Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Guimarães, B.M | Martins, L.B | Barkokébas Junior, B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents the results of a survey carried out on leading periodicals in the areas of Ergonomics, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, the aim of which was to identify scientific publications on the inclusion at work of people with disabilities. The survey of articles published on this topic in the following journals was conducted in December 2010: Applied Ergonomics, Ergonomics, the International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Disability and Rehabilitation, and the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. The survey covered issues published between 2000 and 2010 and was conducted electronically using the CAPES Periodicals Portal. To collect the articles, it was necessary …to check the articles published in each of the issues of each volume of these periodicals. This is how the articles on the topic in question were found. There were 27 articles on the topic of inclusion at work of people with disabilities, of which 13 were published in the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation and 12 in Disability and Rehabilitation. Thus, it is clear that the issue in question is still a subject that is seldom dealt with in these publications and it is noted that only two articles were published in Ergonomics journals in this period, thus confirming the paucity of scientific publications on this subject. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, person with disabilities, inclusion at work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0024-4722

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4722-4728, 2012

Authors: Nascimento, N. | Salvado, R. | Araújo, P. | Borges, F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The first sentence of the Abstract should follow the word “Abstract.” on the same line. The abstract should be clear, descriptive, self-explanatory and no longer than 200 words. It should also be suitable for publication in abstracting services. Do not include references or formulae in the abstract.

Keywords: Obstacles sensor, product design, visually impaired, assistive technology, urban mobility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0760-4729

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4729-4732, 2012

Authors: Martins, S.B. | Martins, L.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: People who lie beyond the “standard” model of users often come up against barriers when using fashion products, especially clothing, the design of which ought to give special attention to comfort, security and well-being. The principles of universal design seek to extend the design process for products manufactured in bulk so as to include people who, because of their personal characteristics or physical conditions, are at an extreme end of some dimension of performance, whether this is to do with sight, hearing, reach or manipulation. Ergonomics, a discipline anchored on scientific data, regards human beings as the central focus of …its operations and, consequently, offers various forms of support to applying universal design in product development. In this context, this paper sets out a reflection on applying the seven principles of universal design to fashion products and clothing with a view to targeting such principles as recommendations that will guide the early stages of developing these products, and establish strategies for market expansion, thereby increasing the volume of production and reducing prices. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics in fashion, universal design, people with disabilities

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0761-4733

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4733-4738, 2012

Authors: Pires, Ângela | Miguel, Rui

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research work was based on an experimental concept of functional clothing for children with psychomotor development limitations. No matter the analyzed pathology, all these children need sensorial stimulation because of their psychomotor difficulties, especially at fine motor skills level. The main objective was to develop functional and comfortable clothing with sensorial stimulation elements (colours, textures, fragrances, sounds, etc.). It is intended, on the one hand, to increase the autonomy of the children in what concerns the act of dressing/undressing and, on the other hand, to stimulate their learning, coordination and self-esteem. A study about the specific needs of these …children concerning clothing was worked out, which consisted in inquiring their parents and therapists. Based on the inquiries results, bibliographic revision in the area of therapeutic/ interactive clothing and analysis of didactic and therapeutic material catalogues we developed a clothing prototype (sweatshirt). The prototype was then tested by the children of the study sample and the test results were, once again, explained by the parents through the fulfilling of a prototype evaluation inquiry. This study supplied some important conclusions, more directed to the confirmation of the theme significance and to the definition of a methodology to be used in future research. Show more

Keywords: Clothing Design, Functional and Interactive Clothing, Therapeutic Clothing, Psychomotor Development Delay, Sensory Stimulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0026-4739

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4739-4745, 2012

Authors: da Silva, Fernando Moreira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In an ideal world, inclusive products and services would be the standard and not the exception. This paper presents a systematic approach to an overlap between Visual Communication Design, Printed Colour and Inclusive Design, for older people, with the aim to develop of a set of research-based ageing and ergonomics-centred communication design guidelines and recommendations for printed material (analogical displays). The approach included an initial extensive literature review in the area of colour, older people and ergonomics issues and vision common diseases, communication design. The second phase was the implementation of an experiment to measure the different colour experiences of …the participants in two sample groups (one in UK and another one in Portugal), using printed material, to find out the colours one should use in analogical communication material, being aware of the colour contrast importance (foreground versus background) and the difficulties experienced by older people to read and understand lettering, signs. As main contribution of this research project, we developed a set of guidelines and recommendations based on the reviewed literature and the sample groups’ findings, trying to demonstrate the importance of these guidelines when conceiving a new communicational design project in a way this project will achieve vision comfort and understandability, especially for older people, in an inclusive design perspective. Show more

Keywords: Inclusive Design, Colour, Older People, Ergonomics, Understandability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0025-4746

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4746-4753, 2012

Authors: Tavares, Ademario Santos | Montenegro, Glielson Nepomuceno

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Street furniture is an important element to the social and democratic life in the cities. In this case, public restrooms must be available to practically all kinds of citizens that inhabit the city. However disabled people have many difficulties in using the existing models, particularly public chemical toilets. Through a design project, a new proposition for a public chemical toilet addressed to wheelchair users was conceived. In this way, the main aspect of this work refers to the actual participation of the disabled expressing their opinion through interviews and usability analysis as well as the observation on technical recommendations for …accessibility Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, accessibility, public WC, design methodology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0762-4754

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4754-4761, 2012

Authors: Heidrich, Regina | Bassani, Patrícia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The first sentence of the Abstract should follow the word “Abstract.” on the same line. The abstract should be clear, descriptive, self-explanatory and no longer than 200 words. It should also be suitable for publication in abstracting services. Do not include references or formulae in the abstract. This study reports the work of the Inclusive Design research project conducted with a group of children with cerebral palsy Our project has been working with Assistive Technology and has been developing an expanded mouse and a keyboard. Nowadays, we are working as a researcher of Cognitive Ergonomics and of Inclusive Education. The …goal of our project is to establish an interdisciplinary study that focus the developing of a research in Ergonomics Design, contributing to improve the assistance to people with special needs. Method: One applied the pedagogical approach, using Vygotsky’s Social-historic Theory that advocates the concept of each individual’s experiences are important to improve them. The development methodology was based on user-centered design. Results: The results showed that as long as the students applied the new technologies they developed superior psychological processes towards social interaction, autonomy, taking part in class activities more efficiently. Also, we verified how important the new technologies in class were, considering the methodologies, objectives full and effective described on this study. This way, we do hope, from the data obtained on this research, to contribute with the ones who believe that the improvement of handicap students’ inclusion in class is a reality. Show more

Keywords: cerebral palsy, Assistive Technology, Cognitive Ergonomics, Inclusive Education

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0028-4762

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4762-4766, 2012

Authors: Bitencourt, R.S. | de M. Guimarães, L.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article presents a study on the inclusion of people with disabilities (mainly mental impairment) in the workforce of a shoe company. The items that could impact on the success of inclusion were identified, and this included employees and other individuals taking part in the process. The inclusion process identified the interests, likes and dislikes of each employee with disabilities and correlated these with the activities available in the company. The case study evaluated the quality of the inclusion through interviews, questionnaires and an assessment of production efficiency. The results showed that inclusion did not adversely affect production, and highlighted …that staff with disabilities do their work correctly. According to all employees interviewed, the inclusion of staff with disabilities improved the relationship of the boss with all of the staff and also led to the work environment being enhanced. The final evaluation is that the company´s policy of inclusion succeeded. Show more

Keywords: People with disabilities, inclusion program, work organisation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0027-4767

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4767-4774, 2012

Authors: Yao, Yen-Ting | Leung, Cherng-Yee

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Due to the vision-impaired users commonly having difficulty with mobile-phone function operations and adaption any manufacturer’s user interface design, the goals for this research are established for evaluating how to improve for them the function operation convenience and user interfaces of either mobile phones or electronic appliances in the market currently. After applying collecting back 30 effective questionnaires from 30 vision-impairment, the comments have been concluded from this research include: (1) All mobile phone manufactures commonly ignorant of the vision-impairment difficulty with operating mobile phone user interfaces; (2) The vision-impairment preferential with audio alert signals; (3) The visionimpairment incapable of …mobile-phone procurement independently unless with assistance from others; (4) Preferential with adding touch-usage interface design by the vision-impairment; in contrast with the least requirement for such functions as braille, enlarging keystroke size and diversifying-function control panel. With exploring the vision-impairment’s necessary improvements and obstacles for mobile phone interface operation, this research is established with goals for offering reference possibly applied in electronic appliance design and . Hopefully, the analysis results of this research could be used as data references for designing electronic and high-tech products and promoting more usage convenience for those vision-impaired. Show more

Keywords: 3C product, Human Factors, Interface Design, Tactile Sensations

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0763-4775

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4775-4781, 2012

Authors: Moreira, RFC | Foltran, FA | Albuquerque-Sendín, F | Mancini, MC | Coury, HJCG

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Evidence synthesized based on randomized controlled trials (RCT) results are recognized as the pinnacle of research excellence; however, the conduction of RCT in workplace environment is not always possible. This study comparatively reviewed evidence from RCT and non-RCT studies in which participants performed workplace exercise for musculoskeletal pain control. Up to February 2011, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PEDro and Web of Science databases were searched. All trials that evaluated workplace exercise interventions for controlling musculoskeletal pain were included. The PEDro scale was used to rate the studies’ quality, PRISMA and Cochrane recommendations were applied, and association between frequencies of effect …size categories (small, moderate, large) from various outcomes by study type was tested (2x3 contingency table). The search yielded 10239 references in English, from which 21 RCT and 12 non-RCT were selected. Both groups of studies presented methodological flaws including descriptions of randomization, blinding of examiners and absence of intention-totreat analysis for the RCT, and further absence of controls and blind assessor for the non-RCTs. RCTs had significantly more moderate and large effect size reported in their results compared to non-RCTs (p=0.04). Considering the difficulties in randomizing participants in occupational settings, all studies would benefit from better describing pertinent methodological information. Show more

Keywords: physical education and training, workers, prevention, musculoskeletal diseases, evaluation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0764-4782

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4782-4789, 2012

Authors: Barbosa, Letícia Holtz | Pinheiro, Maria Helena Câmara

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Being ergonomics a scientific discipline based on knowledge of several areas, it is important to use education methodologies that promote critical thinking and reflective during the educational process. The article discusses the importance of interdisciplinarity in undergraduate courses in health care in particular in disciplines that address the ergonomics issue. The aspects of the introduction of new education methodologies, as well as case studies in undergraduate courses in Brazil, are discussed in this study. Based on the literature review conducted, some proposals for action in the interdisciplinary teaching of ergonomics in Physiotherapy courses are presented.

Keywords: Interdisciplinarity, Ergonomics, Undergraduate, Physical Therapy, Brazil

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0765-4790

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4790-4794, 2012

Authors: Carregaro, Rodrigo | Falcão, Juliano | Massuda, Karlla | Masunaga, Daniely | Sinzato, Camila | de Oliveira, Ana Beatriz | Padula, Rosimeire S

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim was to evaluate work engagement (WE), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), postural deviations and to characterize musculoskeletal symptoms of federal civil servants of an institution of higher education. Methods. Twenty four women (age 40.0 ± 11.2 years, 1.6 ± 0.1m, 66.6kg ± 10.0kg) and 13 men (age 38.3 ± 10.3 years, 1.7 ± 0.1m, 84.3kg ± 19.1kg) were recruited. The Nordic Questionnaire was used to evaluate musculoskeletal symptoms and the Borg Scale for the RPE. WE was quantified by the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (vigor, dedication and absorption domains). Posture was assessed by photogrammetry and analyzed with the …Postural Assessment Software (PAS/SAPO). The independent student t test was used to verify WE and postural differences and the chi-square test to verify RPE and symptoms’ differences between genders. Results. All subjects reported musculoskeletal complaints, mainly in the low back (28.4%). Women presented more musculoskeletal complaints (67%). RPE and WE did not differ between genders, however, women presented pronounced postural deviations compared to men (angle between leg and right foot dorsum, and horizontal pelvic alignment; p<0.05). Conclusion. Findings highlight the implementation of health promotion measures, such as postural reeducation and ergonomic guidelines, with specific activities according to gender Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, physical therapy, posture, workplace

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0766-4795

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4795-4800, 2012

Authors: Nogueira, Helen Cristina | Diniz, Ana Carolina Parise | Barbieri, Dechristian França | Padula, Rosimeire Simprini | Carregaro, Rodrigo Luiz | de Oliveira, Ana Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: During the recent decades Brazil has experienced an exponential growth in the aviation sector resulting in an increasing workforce. The aircraft maintenance industry stands out, where the workers have to handle different kind of objects. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychosocial indicators as well as musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders among aircraft maintenance workers. One hundred and one employees were evaluated (32.69 ±8.25yr, 79.8±13.4kg, and 1.75±0.07m). Musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders were assessed through the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and a standardized physical examination. The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) were applied to …evaluate psychosocial indicators. Results of the NMQ indicate the lower back as the most affected body region. On the other hand, the physical examination has shown clinical diagnosis of shoulder disorders. Neck, upper back and ankle/foot were also reported as painful sites. Most of workers have active work-demand profile and high work engagement levels. We suggest that musculoskeletal symptoms may be related to high biomechanical demand of the tasks performed by workers, what must be further investigated. Show more

Keywords: Physical therapy, prevention, ergonomics;,WRMD, psychosocial indicators, aviation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0767-4801

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4801-4807, 2012

Authors: Silva, Luciana C.C.B. | Oliveira, Ana B. | Alem, Michele E.R. | Paschoarelli, Luis C. | Coury, Helenice J.C.G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In order to achieve better postures and decrease musculoskeletal risks adequate design of hand/box couplings for manual materials handling (MMH) are still needed. No studies evaluating upper limb movement thorough direct measurements during box handling in workplace were identified in the literature. In this study we describe the types of grip and movements adopted by ten workers when handling redesigned boxes with cutout handles between different heights on industrial pallets. The new handles were used by 90% of the workers through different types of grip. Electrogoniometric measurements showed relatively safe forearm and wrist movements, although elbow inadequate range of movement …was recorded. Despite the good acceptance of the cutout by workers, the new design requires extra internal space in the boxes reducing applications for this alternative of box Show more

Keywords: industrial handling, movement recording, electrogoniometer, work related musculoskeletal disorders, wrist

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0768-4808

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4808-4812, 2012

Authors: Padula, Rosimeire Simprini | Rosina, Juliana Neves | Cabral, Cristina Maria Nunes | de Freitas, Sandra Maria Sbeghen Ferreira | Chiavegato, Luciana Dias

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The work and life conditions have influence on the health and life quality of workers. Physically active persons can demonstrate a life style that are and affect the physical performance, psychosocial aspects and work capacity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical activity level and work capacity in different tasks characteristics, one with more physical exertion and other with more cognitive exertion. A total of 193 workers from an institution of higher education and 457 workers from a metallurgical industry participated in the current study. All participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-short) and Work Ability …Index (WAI). The results indicated that both groups were classified as having high level of physical activity while only few of them were considered sedentary (less than 27%). However, the group of metallurgical workers had greater indices (82%) than the workers from higher education institution (74%). Overall, the workers reported their work ability as moderate to excellent, suggesting that overall they are satisfied with their working and health conditions. It can be concluded that even though workers performed tasks with different demands (cognitive versus physical), they demonstrated similar level of physical activity as well as work ability. Show more

Keywords: Occupational Health, Physical Therapy, Work Ability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0769-4813

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4813-4816, 2012

Authors: Batistão, Mariana Vieira | Sentanin, Anna Cláudia | Moriguchi, Cristiane Shinohara | Hansson, Gert-Åke | Coury, Helenice Jane Cote Gil | de Oliveira Sato, Tatiana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract.The aim of this study was to evaluate how the fixed furniture dimensions match with students’ anthropometry and to describe head, upper back and upper limbs postures and movements. Evaluation was performed in 48 students from a Brazilian state school. Furniture dimensions were measured with metric tape, movements and postures by inclinometers (Logger Tecknologi, Åkarp, Sweden). Seat height was high for 21% and low for 36% of the students; seat length was short for 45% and long for 9% and table height was high for 53% and low for 28%. Regression analysis showed that seat/popliteal height quotient is explained by …90th percentile of upper back inclination (β=0.410) and 90th percentile of right upper arm elevation (β=−0.293). For seat/thigh length quotient the significant variables were 90th percentile of upper back velocity (β=−0.282) and 90th percentile of right upper arm elevation (β=0.410). This study showed a relationship between furniture mismatch and postural overload. When the seat height is low students increase upper back left inclination and right upper arm elevation; when the seat is short students decrease the upper back flexion velocity and increase right upper arm elevation. Show more

Keywords: classroom, anthropometry, children, direct measurement techniques, inclinometer

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0770-4817

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4817-4824, 2012

Authors: Paschoarelli, Luis Carlos | Santos, Raquel | Bruno, Paula

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The application of ergonomics in product design is essential to its accessibility and usability. The development of manual devices should be based on ergonomic principles. Effort perception analysis is an essential approach to understand the physical and subjective aspects of the interface. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effort perception during a simulated task with different door handles by Portuguese subjects of both genders and different ages. This transversal study agreed with ethical aspects. 180 subjects of both genders pertaining to three age groups have participated. Five door handles with different shapes were evaluated. A subjective …numeric rating scale of 5 levels was used to evaluate the effort. For statistical analysis it was applied the Friedman non-parametric test. The results have showed no significant differences of effort perception in door handles “A” and “B”; “A” and “D”; and “D” and “C”. Door handle “E” presented the lowest values of all. In general, there’s an inverse relationship between the results of biomechanical studies and the effort perception of the same task activity. This shows that door handles design influence directly these two variables and can interfere in the accessibility and usability of these kinds of products. Show more

Keywords: ergonomic design, accessibility, usability, door handles

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0771-4825

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4825-4829, 2012

Authors: Batistão, Mariana V. | Alcântara, Carolina C. | Pissinato, Isabella G. | Alem, Michele E.R. | Coury, Helenice J.C.G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work organization affects the production of a company as well as the health of employees. It is a challenge to create sustainable production systems with the least harm to the health. An observational assessment tool was developed by the NIOSH – WMSD Research Consortium and adapted by the SHARP study. The objectives were to translate this assessment tool into Brazilian Portuguese (as the Avaliação de Aspectos Organizacionais do Trabalho - AOT) and to evaluate its applicability in an industrial setting. The AOT final translated version was obtained after a consensus by the research team. Difficulties arose in applying the translated …version due to technical terms with no direct equivalents in Portuguese, nonexcluding or similar alternatives, and questions that gave room for various interpretations, besides the great complexity of the tasks performed in the sectors. Despite that, the results suggest that AOT was sensitive for discriminating differences between sectors. Nevertheless, for better application of this tool in complex industrial environments, it is necessary: training and consensus among evaluators, familiarity with organizational aspects of the occupational settings evaluated. Also for assuring the internal validity of the analysis, might be necessary, the creation of subdivisions in the sectors evaluated if the tasks vary significantly intra-sector. The present report can help to understand the difficulties inherent to the evaluation of organizational aspects on a collective level and also the possible implications related to the translation of this assessment into other languages. Show more

Keywords: observational tool, collective organizational evaluation, health, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0772-4830

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4830-4837, 2012

Authors: Moriguchi, Cristiane Shinohara | Trevizani, Taísa | de Fátima Carreira Moreira, Roberta | Januário, Letícia Bergamin | de Oliveira, Ana Beatriz | Coury, Helenice Jane Cote Gil

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present study descriptively compares the need for recovery (NFR) among 128 nursing professionals (nurses) and 223 call center operators according cutoff points in the literature (45 and 50) and by means of statistical tests, and verifies the association between NFR scores and the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms. NFR was evaluated with the Need for Recovery Scale and musculoskeletal symptoms were evaluated with the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. At a 45 point cutoff, 22% of the call-center workers and 33% of the nurses were classified as fatigued; at a 50 point cutoff, 13% of the call center operators and 27% of …the nurses were classified as fatigued. The nurses had higher fatigue levels than the call center workers (p=0.015). Significant correlations were found between NFR scores and musculoskeletal symptoms reported during the previous 12 months (r=0.299, p<0.001) and 7 days (r=0.314, p<0.001). Regarding cutoff points and statistical tests, the NFR scale identified higher fatigue levels among the nurses and was demonstrated to be a useful tool for evaluating worker well-being. Show more

Keywords: cutoff point, fatigue scale, Brazilian workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0773-4838

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4838-4842, 2012

Authors: Petit, Johann | Dugué, Bernard

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper we discuss the possibilities of acting on psychosocial risk (PSR) factors by modifying the way in which an organisation operates. On the basis of an ergonomic intervention in an insurance company, we were able to show that the health problems observed by the operators were mainly the result of their inability to produce work of quality. Next, our analyses revealed the links between poor perceived quality, production difficulties and the rigidity of the organisational structure. After setting up working groups to deal with production difficulties, we were able to identify and test an organisational form that was …better adapted to managing day-to-day production constraints and which was ultimately better able to be attentive to individual difficulties which had given rise, in the long term, to intrapsychic conflicts. Show more

Keywords: organisational design, PSR, quality of work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0774-4843

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4843-4847, 2012

Authors: Jose, Jerrish A

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs) are widespread in many countries, with substantial costs and impact on quality of life. WRMSDs create a significant financial burden to both employer and employee that includes the cost of treatment and lost work time. There is a growing demand to implement early identification and effective prevention strategies, aimed at early intervention in employees prior to possible absenteeism due to foreseen sickness or disability. Outcome measure of the WRMSD gives an understanding about the severity and the intensity of the problems. Before starting of the treatment it is very important to understand the gravity and …seriousness of the WRMSD. Once we understand the gravity of the WRMSD the level of the treatment can be decided and optimum prescription can be made for that particular WRMSD. Objectives: This will discuss various outcome measures through which prognosis of the WRMSD can be determined and final prescription of treatment regiment can be formulated. Show more

Keywords: NDI, DASH, Algometry, CROM

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0775-4848

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4848-4849, 2012

Authors: Vogel, K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Being a supervisor is an important and lonely occupation. The aim of this study was to identify barriers and opportunities in working conditions for supervisors, being facilitators and implementers of change for meat cutters. Nine supervisors of meat cutters in one large company were interviewed. The semi-structured interviews covered their roles as supervisors, performance of the change process and their own working conditions. Notes were taken and structured in themes. Similarities, differences, plus and minus were identified. There was a nuanced view on the change processes and their effects. The change processes and the decisions were anchored in a democratic …process with groups of employees and the union. All were clear on what demands the company had on them. They were secure in a functioning network of peers and their immediate superior. On their own education, most were as a whole satisfied, but in need of more training and talked of lifelong learning. They considered their work demanding and lonely, with a need both to be manager and leader. A shared leadership could mean doing a better job. There is a need for education and training as a manager and leader as well as the opportunity to discuss with peers. Show more

Keywords: Manager, leader, work environment, meat cutter, improvement

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0776-4850

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4850-4855, 2012

Authors: Berglund, Martina | Harlin, Ulrika | Gustavsson, Maria | Säfsten, Kristina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe and reflect on an interactive research approach used to address the challenges on how to improve product introductions, the part of the product realization process associated with the transfer of a product from product development to serial production. In the interactive research approach, research results as well as improvement of practice are given equal importance. The collaboration between researchers and practitioners therefore addresses both the focus and the process of the change. The approach includes four main iterative steps: 1) mapping/diagnosis, 2) feedback of results, 3) participation in development activities, and 4) …follow-up/evaluation. The paper reports findings from interactive research in one company within office product industry and one company group, consisting of three company units within the engine industry. Preliminary findings indicate that the participating companies afterwards work in a more structured way with product introductions and that the employees have gained deeper knowledge about product introductions as well as experienced the advantages of working across functional boundaries. Furthermore, the interactive research approach is suitable to run projects from an ergonomics perspective as it focuses on developing both practice and theory, it is human-centered, and it emphasizes broad participation from practitioners. Show more

Keywords: Interactive research, learning, research and practice, product and production integration, industry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0777-4856

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4856-4861, 2012

Authors: Eklund, J. | Karltun, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper highlights experiences from ergonomics projects, applying an interactive research approach. The aim of this paper is to summarise experiences from seven interactive ergonomics projects with the aim to improve ergonomics and organizational performance jointly. Results from these seven projects were analysed with a model for assessing sustainable change, including the factors active ownership, professional management, competent project leadership, and involved participants. All factors were found giving support to impact and sustainability of the change projects. However, the role of the researcher is difficult and demanding.

Keywords: learning evaluations, change, implementation, multidisciplinary

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0778-4862

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4862-4865, 2012

Authors: Praetorius, Gesa | Lützhöft, Margareta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a shore-side service implemented by a “Competent Authority to improve the safety and efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect the environment”. It is a service that operates through VTS centers, from which VTS operators monitor traffic, assist in navigational matters and provide information to all ships in a designated area. As VTS is provided by operators located on shore, they usually make use of several decision support systems to be able to monitor the traffic and to provide information to the vessels. Although several new tools and approaches have been introduced in the VTS …domain, there is still room for improvements. This paper summarizes the results from three studies conducted within the EfficienSea project to approach user needs for dynamic risk management in the VTS domain. Data was collected by conducting study visits and observations at VTS centers, a focus group interview as well as several semi-structured interviews. The paper summarizes the results and presents technical and organizational user needs for dynamic risk management within the VTS domain. Show more

Keywords: Vessel Traffic Service (VTS), user needs, decision support, maritime safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0779-4866

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4866-4872, 2012

Authors: Porathe, Thomas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Transmission of intended and suggested routes to and from electronic chart systems has been identified as a user need. The idea was discussed during a focus group meeting and two field studies in fringe fields like search and rescue (SAR) and ice breaking. A prototype test was then conducted during a SAR drill. The features were very well received by all the participants in the drill. A system simulation with two ships and a VTS station was also conducted in a full mission bridge simulator. Preliminary results are very promising. Behavior with vessels in conflicting situations suggested that the intended …routes could facilitate understanding when negotiating with or without VHF communication. No major concerns were expressed by the professional crew members that participated. Show more

Keywords: Electronic chart, ECDIS, intended route, suggested route, route planning, route exchange

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0780-4873

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4873-4878, 2012

Authors: Woodcock, Andree

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper uses the Hexagon Spindle model of ergonomics to provide a framework for the development of person centred approaches to vehicle and transport design. The benefits of taking this approach, and the factors that might be included under a more inclusive definition of automotive and Transport ergonomics are explained.

Keywords: Transport ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0781-4879

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4879-4886, 2012

Authors: Cunha, Liliana | Lacomblez, Marianne

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The focus of the present analysis is on the work of drivers in the public road passenger transportation sector in Portugal and on its specific contribution to local development. This approach dissociates itself from the one that places mobility as a “paradigm” of the contemporary societies and considers that the increase in mobility registered in the latter years is, in itself, revealing of development. For field work, a public transportation line, in an urban context, and a network of lines, in a rural context were chosen. In each of these contexts, the drivers' work was analyzed in real situations and …semi-structured interviews were held with 16 of them: ten drivers in an urban context and six in a rural context. Considering the point of view of the work activity, enabled us to abandon the dominant perspectives that tend to highlight the social inequality of the mobility conditions (between those who use a private vehicle and those who need to use public transportation), to reflect on the characteristics of the mobility spaces which benefit or limit it, contributing to other inequalities. What is the importance of the space for mobility besides its support? How is it considered in the drivers' work? Show more

Keywords: Transportation, Mobility, Drivers, Territory, Inequalities

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1041-4887

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4887-4892, 2012

Authors: Amado, Giuseppe | de Moraes, Anamaria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article is about the risk behavior adopted by pedestrians at crosswalks with traffic light equipment. It was observed that many pedestrians take risk to cross the Presidente Vargas Avenue. This avenue is located in downtown in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, and has a heavy vehicular traffic and intense pedestrian flow. Many pedestrians cross the four lanes of avenue dangerously disobeying the traffic light indications. To conduct this research about pedestrian’s behavior at crosswalks, a model known as Communication-Human Information Processing Model - C-HIP Model was used. Investigating the stages by C-HIP model perspective, using methods and techniques for …each stage, enabled to identify which factors can contribute to pedestrians to disobey traffic signs and adopt a risky behavior in pedestrian crossing. Show more

Keywords: C-HIP model, crosswalk, pedestrian, traffic light, urban space

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0782-4893

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4893-4899, 2012

Authors: Nathanael, Dimitris | Portouli, Evangelia | Gkikas, Kostas | Papakostopoulos, Vassilis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To design adequate measures for enhancing riders’ safety, a necessary first step is to understand the riders’ visual scanning strategies under different traffic conditions. This paper presents the preliminary analysis of eye tracking data collected by three riders in the Athens metropolitan area, riding along urban arterial motorways and along an undivided urban road. Apart from the fixation duration and location, the fixated road elements and specific objects were annotated and analysed. The mean duration of fixations was found to be higher on urban roads than on motorways for all traffic densities. Riding in the condition of restricted flow seems …to be more demanding for the riders, since the mean duration of fixations was higher in restricted flow than in free or congested flow on motorway and also higher than in free flow on urban road. The riders’ fixation locations differed between motorway and urban road, especially in the vertical plane. The analysis of fixated road elements and specific objects indicates the specific points of interest of riders in each case. Although results should be validated with data from more riders, they provide hints on direction of future research efforts to enhance riders’ safety in urban environments. Show more

Keywords: Motorcycle riders, Visual scanning, Mean fixations locations, gaze angle, urban traffic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0783-4900

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4900-4906, 2012

Authors: Berthelon, Catherine | Damm, Loïc

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In order to prevent the over-representation of young drivers in car crashes, France instated an early driver training from the age of 16, but the positive effects of this opportunity have not yet been proven. Three groups of male drivers (12 subjects each) were confronted with some prototypical accident scenarios introduced in a simulated urban circuit. The first and second groups were composed of young drivers having less than one month of driving licence; twelve have had a traditional learning course, and twelve had followed, in addition to the initial course, an early driver training under the supervision of an …adult. The third group was composed of experienced drivers. Strategies of the three groups were analyzed through their response time, speed and maneuvers. No difference appeared across groups regarding obstacle detection. But traditionallytrained drivers’ position control was more conservative than the two others groups, which were more likely to involve efficient evasive action. The exposure gained during early training could thus increase the development of visuo-motor coordination and involve better skills in case of difficult situations. Others accidents’ scenarios could be used to confront young drivers with difficult situations not commonly encountered in natural driving. Show more

Keywords: driving experience, simulator, scenario of accident, early training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0784-4907

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4907-4909, 2012

Authors: Boudrifa, H. | Bouhafs, A. | Touil, M. | Tabtroukia, F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A questionnaire to measure factors and motives of unsafe behaviors of road users was constructed. This study tool was applied on a final sample of 5586 drivers in twelve out of forty eight districts in Algeria. The aim of the present study was to sort out the different factors and motives that make road users opt for the unsafe behaviors. The latter were determined mainly on the results of a previous study carried out on a final sample of 7058 drivers in twelve out of forty eight districts in Algeria in order to find the most frequent and dangerous unsafe …behaviors of road users. The main unsafe and dangerous behaviors were then used in the present study. Friedman ranking means test was applied to rank the factors and motives selected under each unsafe behavior of road users. The whole results were summarised in seven axes of factors and motives causing: dangerous manoeuvrings by drivers, aggressive behaviors by drivers, negligence and ignorance of maintenance principals by drivers, lack of responsibility and engagement by drivers, cyclists and motorcyclists and their companions, as well as pedestrians and workers of road maintenance. The results are discussed in view of the previous studies and many recommendations have been made. Show more

Keywords: unsafe behavior, Factor, motive, Road users, Road accidents

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0785-4910

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4910-4918, 2012

Authors: Bengler, Klaus | Kohlmann, Martin | Lange, Christian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The increase of driver information and infotainment systems includes also interaction technologies like speech interaction that minimize visual-manual demand and put the focus to cognitive demand. The question is whether this could lead to distraction effects and decreased traffic safety. This study presents an evaluation methodfor cognitive demand based on different detection paradigms in a dual task setting. A listening and a backward counting task are realized on three difficulty levels as simulations of cognitively loading secondary tasks and investigated using a visual versus a tactile detection paradigm. The results show that both detection paradigms are able to discriminate the …task levels and that subjects successfully apply compensation strategies in the dual task setting especially during the listening task. Show more

Keywords: Detection Response Task, Driver Distraction, Cognitive workload, Mental workload, Peripheral Detection, Tactile Detection

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0786-4919

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4919-4923, 2012

Authors: Ahmed, Madiha | Campbell-Kyureghyan, Naira | Frost, Karen | Bertocci, Gina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) specifies guidelines covering the securement system and environment for wheeled mobility device (WhMD) passengers on the public bus system in the United States, referred to as the wheelchair tiedown and occupant restraint system (WTORS). The misuse or disuse of the WTORS system can be a source of injury for WhMD passengers riding the buses. The purpose of this study was to quantify the risks posed to the bus driver while performing the WTORS procedure using traditional ergonomic analysis methods. Four bus drivers completed the WTORS procedure for a representative passenger seated in three different …WhMDs: manual wheelchair (MWC), scooter (SCTR), and power wheelchair (PWC). Potential work-related risks were identified using the four most applicable ergonomic assessment tools: PLIBEL, RULA, REBA, and iLMM. Task evaluation results revealed high levels of risk to be present to drivers during the WTORS procedure. The securement station space design and equipment layout were identified as contributing factors forcing drivers to adopt awkward postures while performing the WTORS task. These risk factors are known contributors to injury and the drivers could opt to improperly secure the passengers to avoid that risk. Show more

Keywords: Wheelchair transportation safety, ergonomics, task evaluation, disability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0787-4924

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4924-4930, 2012

Authors: Barreto, Marcia M. | Ribeiro, Selma L.O.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In the complex aeronautical environment, the efforts in terms of operational safety involve the adoption of proactive and reactive measures. The process of investigation begins right after the occurrence of the aeronautical accident, through the initial action. Thus, it is in the crisis scenario, that the person responsible for the initial action makes decisions and gathers the necessary information for the subsequent phases of the investigation process. Within this scenario, which is a natural environment, researches have shown the fragility of rational models of decision making. The theoretical perspective of naturalistic decision making constitutes a breakthrough in the understanding of …decision problems demanded by real world. The proposal of this study was to verify if the initial action, after the occurrence of an accident, and the decision-making strategies, used by the investigators responsible for this activity, are characteristic of the naturalistic decision making theoretical approach. To attend the proposed objective a descriptive research was undertaken with a sample of professionals that work in this activity. The data collected through individual interviews were analyzed and the results demonstrated that the initial action environment, which includes restricted time, dynamic conditions, the presence of multiple actors, stress and insufficient information is characteristic of the naturalistic decision making. They also demonstrated that, when the investigators make their decisions, they use their experience and the mental simulation, intuition, improvisation, metaphors and analogues cases, as strategies, all of them related to the naturalistic approach of decision making, in order to satisfy the needs of the situation and reach the objectives of the initial action in the accident scenario. Show more

Keywords: Accident investigation, decision making, natural environment, naturalistic decision making, initial action

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0788-4931

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4931-4935, 2012

Authors: Kremser, Florian | Guenzkofer, Fabian | Sedlmeier, Claudia | Sabbah, Olaf | Bengler, Klaus

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: One of the most important factors influencing aircraft seating comfort in economy class, is legroom. In an airline interior mock up, with the ability to adjust the seat pitch in a range of 28 inches to 43 inches, a study to investigate the influence of seat pitch on passengers’ well-being was conducted. In a pre-study, aspects of subjective postural sensations and spatial perception were identified, and a questionnaire was developed. In the main study, 30 subjects rated at different seat pitch settings the spatial perception and the ability of adopting and changing sitting postures. As a result a functional relationship …between overall well-being, the subjects’ anthropometry and seat pitch was developed. Furthermore it was identified, that there is a maximum overall well-being at a seat pitch of 34 inches to 40 inches, depending on the passengers’ anthropometry. A further enlargement of seat pitch, led to a reduction of well-being. Show more

Keywords: seat pitch, legroom, spatial perception, sitting posture, economy class

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0789-4936

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4936-4942, 2012

Authors: Zunjic, Aleksandar | Sremcevic, Vladimir | Sijacki, Vera Zeravcic | Sijacki, Ana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this study, a research of injuries of passengers in city buses is presented, which are not a consequence of collision of buses with other objects. The number of injured passengers in the territory of Belgrade was registered, during three consecutive years. Most frequently injured body part was the head, while women over the age of 60 are the most vulnerable population of passengers. The most often reason for the appearance of injuries was the effect of acceleration. Also, it is pointed out to the importance of consideration of the problem of multiple injuries. These injuries are more complex than …the individual ones, and they may indicate to the existence of greater omissions in the design of the interior of the bus. Proposals for certain system solutions, as well as some recommendations for designing are given, which can improve the safety of passengers who use the city bus as a means of transportation. Show more

Keywords: city bus transport, passenger injuries, bus interior design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0790-4943

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4943-4950, 2012

Authors: D’souza, Clive | Paquet, Victor | Lenker, James | Steinfeld, Edward | Bareria, Piyush

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Low-floor buses represent a significant improvement in accessible public transit for passengers with limited mobility. However, there is still a need for research on the inclusive design of transit buses to identify specific low-floor bus design conditions that are either particularly accommodating or challenging for passengers with functional and mobility impairments. These include doorway locations, seating configuration and the large front wheel-well covers that collectively impact boarding, alighting and interior movement of passengers. Findings from a laboratory study using a static full-scale simulation of a lowfloor bus to evaluate the impact of seating configuration and crowding on interior movement and …accessibility for individuals with and without walking aids are presented (n=41). Simulated bus journeys that included boarding, fare payment, seating, and alighting were performed. Results from video observations and subjective assessments showed differences in boarding and alighting performance and users’ perceptions of task difficulty. The need for assistive design features (e.g. handholds, stanchions), legroom and stowage space for walking aids was evident. These results demonstrate that specific design conditions in low-floor buses can significantly impact design preference among those who use walking aids. Consideration of ergonomics and inclusive design can therefore be used to improve the design of low-floor buses. Show more

Keywords: Transportation, low-floor bus, accessibility, walking aids, inclusive design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0791-4951

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4951-4956, 2012

Authors: de Souza, Amaury Paulo | Minette, Luciano José | Sanches, André Luis Petean | da Silva, EmíLia Pio | Rodrigues, Valéria Antônia Justino | de Oliveira, Luciana Aparecida

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: There are several forest operations involved in Eucalyptus timber harvesting. This study was carried out during brush-cutting; tree felling, bucking, delimbing, piling and manual extraction operations, with the following objectives: a) analyzing, ergonomically, two systems of brush-cutting: one manual and the other semi-mechanized, using two different machines; b) ergonomically evaluating three different brands of pruner machines used in delimbing felled trees. c) determining the feasible target of productivity as a function of ergonomic factors relevant to establish the time of resting pauses for workers in manual and semi-mechanized timber harvesting systems in mountainous terrain. Brush-cutting, either manual or semimechanized, is …an activity carried out prior to timber harvesting. It is usually a hard work, with low productivity when compared with mechanized systems. Pruner machines have been used by forest companies, due to the great possibilities to improve productivity, quality and the health of workers. Ergonomics is a discipline that promotes the adequacy of work to the physical and mental characteristics of human beings, seeking to design production systems and products considering relevant aspects, including social, organizational and environmental factors. Companies should consider the ergonomic factor in the determination of daily worker production targets. Show more

Keywords: Productivity, forest workers, work performance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0038-4957

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4957-4962, 2012

Authors: Abrahão, R.F. | Gonzaga, M.C. | Braunbeck, O.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Problems related to the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), specially the use of protective gloves for the manual sugar cane cutting, motivated this research, made possible by a tripartite negotiation involving the Ministry of Labor, the Union of Rural Workers and the Employer’s Association of sugarcane agribusiness. The main objective was to evaluate, from an ergonomics perspective, the impact of use of the gloves during the manual cane sugar cutting, raising questions on safety, effectiveness and comfort. The research was carried in a sugarcane industry of São Paulo for two seasons involving 47 workers who made a qualitative analysis …of acceptance of four models of protective gloves. The methodology included the use of semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and field observations and the experimental determination of the coefficient of static friction developed between the gloves and the surfaces of the machete handle. The main results indicate the general inadequacy of the gloves currently used forcing the employees to improvise. Workers found the glove of leather and nylon scraping the best reported for comfort in use. The overall results highlight the problem of detachment of test standards for the manufacture of PPE, ignoring users and the activity to be performed. Show more

Keywords: PPE, protective gloves, coefficient of friction, manual cutting, sugar cane

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0039-4963

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4963-4966, 2012

Authors: Souza, C.D.R. | Filho, A.B.G.J. | Silva, R.A.V.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of introduction a new work toolon health and productivity of manual harvesting sugarcane workers. In this study it was performed aErgonomic Work Analysis (EWA) to analyze the work tool changes.The study includedsugarcane workers, drivers, fiscals, and technical’s safety at work.During the analysis process, 134 questionnaires were applied,aimedto identify the constraints that such workers are submitted,to evaluate the tool introduced, in order to propose modifications to improve it.The results showeda decrease in perceived exertion and discomfort, without compromising the cut quality. The main contributionsofErgonomic Work Analysis were thepossibility of bringing the …logic of the worker,in order to understand the inherent real work characteristics,to the process of developing the new tool. Besides, it was also noted that this methodology, based on the analysis workers activity in a real usage,as an application tool in design projects, providing innovations from the workers perspective. Show more

Keywords: manual harvesting, work tool, sugar cane, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0792-4967

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4967-4970, 2012

Authors: Barrero, LH | Ceballos, C | Ellegast, R | Pulido, JA | Monroy, M | Berrio, S | Quintana, LA

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Evidence on the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions to reduce mechanical demands and upper-extremity MSDs is scarce in agriculture. We conducted an intervention to reduce mechanical exposures during manual flower cutting through job rotation, education and reduction of force requirements. One-hundred and twenty workers (20 to 60 years old; 89% women) from six companies that cultivate roses participated in this study. Three companies were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups. We studied changes between baseline and follow-up in self-reported effort and upper-extremity postures, kinematics and muscular activity. Most of the observed changes were moderate for both groups. The intervention group …showed differential improvements compared to the control group for the maximum wrist radial deviation and forearm pronation, and acceleration of the forearm supination-pronation and elbow flexion-extension; and the muscular activity of the flexor and extensor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris. However, we also observed that the maximum ulnar deviation, velocity of the wrist flexion-extension and muscular activity of the extensor carpi ulnaris improved more in the control group. These mixed results may be related to limited time for intervention adjustment, and uncontrolled task changes in the control group. Future research should address these issues and test other solutions. Show more

Keywords: Randomized trial, intervention, mechanical exposures, agriculture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0040-4971

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4971-4974, 2012

Authors: Tereso, M.J.A. | Abrahão, R.F. | Gemma, S.F.B. | Montedo, U.B. | Menegon, N.L. | Guarneti, J.E. | Ribeiro, I.A.V.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Organic agriculture is a sustainable cultivation ecologically, economically and socially. Several researches in organic agriculture have been made from technical perspectives, economic traits or related to ecological aspects. There are practically no investigations into the nature of the technology used in organic agriculture, especially from an ergonomic perspective. From the activity analysis, this study aimed to map the technology used in the production of organic vegetables. Properties producing organic vegetables were selected representing the State of São Paulo. It was applied an instrument (questionnaire and semi-structured interview) with their managers and it was made visual records to identify adaptations, innovations …and technological demands that simultaneously minimize the workload and the difficulties in performing the tasks and increase work productivity. For some of the technological innovations a digital scanner was used to generate a virtual solid model to facilitate its redesign and virtual prototyping. The main results show that organic farmers have little technology in product form. The main innovations that enable competitive advantage or allow higher labor productivity occur in the form of processes, organization and marketing. Show more

Keywords: innovation, organic agriculture, horticulture, technological innovation, work productivity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0041-4975

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4975-4978, 2012

Authors: de Almeida, Ronaldo André Castelo dos S. | Veiga, Marcelo Motta | de Castro Moura Duarte, Francisco José | Meirelles, Luiz Antônio | Veiga, Lilian Bechara Elabras

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is considered the last preferred solution to an Occupational Safety Health (OSH) system. Brazilian OSH legislation assumes and requires PPE usage to neutralize the possibility of pesticide contamination. This study examines the inadequacy of the PPE used in a tomato crop, particularly from the standpoint of thermal comfort. This study made observations regarding heart rate and body temperature in a controlled environment using a treadmill (with and without PPE) of 12 volunteers; and during the process of rural labor (at rest and in normal work routine) of 2 actual rural workers. Comparing the results of the …treadmill test (with and without PPE) which tried to reproduce the same level of effort and environmental conditions of the actual rural work, this study demonstrated that PPE makes thermoregulation harder and tympanic temperature reaches higher values with the same level of effort. Moreover, body temperature increases quickly: with PPE it took 15 minutes to raise 1°C in body temperature, compared to 40 minutes without PPE. The results of this study indicated that the use inadequate PPE might pose thermoregulation risk to rural workers. Show more

Keywords: Pesticide, Personal Protective Equipment, Agriculture, Contamination, Thermal Comfort

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0042-4979

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4979-4982, 2012

Authors: Gandhi, Sudesh | Dilbaghi, M. | Mehta, M. | Pruthi, Neelam

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study was conducted on 20 farm workers to identify the occupational health hazards in threshing operation. Four different protective masks were given and tested on various parameters. Respondents reported respiratory health problems which were mainly due to heat and organic dust in the surroundings. All respondents reported irritation in eyes and throat followed by nose (85.0%) and ears (75.0%). Musculo-skeletal problems were reported showing severe to very severe discomfort in lower arms (m.s. = 3.8), upper back (3.6) and upper arms (3.4). Overall discomfort score (ODS) was 7.6 depicting high level of discomfort. Peak expiratory flow rate was reduced …by 6.6 % depicting reduced capacity of lungs after day long work in polluted environment. Hood mask was highly acceptable as it showed lowest breathing resistance. Leakage of dust from sides and rate of sweating was medium. Hence, use of hood mask would be helpful to achieve the ergonomics objective of reducing health problems and improving performance. Show more

Keywords: peak flow rate, respiratory problems, breathing resistance, overall discomfort score

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0043-4983

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4983-4986, 2012

Authors: Poletto, Ângela Regina | Gontijo, Leila Amaral

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This research aims at investigating family farming workers' of Ituporanga microregion mental health problems and sociodemographical feature and work process association. The sample corresponded to 447 family farming workers in Ituporanga, i. e., part of the overall population lives in the 1.578 rural properties of the city (IBGE, 2007). A questionnaire with socio-demographic and work process variables was used for data collection concerning mental health problems along with the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Inference descriptive statistics with central trend measures and variability was used for data analysis. By means of binary logistic regression the probability of an event, i.e. the …presence of mental health problems occur as a result of predicting variables. Level of significance 5% was adopted in all statistical procedures. The investigation revealed the prevalence of 33,8% of mental health problems. It was observed that women prevailed with 39,7% (n = 91), in contrast with men with 26,1% (n = 46), being such association statistically significant (X2 = 8,225, df = 1, p = 0,004, phi= -0,143). Socio-demographical and work process variables showed predictors of mental health problems, such as: (sex, age, use of agrochemicals, working hours outside and during harvest time, being family intoxication the most important. Mental health problems showed mostly associated to the use of agro-chemicals and farmers being intoxicated. Show more

Keywords: agriculture, work process, socio-demographic variables

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0044-4987

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4987-4994, 2012

Authors: Lambert, Mandy | Richardson, James | Grimbuhler, Sonia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Plant protection products are used in agriculture to improve yields, but this use can cause contamination of the environment and is also likely to have adverse short and long term effects on agricultural workers. The field study took place in greenhouses and vineyards where operators are involved in high levels of pesticide spraying. The objective of this intervention was to identify factors explaining the influence of task factors on the exposure of greenhouse growers and vineyard workers. Thirteen operators were selected for detailed observations during one session of spraying. Video recordings provide counts of physical contacts between the operator and …all the surrounding surfaces during the spraying operation. Both in vineyards and in greenhouses, physical and temporal constraints are the predominant factors in establishing a specific spraying procedure. Every action taken by the operator is a result of a compromise between safety, task performance and quality Show more

Keywords: time constraint, physical workload, ergotoxicology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0045-4995

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4995-5002, 2012

Authors: Mehta, Manju | Gandhi, Sudesh | Dilbaghi, Mamta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the population in India. Agriculture has been established as one of the drudgery prone occupation of unorganized sector due to lack of access to improved agricultural technologies. The present study was planned to assess intervention of drudgery reducing technologies in agriculture and its impact evaluation. The drudgery areas/activities in agriculture were identified. Participatory field level skill training for proper use of the ergonomically improved farm technologies were given to men and women in separate groups. An intervention package consisting of improved sickle, wheel hand hoe, capron, cot bag and protective gloves …was introduced in village Shahpur. Data were collected to quantify the impact of intervention on the level of drudgery of worker before and after the technology intervention from sample of 30 respondents (15 male and 15 female) selected randomly from village Shahpur. Gain in knowledge and change in awareness level were calculated after the training.Evaluation of field validation of technology on drudgery of men & women was done after its use in the field conditions. A significant gain in awareness was observed among both men(2.6) & women (3.0) whereas the gain in knowledge was more among men (6.6) than women (4.5). In evaluation of field validation of technology on drudgery it was found that all the five technologies reduced the drudgery of men as well as women. However wheel hand hoe was used successfully by men in comparison to women who preferred to use their conventional technology i.e improved long-handled hoe. Evaluation of validation trials of the technologies reported that improved sickle was used successfully by both men & women farmers. More than half of the men farmers (53.3%) & only 13.3 percent women farmers preferred the wheel hand hoe over the traditional one as they found it four times more efficient in terms of time, energy & money saving. Cot bag was preferred by the entire sample. Capron was preferred by four-fifth of the men farmers (80.0%) whereas women farmers did not prefer it much. Only one third of men (33.3%) & 26.7 percent of women farmers preferred using gloves while harvesting of guar & picking of cotton. Show more

Keywords: awareness, knowledge, field validation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0793-5003

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 5003-5008, 2012

Authors: Vyas, Latika

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0046-5009

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 5009-5018, 2012

Authors: Ferrari, Ester | Cavallo, Eugenio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Teleoperation has been widely applied in modern industry because of a variety of advantages, such as providing replaceable surrogates for humans in dangerous or difficult working environments over long distances. In this paper, a usability evaluation study of a teleoperation system for a compost spreader robotic machine is presented. The machine has been designed for the application of compost in small and stepping parcels of hilly vineyards. Driving and working tasks can be controlled remotely by a portable piloting unit, reducing the risk for the operator in the event of machine overturning. Participants of the study were asked to perform …a series of tasks and sub-tasks and to vocalize their thoughts while working with the machine. The tasks were designed to simulate typical user experience. Once all the tasks were accomplished each participant was asked to fill a questionnaire. The evaluation considered aspects such as learnability, ease of use, understandability, controllability, frustration, mental effort, distraction, clarity of presentation, perceived usefulness, temporal efficiency and machine aesthetic. Results show that usability evaluation helped detecting design deficiencies in the teleoperated compost spreader machine. Show more

Keywords: evaluation, users, agriculture, remote device, portable piloting unit

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0047-5019

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 5019-5026, 2012