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The aim of the International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics is to contribute to intersciences coupling applied electromagnetics, mechanics and materials. The journal also intends to stimulate the further development of current technology in industry. The main subjects covered by the journal are:
- Physics and mechanics of electromagnetic materials and devices
- Computational electromagnetic in materials and devices
- Applications of electromagnetic fields and forces
The three interrelated key subjects - materials, electromagnetics and mechanics - include the following aspects: control, micromachines, intelligent structure, inverse problem, eddy current analysis, electromagnetic NDE, magnetic materials, magnetoelastic effects in materials, bioelectromagnetics, magnetosolid mechanics, magnetic levitations, applied physics of superconductors, superconducting magnet technology, superconducting propulsion system, nuclear fusion reactor components and wave propagation in electromagnetic fields.
Authors: Long, Cai | Wang, Yuanyuan | Dong, Haoran | Tao, Yu | Ye, Chaofeng
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: It is still a challenging problem to detect small defects for eddy current array probes, which requires the probes to possess excellent sensitivity, as well as high spatial resolution. This paper presents a novel high-resolution magnetic field imaging probe with two rows of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) array sensors. The bare die sensors are integrated on a printed circuit board by golden wire bonding technology. The two rows of sensors are placed staggered with each other. The data of the two arrays are merged into a matrix, in which way the image pixel pitch is increased to 0.25 mm. The probe employs …a differential scheme to suppress the noise, so as to detect the weak signal of small defects. To highlight the weak defect indications, feature extraction and segmentation algorithms are developed. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method can inspect a small defect with dimensions 1 mm (length) × 0.1 mm (width) × 0.1 mm (depth) on a stainless-steel sample. Show more
Keywords: Array probe, differential measurement, eddy current testing (ECT), image segmentation, tunneling magnetoresistance sensor
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230115
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-8, 2024
Authors: Mottola, Vincenzo | Corbo Esposito, Antonio | Piscitelli, Gianpaolo | Tamburrino, Antonello
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: In this paper we present a first non-iterative imaging method for nonlinear materials, based on Monotonicity Principle. Specifically, we deal with the inverse obstacle problem, where the aim is to retrieve a nonlinear anomaly embedded in linear known background. The Monotonicity Principle (MP) is a general property for various class of PDEs, that has recently generalized to nonlinear elliptic PDEs. Basically, it states a monotone relation between the point-wise value of the unknown material property and the boundary measurements. It is at the foundation of a class of non-iterative imaging methods, characterized by a very low execution time that …makes them ideal candidates for real-time applications. In this work, we develop an inversion method that overcomes some of the peculiar difficulties in practical application of MP to imaging of nonlinear materials, preserving the feasibility for real-time applications. For the sake of clarity, we focus on a specific application, i.e. the Magnetostatic Permeability Tomography where the goal is retrieving the unknown (nonlinear) permeability by boundary measurements in DC operations. This choice is motivated by applications in the inspection of boxes and containers for security. Reconstructions from simulated data prove the effectiveness of the presented method. Show more
Keywords: Monotonicity principle, non-iterative algorithms, magnetostatic permeability tomography, inverse problems, nonlinear materials
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230129
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-6, 2024
Authors: Tamburrino, Antonello | Mottola, Vincenzo
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: In this work, we present a new non-iterative imaging method for Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT). The problem in ERT is retrieving the spatial behaviour of the electrical conductivity by means of boundary measurements in steady-state conditions. Specifically, the interest is focused on the inverse obstacle problem, that consists in reconstructing the shape, position and dimension of one or more anomalies embedded in a known background. The proposed method, called Kernel Method, is based on the idea that if there exists a current density J n that applied at the boundary ∂ 𝛺 of the domain under investigation …𝛺 produces the same scalar potential (on ∂ 𝛺), with and without anomalies, then the power density corresponding to J n , evaluated on a configuration without anomalies, is vanishing in the region occupied by the latter. The proposed method has a very low computational cost. Indeed, the evaluation of the desired current density J n on ∂ 𝛺 requires a negligible computational effort, and the reconstructions require only one forward problem. Show more
Keywords: Inverse problems, electrical resistance tomography, non-iterative imaging method, NtD
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230167
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-6, 2024
Authors: Narváez, Alexis | Carretero, Claudio | Acero, Jesús
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Energy efficiency is the primary objective in optimal design of inductive power components. This goal is totally aligned with the minimization of power losses in the coils. Typically, coils have been constructed by wire winding but, more recently, the utilization of printed circuit board (PCB) constructions has become more common due to their advantages, i. e. low profile and ease of fabrication, among others. At the operating frequencies of magnetic power devices, multi-conductor cabling with litz structure is required to reduce losses. PCB loss optimization procedure involves determining the number and size of the tracks. Numerical simulation is a very …powerful tool to obtain the parameters of magnetic devices. However, including the internal structure of multi-track wiring in the numerical simulation implies a very high computational cost and a low accuracy of the results, because the size of the tracks is very small. Techniques of homogenization of the cabling are used to overcome such difficulty, disregarding the internal structure in order to determine the fields in the system and their electrical equivalent by means of computational simulation. The coil losses are further determined on the basis of the characteristics of the cabling as well as of the surrounding fields. The preceding procedure has proven to be suitable for cables composed of strands of circular cross-section, but should be adjusted to apply to tracks of rectangular cross-section. In this paper, different homogenization techniques for PCB coils have been proposed and evaluated. A highly symmetric reference system is selected to reduce the computational cost of numerical modeling, but the conclusions can be applied to more complicated geometries without loss of generality. Finally, the results of the different homogenization techniques have been validated by comparison with experimental results. Show more
Keywords: Induction heating, magnetic devices, home appliances, electromagnetic analysis
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230184
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-11, 2024
Authors: Giangolini, Matteo | Betti Beneventi, Giovanni | Babini, Andrea
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Measure of temperature dynamics in induction sealing processes is of paramount importance for the validation of physics-based models. In this work, commonly used commercial tools for temperature measurements, such as thermocouples, pyrometers and thermal cameras, are benchmarked for the characterization of the temperature dynamics occurring in multilayer aluminum foil-based packaging material undergoing relatively fast (i.e., ×100 ms) induction heating transients.
Keywords: Induction heating, thermography, emissivity, thermographic camera, pyrometer, thermocouple
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230177
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-13, 2024
Authors: Boukhenoufa, Farouk | Ikhlef, Nabil | Aomar, Lyes | Hacib, Tarik
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Toroidal transformers are designed using a circular core instead of the traditional laminated rectangular core, which reduces inductance losses and increases efficiency. The primary goal of this study is to understand the cooling mechanisms involved in electrical transformers, which are critical components in power systems. Steady electromagnetic, fluid flow and temperature equations are simultaneously solved (direct method) using the finite elements method FEM of a shielded toroidal transformer. The paper focuses on creating a direct-coupled model (DCM) to understand the processes involved in electrical transformers cooling, using Magneto-AeroDynamic (MAD) models. The nonlinear models developed will be implemented and validated in …this parametric study for different inlet velocities and the number of outlet. Transformers generate heat during operation, and it’s important to control the temperature to prevent overheating and ensure reliable operation. Show more
Keywords: Shielded toroidal transformer, magneto-aerodynamic, direct-coupled model (DCM), parametric study
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230243
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-19, 2024
Authors: Noël, Valentin | Rodet, Thomas | Lesselier, Dominique
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Non-destructive thermographic testing of damaged composite laminates modeled from the homogenization of fiber-reinforced polymers is a challenge, both because of its underlying complexity and because of the difficulties encountered in the quantification of uncertainties related to the identification and characterization of defects. To provide a rigorous framework that accepts data from different modalities and allows data fusion as well, a Bayesian neural network (BNN) [I. Kononenko, Biological Cybernetics 61 (5) (1989), 361–370] with two input streams is proposed, with a focus on local inter-layer delaminations identification and characterization.
Keywords: Non-destructive testing, fiber-reinforced laminates, infra-red thermal imaging, Bayesian neural network, uncertainty quantification
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230140
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-8, 2024
Authors: Chen, Chen | Zhang, Wenfeng
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: The optimized design of a new high-temperature superconducting rotating pole machine is presented. Its main structural feature is the use of a double stator core which separates the synchronous machine pole shoe from the pole body to rotate separately as the machine rotor, allowing the superconducting coil to operate in a stationary state. The inner stator core, the stationary dewar and the rotor core together form the excitation system of the machine. The excitation coil windings adopt a rectangular cross-section, with flux divertor strategically placed between the high-temperature superconducting coils. This configuration aims to modulate the background magnetic field, specifically …reducing the perpendicular magnetic field component. This mitigation minimizes the impact of ambient magnetic fields on the superconducting coil’s current carrying capacity, ensuring an optimized magnetic field environment for its operation. Through the integration of these modifications, the technical and economic parameters of the enhanced high-temperature superconducting machine have been significantly improved. The optimization of design, coupled with detailed calculations of the 3D electromagnetic field, was achieved utilizing the commercial software Ansys EM module. Show more
Keywords: YBCO high-temperature superconducting strips, critical current, superconducting rotating machine, optimized design, flux divertor
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230085
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-16, 2024
Authors: Ren, Qiao | Zhang, Jimin | Zhou, Hechao
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: In this study, a novel composite control scheme for the vehicle-guideway coupling systems is proposed, consisting of FTDOs and a FTC, aiming to address the challenges of unknown disturbances and vibration suppression. Specifically, this method adopts a single magnet-track coupling model and introduces a finite-time disturbance observer (FTDO) that utilizes only measured electromagnet-side signals to estimate unmeasurable states and unknown disturbances. Based on the estimated information provided by the FTDO, a finite-time control (FTC) scheme is developed, which simultaneously handles the problems of disturbance compensation and finite-time tracking control. Additionally, the finite-time stability of the levitation system is analyzed and …proven. Finally, simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of the proposed control approach. Show more
Keywords: Maglev, vibration suppression, finite-time disturbance compensation, finite-time stabilization
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230040
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-19, 2024
Authors: Ding, Linglong | Zhang, Yunfeng | Jiang, Minmin
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: The initial stage in aircraft lightning protection design and safety certification involves delineating the lightning attachment zone. The lightning leader’s development is inherently random, favoring the shortest path to the aircraft fuselage. In response, we employ the enclosing ball method to establish the lightning attachment zone. First, define the center point of the aircraft as the coordinate position for the sphere’s center, creating a sphere with a specified radius. The leader’s initial position is then selected from any point on the sphere. Second, by calculating distances between the leader’s position and various areas on the aircraft surface, we determine the …shortest path. The corresponding aircraft surface area along this path is identified as the lightning attachment zone for the leader. Subsequently, choose a new leading position on the sphere and iterate through the calculation process until all sphere positions are considered. Finally, tally the occurrence frequencies for all calculated attachment areas, representing the attachment probability of each area based on its frequency of occurrence. This paper not only compares our method with the electrostatic field simulation method but also contrasts it with the probability distribution of lightning attachment points obtained from aircraft flight experiments. The comparison results are highly favorable, providing robust verification for the correctness of our approach. Show more
Keywords: Attachment point, lightning attachment zone, enclosing ball method, leader progession model
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230026
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-14, 2024
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