspects such as work intensification, job uncertainty, work-life-conflicts, and inter-personal trust need to be addressed. Measures need to be aligned better to the industrial setting with specific focus on decision-makers’ interests and intra-organizational collaboration. CONCLUSION: Further research should investigate interrelationships between relevant psycho-social job demands and resources. Moreover, additional aspects, which are related to measures implementation in the organizational sphere, need to be identified. Practical implications connect organizational sciences with the workability theory and the job-demands-resources (JDR)-theory by focusing more on psychological work design and intra-organizational collaboration. Show more

Keywords: Workplace interventions feasibility, ethnographic observations, organizational health practitioners, expert interviews

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205329

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 591-610, 2022

Authors: Pajaczkowski, Jason

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Workplace safety is a necessary and frequent topic of discussion for researchers, employers, and workers. It is estimated that annual losses caused by work-related injuries cost the United States $140 to $145 billion. Specifically, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) have risen from just over 10% to 50% of the total claims from 1952 to 1996, accounting for more than 345,00 days lost and more than $57 million in WSIB costs in 2015. Novel approaches to managing WMSDs, such as Active Release Techniques® , need to be explored to ensure the ongoing health of workers. OBJECTIVE: This descriptive study …provides the details of the 697,002 onsite treatments across 448 sites in North America between 2014–2018 provided by Active Release Techniques® Corporate Solutions (ARTCS) practitioners. The objective was to calculate the total number of treatments, cost per closed case, percent improvement, and the number of cases referred to worker’s compensation. METHODS: All charting was done on the ARTCS EMR portal. The lead author was given a spreadsheet of the results sanitized of all identifying data in order to perform the aforementioned calculations. RESULTS: From 2014 to 2018, ARTCS providers opened 199,077 new cases, with an average cost to the employer of $306.69 USD per case and an average percent improvement in pain (VNPS) of 87.2%. The most frequently treated areas were the shoulder (32,574 cases), hip (6,633 cases), and low back (27,873 cases), respectively. A total of 48,946 cases were work-related pain/discomfort, of which 1,110 (2.27%) went on to worker’s compensation. CONCLUSION: ARTCS in the workplace has shown a positive trend in terms of reducing pain intensity. The cost was low as compared to worker’s compensation claims, as was the rate of cases (2.27%) referred to worker’s compensation. Additional studies, including prospective data collection and a control group, are warranted to substantiate this. Show more

Keywords: Soft tissue therapy, workplace musculoskeletal disorders, cumulative trauma disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210030

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 611-620, 2022

Authors: Wang, Ching-Yi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In the past, the designers used to dominate and conduct user-centered design and research. The findings of such surveys might not reflect the user needs and produce the best design solutions. OBJECTIVE: This project aimed to use PD to introduce the design curriculum to break through the previous user-centered design thinking, as the designer and the user design together, with the user given the right to lead the entire design process. METHODS: The theme of this research design is tableware; 55 students and 11 elderly (over the age of 65) were invited to participate in this …study. Questionnaires divided into the beginning, middle and final stages tested the teaching effectiveness of PD. RESULTS: The results showed that PD effectively improves five points: (1) design concepts and attitudes, (2) design methods, (3) problem solving and communication skills, (4) implementing design concepts, and (5) responding to the variety of user needs. CONCLUSION: This PD teaching model employs a well-established practical process to form an effective teaching routine, which is expected to be universally applied to other related design courses. Show more

Keywords: Participatory design (PD), elderly, product design, teaching effectiveness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210061

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 621-638, 2022

Authors: Jaramillo, Nataly Rodríguez | Trillos, Carlos Enrique | Julià, Mireia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Precarious employment conditions can influence the worker’s mental health; however, there is no consensus regarding the definition of precarious employment or the way it is measured. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to identify existing research of the conceptual framework, the ways to measure precarious employment and its impact on the mental health of workers. METHODS: A systematic review with the strategic search for observational-empirical and qualitative studies published between 2007 and 2020 in Embase, Scopus and PubMed, full text, in English and Spanish. Studies were selected and excluded, according to eligibility criteria. Two independent reviewers and …one arbitrator evaluated the quality of selected papers with the STROBE guidelines for observational studies and SRQR for qualitative ones. RESULTS: 408 studies were obtained, 21 met inclusion criteria, in 14 studies precarious employment was measured one-dimensionally. Of these, 11 with the dimension of temporality and three with insecurity. Four studies it was measured in a multidimensional way, with the Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES) and in three qualitative designs, with different categories of analysis. Mental health was measured with SF-36 (n  = 4), GHQ-12 (n  = 3) and CES-D (n  = 3). CONCLUSIONS: The concept of precarious employment requires a multidimensional construct, although the tendency to measure precarious employment is one-dimensional. Regardless of how is measured, this has a negative impact on the mental health of workers. The outcomes related to this social determinant included depression, depressive symptoms, psychological distress, stress, and suicidal thoughts. Youths, women, people with low levels of education and immigrants are the groups that show the major precariousness. Show more

Keywords: Depressive symptom, job insecurity, job vulnerability, suicidal thought, temporary employment, stress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210064

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 639-650, 2022

Authors: Wegge, Jürgen | Goerdeler, Katharina Julia | Dörfel, Denise

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Affective Events Theory (AET) postulates that job characteristics have an impact on job attitudes and work behaviour via affective events and reactions. However, the display of positive emotions can be rather problematic in undertakers and be in conflict with displaying compassion. OBJECTIVE: This study examines work events eliciting various emotions in the work of undertakers and how display of emotions in this profession affects job satisfaction. We thereby focus on AET and extend this by investigating time pressure as a moderator of the relationship between autonomy, positive emotions and job satisfaction. METHODS: First, we collected …specific affective work events of undertakers in a pilot interview study. Second, N = 112 undertakers participated in a cross-sectional survey measuring affective events, emotional display, commitment to display compassion, autonomy, time pressure, job satisfaction and work engagement. RESULTS: Experiencing positive emotions at work is beneficial even in undertakers. Additionally, autonomy was associated with positive emotions particularly under high time pressure and low commitment to display compassion moderated the link between work events and showing compassion. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, undertakers’ well-being is associated in complex ways with the interplay of positive emotions, autonomy and time pressure at work and individual differences in commitment for displaying compassion to clients. Show more

Keywords: Compassion and sympathy, display rules, job autonomy, job satisfaction, time pressure

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210507

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 651-665, 2022

Authors: Khorasaniha, Reihaneh | Sotoudeh, Gity | Milajerdi, Alireza | Khajehnasiri, Farahnaz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have been done on the association of dietary intakes with sleep disorders among shift workers, in particular those exposed to air pollution. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the association of major dietary patterns with risk of sleep disorders in shift workers of a cement factory. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 257 male shift workers in a cement factory in Iran. Usual dietary intake of participants was assessed using a validated self-administrated 147-item dish-based food frequency questionnaire. To examine sleep disturbances of participants, we used the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. …RESULTS: Three major dietary patterns including Classic Iranian, Modern Iranian, and High Protein Low Fruit and vegetables were identified. The Classic Iranian pattern was mainly consisted of high-protein animal foods, fruit, and vegetables, while the Modern Iranian pattern had high amounts of refined grains, solid oils, and caffeine drinks. No significant association was found between adherence to the Classic Iranian pattern and risk of sleep disorders (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 0.69, 7.81) and also for the Modern Iranian dietary pattern (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.20, 1.93). However, we found a significant direct association between the High Protein Low Fruit and vegetables dietary pattern and risk of sleep disorders (OR: 3.92; 95% CI: 1.03, 14.86). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a significant direct association between a dietary pattern high in animal proteins and solid oils and low in fruit and vegetables with risk of sleep disorders among shift workers in the cement factory. However, no such association was found for the two other dietary patterns. Show more

Keywords: Food intake, diet, sleep wake disorders, circadian rhythm, shift work schedule

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210516

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 667-673, 2022

Authors: Brohi, Saman | Khokhar, Rasham | Marriam, Paras | Rathor, Ameeta | Memon, Aamir Raoof

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The nature of the work of sewing machine operators predisposes them to a wide variety of symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders and obesity. However, there is a paucity of studies on the prevalence and associated factors for symptoms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among this occupational group. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of symptoms of WMSDs and their association with personal and occupational factors and body mass index (BMI) among sewing machine operators of Sindh province in Pakistan. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on male sewing machine operators in two major cities …(i.e., Hyderabad and Nawabshah) of Sindh province in Pakistan. Obesity was determined through the BMI cutoff values for Asians. Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Numeric Rating Scale were used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v20. RESULTS: Of the 200 participants, 91% participants had symptoms of WMSDs in the past 12 months. Most (41.5%) participants reported pain and discomfort during the last 12 months in the lower back region. Symptoms of WMSDs in the lower back region had a significant positive association with working days/week (r  = .196 p  = .005). Symptoms of WMSDs in the ankle/feet region had a significant positive association with age (r  = .246 p  = .001) and work experience (r  = .276 p  = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of symptoms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders is high among sewing machine operators of Sindh province in Pakistan, with significant associations between personal and occupational factors. Show more

Keywords: Garment workers, obesity, musculoskeletal problems, occupational health, pain

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210620

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 675-685, 2022

Authors: Abareshi, Fatemeh | Rastaghi, Seddighe | Fallahi, Majid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The nail job is a new occupation in which the number of people who choose this job is rising. Therefore, the harmful hazards affecting the health of the practitioners should be taken into account. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ergonomics and occupational health hazards among nail technicians in Iranian society. METHODS: The self-administered questionnaire, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Novel Ergonomic Postural Assessment (NERPA) method were used to gather data from 80 female nail technicians who participated in this study. RESULTS: More than half of the participants (67.6%) …complained of coughing and eye irritation (70%) which was the most frequently reported irritation. The final score of the NERPA was at a high-risk level and the neck pain (63.8%) was the highest in comparison with other parts of the body. There was a significant relationship between activity type with disorder in the neck, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle. Lighting intensity was not significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Concerning the low work experience, the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and, respiratory complaints is high. Hence, the attention of policy-makers to the safety and hygiene issues of women in this occupation is necessary by setting guidelines and considering inspections of occupational health and safety professionals. Show more

Keywords: Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, novel ergonomic postural assessment, occupational safety and health, technicians

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210672

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 687-694, 2022

Authors: van der Valk, Alexandra M. | Theou, Olga | Wallace, Lindsay M.K. | Andrew, Melissa K. | Godin, Judith

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The relationship between occupational physical activity and frailty is complex and understudied. OBJECTIVE: We explore whether moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in retirement and main lifetime occupation physical demands (OPD) are associated with frailty in retirement. METHODS: Retired adults aged 50 + who participated in waves 3-4 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe were included. We constructed a 65-item frailty index (FI; Wave 4). Linear regressions tested the independent associations between OPD (Wave 3) and retirement MVPA (Wave 4) with FI (B : 95% CI) controlling for occupation characteristics (Wave 3) and demographics (Wave …4). These models were repeated across country groups (Nordic; Mediterranean; Continental) and sexes. RESULTS: We included 8,411 adults (51.1% male) aged 72.4 years (SD 8.0). Frequent MVPA was consistently associated with lower FI (-0.09 : 0.10–-0.08, p  < .001) while OPD was associated with higher FI (0.02 : 0.01-0.03, p  < .001). The MVPA*OPD interaction (-0.02: -0.04–-0.00, p  = .043) was weakly associated with FI, but did not explain additional model variance or was significant among any country group or sex. CONCLUSIONS: For a sample of European community-dwelling retirees, a physically demanding main lifetime occupation independently predicts worse frailty, even in individuals who are physically active in retirement. Show more

Keywords: Frailty index, leisure activity, moderate to vigorous physical activity, occupation demands

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210859

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 695-705, 2022

Authors: Lightfoot, Nancy | Manitowabi, Darrel | Arrandale, Victoria | Barnett, Nathaniel | Wabegijig-Nootchtai, Carmen | Odjig, Mary Lynn | Moulton, Jeff | Fongemy, Julie | Larivière, Michel | Kerekes, Zsuzsanna | Holness, Linn | MacEwan, Leigh | Eger, Tammy | Warry, Wayne

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of research about occupational health and safety experience in Indigenous communities and compensation applications from Indigenous workers appear limited. OBJECTIVE: This qualitative descriptive study was designed to explore workers’ compensation experiences in some Canadian Indigenous communities. METHODS: A community-based participatory research approach was used to conduct focus groups (n  = 25 participants) in three Northeastern Ontario (NEO) Indigenous communities and at one NEO Indigenous employment centre. Semi-structured focus group questions addressed community experience with workers’ compensation, the compensation process, and discussion of a training session about the process. Reflexive thematic analysis followed …Braun and Clarke procedures. RESULTS: Discussion with study participants resulted in these themes: 1) both lack of knowledge, and knowledge, about compensation demonstrated, 2) impact of lack of compensation coverage and need for universal coverage on reserve, 3) need for community training sessions about workers’ compensation, 4) workload and financial impact of workers’ compensation on reserve, and 5) requirement for cultural competence training in the compensation board. CONCLUSIONS: This qualitative descriptive study revealed the: need for more information about applying for workers’ compensation and navigating the process, need for universal workplace insurance coverage in Indigenous communities, demand for community-based compensation process training, community costs of compensation, and the requirement for cultural safety and competence training for compensation organization employees. More education about the workers’ compensation process would be of benefit to leadership, health care providers, administrative personnel, employers, and employees on reserves. Nurses in community health centres are well situated to provide further guidance. Show more

Keywords: Qualitative descriptive, indigenous, aboriginal, cultural safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210895

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 707-717, 2022

Authors: Fauser, David | Zeuner, Ann-Kathrin | Zimmer, Julia-Marie | Golla, André | Schmitt, Nadine | Mau, Wilfried | Bethge, Matthias

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sickness absence, disability pensions, and use of healthcare due to disabling back pain are a high economic burden in Germany. Assessment are needed to identify employees who are likely to need intensive support. OBJECTIVE: The cohort study examined whether rehabilitation, disability pensions and death can be predicted by a simple self-reported rating of work ability in employees with back pain in Germany. METHODS: Employees aged 45 to 59 years who reported back pain in the last 3 months completed the Work Ability Score in 2017 (0–10 points). Individual scores were categorized into poor (0–5 points), …moderate (6–7) and at least good (8–10) work ability. Outcomes were extracted from administrative records covering the period until the end of 2018. Proportional hazard models were fitted to determine the prognostic benefit of the Work Ability Score. RESULTS: Data for 6,917 participants were included (57.8% women). The median follow-up time was 20 months. Of the participants, 52.1% had a good or excellent, 27.7% a moderate, and 20.2% a poor Work Ability Score. During follow-up, 548 persons were granted rehabilitation measures, 57 persons disability pensions, and 23 died. Fully adjusted analyses showed an increased risk of a rehabilitation measure (hazard ratio = 2.65; 95% CI 2.11; 3.34) and a disability pension (HR = 4.12; 95% CI 2.02; 8.39) in employees with poor work ability. A premature death was not associated with poor work ability. CONCLUSIONS: The Work Ability Score is a potential tool to identify individuals, reporting back pain, with an increased risk of health-related early retirement and work disability. Show more

Keywords: Needs assessment, ability to work, medical rehabilitation, health-related early retirement, longitudinal analyses

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210987

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 719-728, 2022

Authors: Gutiérrez-Santiago, Alfonso | Paramés-González, Adrián | Ayán, Carlos | Diz, José Carlos | Prieto-Lage, Iván

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Students spend a high number of hours being seated while at school. In order to find the correct adjustment between school furniture and the anthropometric characteristics, specific knowledge and tools are necessary. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the measurers with different instruments, as well as contrast the differences between the values that were obtained by the different examiners. METHODS: Measurements were taken independently by one expert examiner and two inexperienced teachers from the school. They used a measuring tape, a segmometer and an anthropometer for the …anthropometric measurements. The statistical tests conducted: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Bland and Altman method, Standard Error of Measurement, Technical Error of Measurement and relative TEM with a level of significance of ρ  ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 108 students (8.87±1.67 years; 40.7% girls) participated in the study. The non-expert measurers had good accuracy and reliability, but they far exceeded the error percentages of the expert, obtaining the worst results in the shoulder measurement. The instrument with the lowest affinity between the inexperienced measurers was the anthropometer. CONCLUSIONS: In order to assign furniture in the schools, the experts should continue using the anthropometer. The inexperienced measurers can use more accessible instruments in the school environment such as a measuring tape and segmometer. Show more

Keywords: Students, anthropometry, measurements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211034

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 729-737, 2022

Authors: Al-Sharman, Alham | Aldughmi, Mayis | Khalil, Hanan | AlKhawaldeh, Hasan | Siengsukon, Catherine F. | El-Salem, Khalid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sleep has been considered as a critical brain state that affects various body functions relevant to physiotherapy (PTs) practice such as motor learning and relearning, pain management, and cognitive function. Despite the importance of sleep for successful rehabilitation outcomes, sleep is often overlooked by PTs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the attitude and perception of PTs on the need to assess sleep and provide education about sleep for their patients, as well as the perceived need for PTs to be educated on sleep topics. METHODS: A survey questionnaire to assess physical …therapist’s perceptions and attitudes about sleep was utilized in this study. RESULTS: 90 PTs fill out the survey. All respondents agreed that poor sleep is important to people’s health, 93% agreed that PTs should assess patients’ sleep habits and sleep quality and 88% agreed that addressing sleep issues may impact PTs outcomes. The majority did not receive education about sleep during PT education (75%) or following graduation (86%). Most respondents (95%) think PTs should receive education about sleep. CONCLUSIONS: our findings indicated that PTs recognize that sleep impacts their outcomes and patients’ sleep should be assessed, as well as the need to receive education about sleep. Therefore, PT education programs may consider incorporating education about sleep, and the development of continuing education courses is also needed. Show more

Keywords: Sleep, physical therapy, motor learning

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211039

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 739-746, 2022

Authors: Chapman, Janine | Roche, Ann M. | Duraisingam, Vinita | Phillips, Brooke | Finnane, Jim | Pidd, Ken

Article Type: Correction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223642

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 747-747, 2022

Authors: Tang, Zhao Hua | Yang, Tang Xun | Oleshko, Valentin

Article Type: Retraction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210452

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 749-749, 2022