Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Silva-Costa, Aline | Griep, Rosane Harter | Fischer, Frida Marina | Rotenberg, Lúcia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The concept of need for recovery from work (NFR) was deduced from the effort recuperation model. In this model work produces costs in terms of effort during the working day. When there is enough time and possibilities to recuperate, a worker will arrive at the next working day with no residual symptoms of previous effort. NFR evaluates work characteristics such as psychosocial demands, professional work hours or schedules. However, sleep may be an important part of the recovery process. The aim of the study was to test the association between sleep-related complaints and NFR. A cross-sectional study was carried out …at three hospitals. All females nursing professionals engaged in assistance to patients were invited to participate (N = 1,307). Participants answered a questionnaire that included four sleep-related complaints (insomnia, unsatisfactory sleep, sleepiness during work hours and insufficient sleep), work characteristics and NRF scale. Binomial logistic regression analysis showed that all sleep-related complaints are associated with a high need for recovery from work. Those who reported insufficient sleep showed a greater chance of high need for recovery; OR=2.730 (CI 95% 2.074 – 3.593). These results corroborate the hypothesis that sleep is an important aspect of the recovery process and, therefore, should be thoroughly investigated. Show more

Keywords: Need for recovery, Sleep complaints, Work, Nursing professionals

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0086-3726

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3726-3731, 2012

Authors: Vasconcelos, S. | Marqueze, E. | Gonçalves, L. | Lemos, L. | Araújo, L. | Fischer, F.M. | Moreno, C.R.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Introduction: Work organization patterns and working conditions experienced by nursing personnel in the hospital settings may be associated to increased morbidity among these health workers. Aim: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with self-reported diseases among nursing personnel at the emergency hospital in Rio Branco/State of Acre, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 272 participants who answered a questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics, working conditions, lifestyles, work ability, and a fatigue perception scale. The selfreported diseases in the 12 months prior to data collection were considered the dependent variable. Results: A total of 85.7% of the participants reported …one or more diseases in the past 12 months. Most prevalent diseases were: musculoskeletal diseases (37.1%), digestive diseases (28.7%), mental disorders (28.3%), work injuries (27.9%), and respiratory diseases (26.8%). The following significant variables remained in the final model: high work demands (OR 2.69), reported fatigue (OR 3.59), night work (OR 6.55) and being a technician or nursing assistant (OR 4.23). Conclusions: Variables related to working conditions and work organization were associated with the occurrence of reported diseases among nursing professionals. Health promotion measures at work require a comprehensive approach including the working conditions and the work organization. Show more

Keywords: Nursing personnel, hospital, morbidity, work conditions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0087-3732

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3732-3737, 2012

Authors: Menegon, Fabrício Augusto | Fischer, Frida Marina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with reported work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among aircraft assembly workers. Population consisted of 552 (491 men/61 women) workers who performed tasks related to the work of aircraft assembly. Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire, including socio-demographic information, habits/lifestyles, working conditions, and work organization. Workers also answered the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire to obtain data on musculoskeletal symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze factors associated with musculoskeletal reported symptoms. Results showed that body regions with the highest prevalence of reported musculoskeletal symptoms were similar when referred the past twelve months and the …past seven days. Significant factors associated with musculoskeletal symptoms included variables related to conflicts at work, sleep problems, mental fatigue, and lack of time for personal care and recovery. Working time in the industry was associated only with reports for the last seven days and regular physical activity off-work seems to be a positive factor in preventing musculoskeletal symptoms for the past twelve months. The results highlight the multi-factorial nature of the problem. Actions to prevent musculoskeletal diseases at the aircraft assembly work should consider multiple interventions that would promote better recovery between work shifts. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, work analysis, shiftwork, health-related problems, work demands

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0088-3738

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3738-3745, 2012

Authors: Fischer, Frida Marina | Martinez, Maria Carmen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The work of hospital food service is characterized by demands that can be associated with work ability - WA. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with WA among hospital food service professionals and recommend intervention measures. This is a cross sectional study carried out in 2009, conducted in a hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were 76 (96.2%) of the eligible. They filled out a questionnaire including socio-demographic data, life styles, working conditions and WA. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. Factors associated with WA were age (p = 0.051), over commitment (p = 0.011), effort-reward …ratio (p = 0.002) and work injuries (p < 0.001). In spite was a young population, age was associated with WA. Association with work injuries is consistent with the theoretical model that demonstrated that health status is the basis to maintain the WA. The association of effort-reward imbalance shows that issues related with work organization are relevant for these workers. The association of overcommittment suggests that workers recognize their responsibility with the therapeutic processes of patients. Results showed a number of features of different nature that should be taken into account when implementing measures to improve the WA, to be applied at different levels: individual, task and institutional. Show more

Keywords: work ability evaluation, work stressors, psychosocial factors at work, working conditions, hospital food services

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0089-3746

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3746-3752, 2012

Authors: Minna, Savinainen | Mika, Nyberg

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract Construction work consists of numerous factors that influence workers’ occupational health and that load the musculoskeletal system in particular. Musculoskeletal disorders are responsible for over a third of all sick leaves lasting over nine days in the construction industry. Occupational health services (OHS) were organized for 85% of the construction workers in our study. The proportion of construction workers who had suffered from chronic or repetitive neck and shoulder, shoulder or arm, or low-back disorders was 55.6%, 44.8% and 42.1%, respectively. Those who felt that they had received enough information, advice or guidance from OHS concerning work posture, work …performance or work tools were more often those who had not suffered from shoulder or arm disorders (60.9% vs. 39.1%, p=.024, respectively) or low-back disorders (63.6% vs. 36.4%, p=.034, respectively) during the last month than those who had. Those who had received enough support from OHS concerning maintenance of work ability were more often workers who had not suffered from low-back disorders during the last month than those who had (63.3% vs. 36.7%, p=.004, respectively). OHS should focus more on workers who would really benefit from their activities at a particular time and in a particular situation (primary, secondary or tertiary prevention) and who are themselves devoted to improving their health. Show more

Keywords: construction worker, musculoskeletal disorder, occupational health service

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0676-3753

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3753-3756, 2012

Authors: Chi, Chia-Fen | Lin, Yuan-Yuan | Ikhwan, Mohamad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The current study reanalyzed 250 electrical fatalities in the construction industry from 1996 to 2002 into seven patterns based on source of electricity (power line, energized equipment, improperly installed or damaged equipment), direct contact or indirect contact through some source of injury (boom vehicle, metal bar or pipe, and other conductive material). Each fatality was coded in terms of age, company size, experience, performing tasks, source of injury, accident cause and hazard pattern. The Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) was applied to the coded data of the fatal electrocution to find a subset of predictors that might derive meaningful classifications …or accidents scenarios. A series of Flow Diagrams was constructed based on CHAID result to illustrate the flow of electricity travelling from electrical source to human body. Each of the flow diagrams can be directly linked with feasible prevention strategies by cutting the flow of electricity. Show more

Keywords: fatal electrocution, accident analysis, prevention measure, CHAID

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0677-3757

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3757-3764, 2012

Authors: Hoonakker, Peter | Van Duivenbooden, Cor

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this study we examine whether the Work Ability Index (WAI) has additional value in predicting long-term absenteeism in construction industry. Results of the study show that the WAI has additional value in predicting absenteeism, but that the amount of explained variance is low. This is partly due to the definition of absenteeism in The Netherlands, where this study took place.

Keywords: Construction industry, work ability, absenteeism

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0002-3765

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3765-3770, 2012

Authors: van der Molen, Henk F. | Visser, Steven | Kuijer, P. Paul F.M. | Faber, Gert | Hoozemans, Marco J.M. | van Dieën, Jaap H. | Frings-Dresen, Monique H.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Lifting and carrying heavy loads occur frequently among ironworkers and result in high prevalence and incidence rates of low back complaints, injuries and work-disability. From a health perspective, little information is available on the effect of team lifting on work demands and workload. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of team lifting of maximally 50 kg by two ironworkers (T50) with team lifting of maximally 100 kg by four ironworkers (T100). This study combined a field and laboratory study with the following outcome measures: duration and frequency of tasks and activities, energetic workload, perceived discomfort …and maximal compression forces (Fc peak) on the low back. The physical work demands and workload of an individual iron worker during manual handling of rebar materials of 100 kg with four workers did not differ from the manual handling of rebar materials of 50 kg with two workers, with the exception of low back discomfort and Fc peak. The biomechanical workload of the low back exceeded for both T50 and T100 the NIOSH threshold limit of 3400N. Therefore, mechanical transport or other effective design solutions should be considered to reduce the biomechanical workload of the low back and the accompanying health risks among iron workers. Show more

Keywords: Team lifting, Physical work demands, Workload, Prevention, Construction work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0003-3771

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3771-3773, 2012

Authors: Andrade, Isabela Fernandes | Ely, e Vera Helena Moro Bins

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The enforcement of accessibility today has faced several difficulties, such as intervention in historic buildings that now house public services and cultural activities, such as town halls, museums and theaters and should allow access, on equal terms to all people. The paper presents the application of a method for evaluating the spatial accessibility conditions and their results. For this, we sought to support the theoretical foundation about the main issue involved and legislation. From the method used - guided walks - it was possible to identify the main barriers to accessibility in historic buildings. From the identified barriers, possible solutions …are presented according to the four components of accessibility: spatial orientation, displacement, use and communication. It is hoped also that the knowledge gained in this research contributes to an improvement of accessibility legislation in relation to the listed items. Show more

Keywords: spatial accessibility, impaired people, method, public buildings, historic heritage

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0675-3774

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3774-3780, 2012

Authors: Costa, Ana Paula Lima | Villarouco, Vilma

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The open-plan office is a layout used in government offices in Brazil aimed at saving on space occupied and integrating employees. However, the design of these work-stations must follow the characteristics of tasks and their interrelationships, since adverse physical and organizational conditions may have a negative impact on work productivity. From this perspective, this study sought to identify, from the viewpoint of the ergonomics of the built environment, the adequacy of the open-plan government offices for financial auditing accounts and analyzing documents. Use was made of the Ergonomic Methodology for Evaluating the Built Environment - MEAC (in Portuguese) which systematically …analyzes the physical space, by using a mix of physical-spatial assessments and tools for identifying how the environment is perceived. The MEAC was employed in three analytical phases of the physical aspects, namely: an analytical phase of the user’s perception; a diagnostic phase; and a final phase of propositions. Show more

Keywords: built environment, organizational culture, environmental perception

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0678-3781

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3781-3787, 2012

Authors: Parida, Ratri | Ray, Pradip Kumar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Manual material handling (MMH) is unavoidable because of the nature of jobs or tasks as and man-machine interfaces in a construction worksystem. Data were collected from six strata of workers viz., masons, mason helpers, carpenters, welders, gas cutters and ground-level helpers (259 out of 700 workers) from a construction site of a steel plant located in India to analyze different types of occupational risk factors, such as awkward posture, repetitive movements and others associated with MMH activities to assess their impact on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). It is essential that these risk factors are required to be under control through application …of ergonomics-based design approaches for construction worksystem. In this context, multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to identify the significant risk factors among the workers. The results shows that masons, mason helpers, carpenters, welders/gas cutters and ground-level helpers are greatly affected by static body posture, type of tools used, excessive stress due to repetition, awkward postures and extreme climate, respectively. Appropriate preventive and corrective measures are suggested for minimization of risks associated with such jobs/tasks to improve health and performance of the workers. Show more

Keywords: manual material handling, musculoskeletal disorders, sustainable change, man-machine interface

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0679-3788

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3788-3794, 2012

Authors: Kuijer, P. Paul F.M. | Van der Molen, Henk F. | Frings-Dresen, Monique H.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Despite worldwide attention, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) remain a substantial concern at work. To support ergonomists to assess the work-related risk factors for MSDs, several instruments are available. Unfortunately, many of these instruments are not supported by evidence-based exposure criteria for particular MSDs. For effective prevention of MSDs, it is important to know to what extent work-related risk factors are present in the work situation. The Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases (NCOD) develops evidence-based criteria documents for the assessment of work-related MSDs. The exposure criteria of these documents can be used on a group level to support ergonomists in their assessment …of the physical job demands that are associated with workrelated MSDs. At the moment the NCOD has exposure criteria for the assessment of 22 work-related MSDs, for instance on the work-relatedness of upper extremity disorders, non-specific low back pain or patellar tendinopathy. The use of these exposure criteria enables ergonomist to better assess the work-related risks of MSDs as a starting point for effective prevention. Show more

Keywords: Prevention, Occupational disease, Threshold limit, Low back pain, Osteoarthritis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0001-3795

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3795-3797, 2012

Authors: Bezerra, Isabela Xavier Barbalho | de Carvalho, Ricardo José Matos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article proposes a system of indicators to evaluate the performance of companies in ergonomics for buildings. The system was developed based primarily on studies related to the performance evaluation of the construction industry and on Brazilian standards of ergonomics and work safety and had also the contribution of national and international indicators related to ergonomics, work safety, quality, sustainability, quality of work life and to organizational behavior. The indicators were named, classified and their components were assigned to compose the theoretical model SIDECE – System of Performance Indicators in Ergonomics for Building Construction (as for the Portuguese acronym), serving …the major goals of ergonomics: health, safety and workers’ satisfaction and production efficiency. The SIDECE is being validated along with the building construction companies in the city of Natal, Brazil, whose practical results, deriving from the application of instruments to collect field data, are under process, to be presented on the occasion of the 18th World Congress on Ergonomics. It is intended that the SIDECE be used by building construction companies as a support tool for excellence management. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Indicators, Performance, Building construction, SIDECE

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0680-3798

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3798-3805, 2012

Authors: Evanoff, Bradley | Kaskutas, Vicki | Dale, Ann Marie | Gaal, John | Fuchs, Mark | Lipscomb, Hester

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Falls from heights are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among construction workers, especially inexperienced workers and those performing residential construction. This research reports changes in fall prevention behaviors following revision of fall prevention training in a union-based carpenters’ apprenticeship program. We used a comprehensive needs assessment to identify gaps in apprentice carpenters’ preparation to work at heights, used these results to guide a schoolbased fall prevention curriculum to fill these gaps, and measured the effects of the revised curriculum on knowledge, beliefs, and fall prevention behaviors.

Keywords: construction safety, intervention study, fall prevention, safety training

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0681-3806

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3806-3808, 2012

Authors: Ferrer, Nicole | Villarouco, Vilma

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Research in the field of Ergonomics of the Built Environment has been developed with a view to consolidating studies in this area, the objective of which is to provide evidence that the joint participation of users and designers on drawing up projects is important. In this context, the theme of this study is to investigate the interactions between users and the environment in a university library. To do so, well-established techniques from Ergonomics, Architecture and Environmental Psychology were used to make a functional and behavioral evaluation to identify the level of user satisfaction in six libraries in the various study …centers of the Federal University of Pernambuco in Recife, northeast Brazil, so as to identify the strengths and also weaknesses in these spatial structures. Show more

Keywords: environmental ergonomics, ergonomics in libraries, university libraries

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0682-3809

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3809-3815, 2012

Authors: Thatcher, Andrew | Milner, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Multiple claims and some empirical findings suggest that ‘green’ buildings should be healthier (psychologically and physically) and promote greater productivity than conventional buildings. The empirical evidence in this regard over the last decade or so has been inconclusive suggesting either that the studies are flawed or that there are specific aspects of green buildings that promote wellbeing and productivity and others that do not. This study looks at a longitudinal comparison of two groups; a group that moved into South Africa’s first GreenStar-accredited building and a group that did not. Measures were taken before the move and six months later. …Results demonstrated that the ‘green’ building did not produce significantly better physical or psychological wellbeing, or higher perceived productivity. These results are discussed in relation to suggestions for what design features to focus on that may produce significant results. Show more

Keywords: psychological wellbeing, physical wellbeing, GreenStar accreditation, perceived productivity, workplace indoor environmental quality

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0683-3816

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3816-3823, 2012

Authors: Dale, Ann Marie | Jaegers, Lisa | Buchholz, Brian | Welch, Laurie | Evanoff, Bradley A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The construction industry continues to experience high rates of musculoskeletal injuries despite the widespread promotion of ergonomic solutions. Participatory ergonomics (PE) has been suggested as one approach to engage workers and employers for reducing physical exposures from work tasks but a systematic review of participatory ergonomics programs showed inconclusive results.. A process evaluation is used to monitor and document the implementation of a program and can aid in understanding the relationship between the program elements and the program outcomes. The purpose of this project is to describe a proposed process evaluation for use in a participatory ergonomic training program in …construction workers and to evaluate its utility in a demonstration project among floor layers. Show more

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, implementation strategy, work measurement

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0684-3824

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3824-3826, 2012

Authors: de Oliveira Cunha, Marcella Viana Portela | Costa, Angelina Dias Leão | da costa Ireland, Mariama

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: As has happened in many other countries, Brazil has also witnessed an evident change in the question of accessibility over the last twenty years. In line with this theme, that of old age has only become evident in the last two decades. For a long period of time, the elderly have been systematically ignored as an object of investigation and have not been contemplated with consistent public social policies. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to verify the conditions of physical accessibility that allow the elderly to use public spaces, taking as a study case the São Gonçalo …square and the Solón de Lucena Park, in the city of João Pessoa – PB, identifying the biological and functional losses suffered by elderly people due to the aging process and verifying the specific physical needs of this segment of the population. Qualitative methods were adopted, such as systematic observations with the production of behaviour maps, in addition to a review of the literature and analysis of the data. The research identified problems related to the physical accessibility of the elderly to public spaces that generate difficulties for displacement, use, information and orientation, contributing to the planning and ergonomic guidelines which aim at improving these environments, such as the use of different and contrasting colours on the urban furniture and floor, for example. Show more

Keywords: accessibility, the elderly, public spaces

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0685-3827

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3827-3833, 2012

Authors: Seabra, Sadi | Barros, Bruno

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The relevant research is questioning the essence of the existence of an adequate internal circulation to human dimensions. The research was based on the method of anthropometric assessment of internal circulation de Barros (2009), which was applied in three different sizes of apartments in the city of Caruaru-PE. These apartments were evaluated through the floor plans and furniture layouts, suggested by the builders, with the use of anthropometric models in simulation of movement. The study found that traffic problems are not just a consequence of small rooms, but projects that do not bother to match the anthropometric measurements to the …space environment. Show more

Keywords: anthropometric assessment, internal circulation, housing design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0686-3834

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3834-3839, 2012

Authors: Andrade, Isabela | Dorneles, Vanessa | Ely, e Vera Helena Moro Bins

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present work demonstrates, through a case study, the importance of theoretical knowledge in practical application of spatial accessibility in order to guarantee equal conditions for all people in the movement and use of space. Initially there was a literature review on the accessibility of space and how design in a accessible way. Next, we show one makeover proposal in one public school that wants to provide access to people with disabilities. This makeover was done and so we could evaluate the buildings changes through the method of accompanied walk with two people. Finally we present the main results and …discussions. Show more

Keywords: spatial accessibility, accessible design, accompanied walk, people with disabilities, school

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0687-3840

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3840-3846, 2012

Authors: Buckle, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Systems approaches and their relevance to risk assessment are considered through an examination of a number of recent applications in England. The importance of visual mapping of systems is emphasised. This approach encourages participation from those within the system with less technical knowledge but with important information to add to a risk assessment. Other advantages outlined include the ability to readily identify system boundaries, map processes and record both strengths and weaknesses of existing or planned system changes. The use of risk assessment methods with this approach should be cautious, as any one method may only identify a sub-set of …all risks. Show more

Keywords: Systems analysis, healthcare, mapping, risk

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0090-3847

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3847-3849, 2012

Authors: Carayon, Pascale

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The SEIPS (Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety) model of work system and patient safety is described and selected research and practical applications are presented.

Keywords: sociotechnical systems, macroergonomics, health care, patient safety, SEIPS model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0091-3850

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3850-3854, 2012

Authors: Falzon, Pierre | Nascimento, Adelaide | Gaudart, Corinne | Piney, Cécile | Dujarier, Marie-Anne | Germe, Jean-François

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In France, in the private sector as in the public sector, performance-based management tends to become a norm. Performance-based management is supposed to improve service quality, productivity and efficiency, transparency of allotted means and achieved results, and to better focus the activity of employees and of the whole organization. This text reports a study conducted for the French Ministry of Budget by a team of researchers in ergonomics, sociology and management science, in order to assess the impact of performance-based management on employees, on teams and on work organization. About 100 interviews were conducted with employees of all categories and …6 working groups were set up in order to discuss and validate or amend our first analyses. Results concern several aspects: workload and work intensification, indicators and performance management and the transformation of jobs induced by performance management. Show more

Keywords: Quality of work, system ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0092-3855

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3855-3860, 2012

Authors: Wilson, John R

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomics/human factors is, above anything else, a systems discipline applying a systems philosophy and systems approaches. Many things are labeled as “systems X” in today’s world, and this paper specifies just what attributes and notions define ergonomics/human factors in systems terms. These are concern for context, acknowledgement of interactions and complexity, a holistic approach, recognition of emergence and embedding of the professional effort involved within organization systems. These five notions are illustrated with examples from a large body of work on rail human factors.

Keywords: Systems, systems ergonomics, human factors, rail

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0093-3861

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3861-3868, 2012

Authors: Marano, Antonio | Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe | Rossi, Emilio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Referring to the discussion recently promoted by the Sub-Technical Committee n°4 “Ergonomics and design for sustainability”, in this paper will be shown the early results of a theoretical and methodological study on Ergonomic design for sustainability. In particular, the research is based on the comparison between the common thematic structure characterizing Ergonomics, with the principles of Sustainable Development and with criteria adopted from other disciplines already oriented toward Sustainability. The paper identifies an early logical-interpretative model and describes possible and relevant Strategies of Ergonomic design for sustainability, which are connected in a series of specific Sustainable Arguments.

Keywords: Principles of sustainable development, Ergonomic design for sustainability, Design for sustainability, Strategies of ergonomic design for sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0053-3869

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3869-3873, 2012

Authors: Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe | Marano, Antonio | Rossi, Emilio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Starting from the results of a theoretical and methodological study on Ergonomic design for sustainability previously developed from the authors, this paper shows the early results of a study that tries to apply them to actual operational and conceptual apparatuses of Ergonomics. In particular, the research aims to verify the possibility for Ergonomics to initiate an update of its current theoretical and procedural tools, towards new design solutions of “sustainable well-being”, trying to look for new declinations of its several fields of application. The paper identifies new paradigms and definitions for one of the central themes of ergonomic design, as …well as one among the most established and investigated: the usability of products and services. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomic design for sustainability, Transdisciplinary approach, Social effectiveness, Relative efficiency, Extended satisfaction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0054-3874

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3874-3877, 2012

Authors: Tosi, Francesca

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The relationship between Ergonomics and Design is a key element in the sustainability project, as well as in many other areas of experimental design. In the Design for Sustainability field, Ergonomics is a strategic factor for design culture innovation, providing designers with the necessary knowledge and skills regarding human characteristics and capabilities, as well as user needs and desires during use and interaction with products in work activities and everyday life. Ergonomics is also a strategic innovative factor in design development and manufacturing processes. In fact, ergonomics provides a methodological approach in user-product interaction evaluation processes through the use of …participatory design and survey methods, user trials, direct observation, savings and resource conservation, etc. On the other hand, design offers solutions able to interpret user needs and expectations, at the same time suggesting new behaviors and lifestyles. In Design for Sustainability, the ergonomic and user-centered approach contributes greatly to lifestyles and innovative use of products - making it possible to understand and interpret real people needs and expectations in their everyday actions and behavior. New consumption patterns, new awareness of lifestyles, energy source consumption, purchasing methods and consumption style etc. can be supported by design innovation, responding to expressed and unexpressed user needs. With this in mind, the ergonomic approach represents the starting point for design choices and at the same time, a tool for assessing their appropriateness and effectiveness. Show more

Keywords: user needs, lifestyle innovation, product innovation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0055-3878

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3878-3882, 2012

Authors: Andreoni, Giuseppe | Arslan, Pelin | Costa, Fiammetta | Muschiato, Sabrina | Romero, Maximiliano

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work presents considerations on Ergonomics and Design for Sustainability in the healthcare field based on research experiences of the Technology and Design for Healthcare (TeDH) research group of INDACO (Industrial design, communication, arts and fashion) department of Politecnico di Milano. In order to develop a multidisciplinary approach to design able to answer to specific user needs such as elderly in an environmental sustainable way (1) this paper shows the results we achieved concerning ergonomics and environmental impact in product development (2), the extension of this approach to interior and home design and the advantage of the application of Information …Communication Technologies (ICT). ICT can help people with special needs to make their everyday life easier and more safe, at the same time, ICT can make socialenvironmental impact of everyday behavior evident and can be applied to manage sustainability. The specific theme is thus to integrate ergonomics and sustainability competences in the development of Ambient Assisted Living through a Product- Service System approach. The concept of product service system has the potential to improve product performances and services, establish new relations and networks with different actors in order to satisfy user needs and apply a systems approach considering environmental, social and economic factors in the users’ environment. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, Ambient Assisted Living, Healthcare, Sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0056-3883

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3883-3887, 2012

Authors: Steffan, Isabella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A sustainable project should also be affordable, and it is cheaper if it its affordability is guaranteed to as much people as possible since the first phases of the project without any modifications. The author illustrates the activity of diffusion of DfA on an urban scale carried out on didactic and cultural level.

Keywords: sustainability, accessibility, Design for All, teaching DfA, disseminating DfA

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0057-3888

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3888-3891, 2012

Authors: Thatcher, Andrew

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The sub-discipline of “sustainable development and human factors” is relatively new, first being used in 2006 with a Technical Committee of the IEA being established only in 2009 and a similar special interest group on “green ergonomics” at the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors being established in 2010. In general though, the definitions and practice of “sustainable development” is highly contentious and ambiguous across a range of disciplines. This paper examines the diversity of definitions and approaches to sustainable development and human factors in the early papers in this sub-discipline. An examination of 45 chapters and papers (from 2008 …to 2011) reveals a surprising consistency in the definitions used for sustainable development but also a large proportion of the papers where no definitions are given at all. The majority of papers were, however, biased towards an economic capital and social capital emphasis, which is to be expected of work traditionally in the ergonomics paradigm. Further, most papers were theoretical in nature demonstrating a great opportunity for empirical work. The variability in definitions is discussed in relation to the future challenges facing the growth of this emergent sub-discipline and opportunities for further theoretical and empirical work. Show more

Keywords: triple bottom line, work systems sustainability, sustainable development, green ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0058-3892

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3892-3899, 2012

Authors: Fischer, Klaus | Zink, Klaus J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Based on a system-theoretic discussion of sustainability, this paper aims to develop a conceptual model of a sustainable work system which is consistent with the definition of ergonomics by the IEA in 2000 (but also with earlier definitions) as well as with the triple bottom line understanding of sustainable development – comprising the management of human, social, ecological and economic capital in a balanced manner.

Keywords: Sustainable development, sustainable work system, system theory, keyword four, keyword five

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0059-3900

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3900-3905, 2012

Authors: Hasle, Peter | Jensen, Per Langaa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The development of globalised supply chains is a major challenge for sustainability. For several years, there has been discussion within the profession whether and how ergonomics and human factors can play a role. Based on our research, we have identified five major challenges from global supply chains especially related to the social aspects of sustainability: (1) criteria for social sustainability, (2) the role of key performance indicators in the management of supply chains, (3) the constant changes in supply chains, (4) the challenge in establishing participation, and (5) the development of agency and regulatory mechanisms. There are obviously no clear …and simple solutions to these challenges. One possible avenue for progress might lie in acquiring a greater understanding of the challenges from global supply chains and developing a strategy which combines social and long-term business sustainability. Starting from such a basis, the next step would be to find ways for the ergonomics and human factors community to create international collaboration which can impact specific global supply chains. Show more

Keywords: Sustainability criteria, organisational change, participation, regulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0060-3906

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3906-3913, 2012

Authors: Arnoud, Justine | Falzon, Pierre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study examines the way in which Shared Services Centers (SSCs) were implemented in a French multinational company. It aims to characterize the change according to the capabilities model developed by Amartya Sen: what are the effects of SSCs in terms of capabilities development and developmental quality of work, i.e. in the enabling potential of work? A 3-step methodology has been used: first, an investigation was conducted in a pay service of a local entity moving into SSC in 2013; second, two investigations were conducted in another pay service of a SSC: first, a few months after the change, and …then, one year after the change (the same operators were interviewed). Results show a tendency to the decrease of the enabling potential. Additionally, it was noted that administrators are kept away from the design process and have to struggle with inappropriate rules. The efficiency and sustainability of the SSC are questioned; in this context, the human factor specialist has an important role to play. Show more

Keywords: Strategic restructuring, organizational change assessment, enabling environment, ergonomic intervention, design process for sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0061-3914

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3914-3919, 2012

Authors: Cason, Dott. Luigi Dal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The psycho-physical stress is a risk to all intents and purposes, finally acknowledged, it requires increasing attention. Measures for its protection are reflected in the appropriate application of organizational policies on a human scale, or in respect of the “macro-ergonomics”. This work consists on several inter-disciplinary tools available to the proper prevention, outbreaks of work-related stress.During work, adequate rests are important to prevent work related physical and mental fatigue. The strategies for maintaining a healthy balance between work rate and work breaks, may differ depending on the individual, subjective habits and peculiarities related to the work environment. Resting does not …necessarily mean “going to break”. The break-time is important as the work-time. While the latter is regulated, the first is not always clearly defined, though necessary. Knowing the employment contract is the first step towards the implementation of their rights relating to periods of suspension from the activity of work is also essential for high performance working. Breathing exercises, massage therapy, biofeedback, role-playing are some of the tools used during work breaks to prevent mental and physical fatigue. At the end music has a rhythm by alternating strong and weak accents. If the musical notes represent the “vertical” trend of music (melody), figures and pauses, inserted into the rhythmic structure of the measure, regulate the duration of sounds over time and determine the “horizontal” trend of a song. Transferring this concept on work, is meant to understand, using a metaphor, the importance of respect of changes in both vertical and horizontal trends inside a cycle. Show more

Keywords: Psyco-Phisical Stress, Risks, Work Environment, Breaks, Time-Planning, Rithm, Music

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0062-3920

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3920-3922, 2012

Authors: Karwowski, Waldemar | Ahram, Tareq Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In order to leverage individual and organizational learning and to remain competitive in current turbulent markets it is important for employees, managers, planners and leaders to perform at high levels over time. Employee competence and skills are extremely important matters in view of the general shortage of talent and the mobility of employees with talent. Two factors emerged to have the greatest impact on the competitiveness of complex service systems: improving managerial and employee’s knowledge attainment for skills, and improving the training and development of the workforce. This paper introduces the knowledge-based user-centered service design approach for sustainable skill and …performance improvement in education, design and modeling of the next generation of complex service systems. The rest of the paper cover topics in human factors and sustainable business process modeling for the service industry, and illustrates the user-centered service system development cycle with the integration of systems engineering concepts in service systems. A roadmap for designing service systems of the future is discussed. The framework introduced in this paper is based on key user-centered design principles and systems engineering applications to support service competitiveness. Show more

Keywords: Service Systems, Performance, Sustainability, Ontology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0063-3923

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3923-3929, 2012

Authors: Caple, David C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Many simple MSD risk management tools have been developed by ergonomists for use by workers and employers with little or no training to undertake injury prevention programs in their workplace. However, currently there is no “toolkit” which places such tools within an holistic, participative ergonomics framework and provides guidance on how best to use individual tools. It is proposed that such an holistic approach should entail initial analysis and evaluation of underlying systems of work and related health and performance indicators, prior to focusing in assessment of MSD risks stemming from particular hazards. Depending on the context, more narrowly focused …tools might then be selected to assess risk associated with jobs or tasks identified as problematic. This approach ensures that biomechanical risk factors are considered within a broad context of organizational and psychosocial risk factors. This is consistent with current research evidence on work- related causes of MSDs Show more

Keywords: Holistic approach, MSD tools, systems approach, biomechanical risks, participatory ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0688-3930

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3930-3932, 2012

Authors: Macdonald, Wendy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The World Health Organisation (WHO) network of Collaborating Centres in Occupational Health aims to promote the development, implementation use of “toolkits” for workplace use in reducing the risk of injuries and disease. As a major partner within this network, the International Ergonomics Association is committed to developing a toolkit to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. This paper outlines the kind of conceptual framework required to support this work.

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, causal models, physical hazards, psychosocial hazards, risk management, intervention effectiveness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0689-3933

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3933-3936, 2012

Authors: Occhipinti, Enrico | Colombini, Daniela

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: When studying WMSDs, several determinants and their interrelationship are considered as relevant. Hence the necessity of an “holistic” approach to prevention, especially when preparing technical rules and strategic plans. There is a strong request, from OSH agencies and operators, for developing “simple” tools for risk assessment and management. In this context WHO asked IEA to develop a “Toolkit for WMSD prevention”. The paper presents one of the main contribution to this WHO project, focused on selecting tools at different level for hazard identification, risk estimation and management. Proposals are based on two essential criteria: Acting on a step-by-step approach; Taking …into account the presence of multiple influencing factors. The proposals consider: A Basic Step devoted to hazard identification by operative “key-enter” questions, that can be operated also by non-experts. A First Step, (quick assessment), for identifying 3 possible conditions: acceptable; high risk present; more detailed analysis (via tools presented at second step) necessary. This step can be operated by non-experts with only some specific training. A Second Step, where recognized (i.e. from international standards or guidelines) tools for risk estimation are used. This step can be operated only by persons with some specific training. Show more

Keywords: WMSDs, Risk assessment, Simple tools

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0690-3937

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3937-3944, 2012

Authors: Bao, Stephen | Silverstein, Barbara

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are debilitating for workers and costly for employers. Existing exposure assessment tools were modified for rapid job physical exposure and company organizational exposure assessment. These were augmented with injured worker interviews to “put the meet on the bones” in characterizing risk. These risk assessments are conducted in all industry sectors

Keywords: musculoskeletal disorders, exposure assessment, surveillance, work culture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0691-3945

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3945-3947, 2012

Authors: Colombini, Daniela | Occhipinti, E. | Di Leone, G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: During the last Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA), Beijing, August 2009, an international group was founded aimed at developing a “toolkit for MSD prevention” within IEA and in collaboration with World Health Organization (WHO). Possible users of toolkits are: members of health and safety committees, health and safety representatives, line supervisors; labor inspectors; health workers implementing basic occupational health services; occupational health and safety specialists. According to ISO standard 11228 series and the new Draft CD ISO 12259–2009: Application document guides for the potential user, a computer software ( in Excel®) was create dealing with hazard “mapping” …in handicraft The proposed methodology, using specific key enters and quick assessment criteria, allows a simple ergonomics hazard identification and risk estimation. Thus it makes possible to decide for which professional hazards a more exhaustive risk assessment will be necessary and which professional consultant should be involved (occupational physician, safety engineer, industrial hygienist, etc.). Show more

Keywords: handicraft, ergonomics hazards, biomechanical overload, toolkit

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0692-3948

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3948-3955, 2012

Authors: Colombini, Daniela | Occhipinti, Enrico | Peluso, Raffaele | Montomoli, Loretta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In August 2009, an international group was founded with the task of developing a “toolkit for MSD prevention” under the IEA and in collaboration with the World Health Organization. According to the ISO standard 11228 series and the new Draft ISO TR 12259 “Application document guides for the potential user”, our group developed a preliminary “mapping” methodology of occupational hazards in the craft industry, supported by software (Excel®, free download on: www.epmresearch.org). The possible users of toolkits are: members of health and safety committees; health and safety representatives; line supervisors; foremen; workers; government representatives; health workers providing basic …occupational health services; occupational health and safety specialists. The proposed methodology, using specific key enters and quick assessment criteria, allows a simple ergonomics hazards identification and risk estimation to be made. It is thus possible to decide for which occupational hazards a more exhaustive risk assessment will be necessary and which occupational consultant should be involved (occupational physician, safety engineer, industrial hygienist, etc.). The methodology has been applied in different situations of small and medium craftsmanship Italian enterprises: leather goods, food, technical dental work, production of artistic ceramics and stained glass, beekeeping activities. The results are synthetically reported and discussed in this paper. Show more

Keywords: biomechanical overload, ergonomic risk assessment, preliminary mapping methodology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0693-3956

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3956-3963, 2012

Authors: Colombini, Daniela | Occhipinti, E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The OCRA method is the reference method chosen in ISO (ISO 11228-3) and CEN (EN 1005-5) standards regarding risk assessment and management of upper limbs repetitive movements and exertions. The method consists of two specific tools (OCRA index and OCRA checklist). In this paper special attention will be devoted to the procedures for the analysis of multiple repetitive tasks. When computing the OCRA index (checklist score) considering the presence of more than one repetitive task, a “traditional” procedure has been previously proposed. This approach, whose results could be defined as “time weighted average”, seems to be appropriate when considering …rotations among tasks that are performed almost once every hour. On the contrary, when rotation among repetitive tasks is less frequent the “time weighted average” approach could result into an underestimation of the exposure level. For those scenarios an alternative approach is based on a concept that the most stressful task is the minimum starting point. A peculiar procedure allows to exactly estimate the resulting index within this range of minimum to maximum values. It is possible to apply this approach also for job rotation with weekly or monthly or annual cycle typical of agriculture, supermarket, cleaning sectors. This paper shows criteria and results in two working situation: cleaning (weekly cycle) and packaging of fruit (annual cycle). Show more

Keywords: OCRA method, repetitive multiple tasks, job rotation, cleaning, packaging of fruit

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0694-3964

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3964-3972, 2012

Authors: Alvarez-Casado, Enrique | Hernandez-Soto, Aquiles | Tello, Sandoval | Gual, Rosa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Occupational musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs and its consequences on the impact and prevalence in the work force are subject of many investigations in almost all the production fields. However, the exposure to this kind of risk factor on urban gardeners has not been well studied so far. The kind of plant varieties used in the parks, the tools that they use, as much as the necessary actions for the maintenance of the park, have an impact on the biomechanical overload of the upper limbs. Additionally, the analysis of the exposure to the biomechanical overload on upper limbs in …gardening work is a complex task, mainly because it is an activity highly variable and of annual cycle. For this reason an analytical model for risk exposure evaluation is necessary. During this research the work activity of 29 gardeners in 3 urban parks of Barcelona has been analyzed. Each park has a specific acting plan, in relation with the quantity and the typology of vegetal species, its classification and the season of the year. Work and observation and video recording sessions on-site were conducted. The video-graphic registration was done on workers without any prior musculoskeletal disorder and with a minimum labour experience of 5 years. Moreover, the analysis of saturation time, considered as the relation of the repetitive working hours in reference with the hours of effective work was done. Using the registered tasks on video, the biomechanical overload on upper limbs applying the OCRA Checklist method was analyzed. Results: A methodological procedure to analyze the risk exposure in annual working cycle has been proposed. The results that we got allow us to get information that can help in the assignment of the tasks and in the training of staff, as well as in the recommendations of the urban landscape’s design. All these aspects have the goal to decrease the risk to develop work-related musculoskeletal disorders Show more

Keywords: Gardening, biomechanics, risk exposure, highly variable exposure, musculoskeletal disorders, annual cycle

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0695-3973

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3973-3980, 2012

Authors: Ruddy, Facci | Eduardo, Marcatto | Edoardo, Santino

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In Brazil the sugar ethanol industry has had strong growth in the last 10 years, sometimes due to the growing sugar exportation, sometimes due to the alcohol production for automobile fuel and for exportation. Despite the growing mechanization of the raw material harvest (sugar cane), the manual work still persists. The development of this article was based in the application of the OCRA Method in the sugar cane harvesting process, to evaluate the risks to the upper limbs by repetitive movements and epidemiologically prove the ratio risk x harm to the heath of the workers, as well as the probability …of developing improvements in the working conditions. The analysis process consists of studying the work organization, the risks to the health of the worker and the distribution of the recovery periods during the working day. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0696-3981

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3981-3983, 2012

Authors: de Kraker, Heleen | Douwes, Marjolein

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper an introduction to and description of the risk assessment tools that are freely available for companies in The Netherlands is given. It is explained in what way the tools can and should be used and how the level I checklist for physical load and the level II instruments are related. The two instruments that -in 2011- made this ‘Dutch toolbox’ complete, are the checklist physical load and the Working Posture Risk Assessment Tool (WRAP 1.0). The content, the development process and some examples of these tools are explained. The toolbox is complete but does need additional evaluation …to improve the quality of the assessments and the usability in practice. Show more

Keywords: risk assessment, MSD, practical tools, physical load at work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0697-3984

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3984-3989, 2012

Authors: Steinberg, Ulf

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Key Indicator Methods (KIM) assess the risk of manual handling of loads on a screening level. Their purpose is the recognition and removal of job design deficits. The risk assessment is carried out in two stages. The first stage is the ordinal scaled description of workload items. The second stage is the evaluation of the degree of probability of physical overload. The intended user population are both practitioners in enterprises such as safety engineers, industrial engineers, and inspectors. The first two KIM were developed and tested from 1996 to 2001 in connection with the implementation of the EU directives …into German national legislation. They consist of two independent, but formally adaptable methods for lifting, holding, and carrying and for pulling, and pushing. The KIM were drafted in the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) in close collaboration with the German Labour Inspectors. Numerous companies, scientists, statutory accident insurances, institutions, employer associations, and trade unions were involved. Since their first publication in 2000 and 2001, these methods are widely accepted among possible users with a corresponding broad application in Germany. They are recommended by the EU Labour Inspector Conference for application. In 2007 a third KIM for manual handling operating tasks KIM MHO were developed, tested, and validated in the last four years. Show more

Keywords: physical workload, risk assessment, manual handling of loads, Key Indicator Methods

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0698-3990

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3990-3996, 2012

Authors: Klußmann, André | Gebhardt, Hansjürgen | Rieger, Monika | Liebers, Falk | Steinberg, Ulf

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders are common in the working population. The economic and social impact of such disorders is considerable. Long-time, dynamic repetitive exposure of the hand-arm system during manual handling operations (MHO) alone or in combination with static and postural effort are recognised as causes of musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. The assessment of these manual work tasks is crucial to estimate health risks of exposed employees. For these work tasks, a new method for the assessment of the working conditions was developed and a validation study was performed. The results suggest satisfying criterion validity and moderate objectivity …of the KIM-MHO draft 2007. The method was modified and evaluated again. It is planned to release a new version of KIM-MHO in spring 2012. Show more

Keywords: key indicator method, manual handling operations, risk assessment, repetitive work tasks, hand arm system, Upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, UEMSDs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0699-3997

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 3997-4003, 2012

Authors: Douwes, Marjolein | de Kraker, Heleen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Hand Arm Risk Assessment Method (HARM 1.0) has been developed for occupational health officers to perform risk assessments of developing arm, neck or shoulder pain during hand arm tasks. The tool can also help in finding solutions for risk reduction and estimating their effect on the risk level. In this paper the status of affairs and the practical application of HARM is described. The usage of HARM is explained and illustrated with the risk assessment of a specific hand arm task. In addition, the experiences with the application of HARM by a stone factory in The Netherlands are described.

Keywords: MSD, risk assessment, prevention officer, practical application, work place analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0700-4004

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4004-4009, 2012

Authors: Kouchi, Makiko | Mochimaru, Masaaki | Bradtmiller, Bruce | Daanen, Hein | Li, Peng | Nacher, Beatriz | Nam, Yunja

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Scan-derived landmarks locations and surface shapes are more and more used, but there is no commonly accepted protocol for evaluating the accuracy of these measurements. Therefore we propose a protocol for evaluating the accuracy of surface shape and the repeatability of scan-derived landmark locations. According to existing Japanese and German domestic standards, we propose to use an artefact (e.g. sphere with diameter of about 120 mm) calibrated very accurately for evaluating the accuracy of scanner-systems. For evaluating the repeatability of landmark locations, we propose to use an anthropomorphic dummy with landmark locations premarked. These test objects are measured by a …3D body scanner to be evaluated. Evaluation parameters such as trueness, precision, and repeatability are calculated from the measured data. A round-robin test was conducted in six different institutes using 17 body/head/foot scanners produced by eight companies. The purposes of the roundrobin test were to evaluate the availability of test objects to different body scanners, and to examine the measurement locations of test objects and quality parameters to be reported. As a result, the proposed test objects could be measured and the data exported by all scanner systems except one, which could not export the ball measurement. For a comparative purpose, a figure of measured surface might be useful. Show more

Keywords: Reliability, accuracy, 3D anthropometry, landmarks

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0064-4010

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4010-4017, 2012

Authors: Veitch, Daisy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Where exactly is the human waist? How do definitions work for women who deviate from the conventional body shape? Does the measuring instrument matter? Waist is conventionally understood to be a measurable zone within the abdominal region of the torso, a zone of considerable importance. There needs to be a good consistent waist definition, one accurate and valid for everyone. Incorrect definition and measurement will result in technical errors, commercial wastage and customer dissatisfaction. This paper investigates the waist’s location and size from the point of view of garment construction for 90 adult women scanned and manually measured in a …breast reduction study at Flinders Medical Center, South Australia. There are differing definitions of the location of the human waist as well as different measuring instruments. This study compares: • Two definitions: • ISO 8559, 2.1.11 and • CAESAR, Waist Circumference Preferred. • Two different instruments: • the traditional tape measure, and • software-extracted computer-aided anthropometry (CAA). Substantial discrepancies between the results from these two locations-definitions were found. The choice of instrument used seriously affects the measurement obtained. This study demonstrates three things: • waist is not horizontal for a significant sub group of the population, • CAA extracted waist measurements are not accurate (same as real values) or valid (measures the characteristic) for a sub group, and • manually measured CAESAR Preferred Waist accurately and validly measured all individuals studied. There is a clear need to modify ISO waist definition for garment construction to include the full range of anatomical variation encountered amongst women. Show more

Keywords: ISO 8559, waist, body scanning, computer-aided anthropometry, garment construction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0065-4018

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4018-4024, 2012