Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation - Volume 17, issue 6
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Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, a peer-reviewed international scientific journal, serves as an aid to understanding the flow properties of blood and the relationship to normal and abnormal physiology. The rapidly expanding science of hemorheology concerns blood, its components and the blood vessels with which blood interacts. It includes perihemorheology, i.e., the rheology of fluid and structures in the perivascular and interstitial spaces as well as the lymphatic system. The clinical aspects include pathogenesis, symptomatology and diagnostic methods, and the fields of prophylaxis and therapy in all branches of medicine and surgery, pharmacology and drug research.
The endeavour of the Editors-in-Chief and publishers of
Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation is to bring together contributions from those working in various fields related to blood flow all over the world. The editors of
Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation are from those countries in Europe, Asia, Australia and America where appreciable work in clinical hemorheology and microcirculation is being carried out. Each editor takes responsibility to decide on the acceptance of a manuscript. He is required to have the manuscript appraised by two referees and may be one of them himself. The executive editorial office, to which the manuscripts have been submitted, is responsible for rapid handling of the reviewing process.
Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation accepts original papers, brief communications, mini-reports and letters to the Editors-in-Chief. Review articles, providing general views and new insights into related subjects, are regularly invited by the Editors-in-Chief. Proceedings of international and national conferences on clinical hemorheology (in original form or as abstracts) complete the range of editorial features.
The following professionals and institutions will benefit most from subscribing to
Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation: medical practitioners in all fields including hematology, cardiology, geriatrics, angiology, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, otology, and neurology. Pharmacologists, clinical laboratories, blood transfusion centres, manufacturing firms producing diagnostic instruments, and the pharmaceutical industry will also benefit.
Important new topics will increasingly claim more pages of
Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation: the role of hemorheological and microcirculatory disturbances for epidemiology and prognosis, in particular regarding cardiovascular disorders, as well as its significance in the field of geriatrics. Authors and readers are invited to contact the editors for specific information or to make suggestions.
Abstract: Hemorheological disturbances in hypertension are the outcome of changes in red cell characteristics, their interaction in the presence of fibrinogen, and the magnitude and distribution of flow forces. Hemorheological alteration coupled with changes in biochemical variables and vessel characteristics in hypertension may affect the hemodynamic profile, which could possibly contribute to the development of hemorrhagic disorders. The complex pathophysiology of hypertension also depends upon the life style, presence of other risk factors, emotional/psychological stress, age and the genetic constitution of an individual. This review article summarizes the hemorheological changes in hypertension and their probable role in the deterioration of blood…flow.
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Abstract: In 71 subjects with vascular atherosclerotic disease (VAD), in 32 VAD subjects with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and in 31 normal controls, we evaluated polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) membrane fluidity and PMN cytosolic Ca^{2+} content. The PMN membrane fluidity was obtained by marking intact and unstimulated PMN cells with fluorescent probe 1‐[4‐(trimethylamino)phenyl]‐6‐phenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene (TMA‐DPH) and the PMN cytosolic Ca^{2+} content was obtained by marking intact and unstimulated PMN cells with the fluorescent probe Fura 2‐AM. From the obtained results, it is evident that PMN membrane fluidity does not differentiate normals from VAD subjects and VAD subjects with NIDDM,…and normals from subjects with monovascular disease (MVAD) and polyvascular disease (PVAD) with and without NIDDM. The PMN cytosolic Ca^{2+} content is significantly increased in VAD subjects and VAD subjects with NIDDM, and also in MVAD and PVAD subjects with and without NIDDM. A positive correlation is present between PMN membrane fluidity and PMN cytosolic Ca^{2+} content in normals and VAD subjects, but not in VAD subjects with NIDDM. In conclusion, in VAD subjects with and without NIDDM, an increase of the PMN cytosolic Ca^{2+} content is present; this increase might be related to the PMN spontaneous activation.
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Abstract: Four different groups of male Fisher rats were placed on one of the following diets for a period of one month: normal (control) diet, high cholesterol (HC) diet, high saturated fat (HF) diet and low fat (LF) diet. Subsequently, blood samples were drawn and washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and the red cells were resuspended in the same buffer. These samples were introduced into a polycarbonate capillary flow system and their flow characteristics observed. In addition, the mean cell volumes (MCV) in isotonic PBS and the maximum swollen cell volume (MCV_{\max} ) in hypotonic PBS were determined using…a Coulter counter. From these, the mean surface area (MSA) and the excess surface area (ESA) were calculated. It was found that rats on a high cholesterol diet develop erythrocyte geometric characteristics which should contribute to improved capillary flow, namely, a decreased mean cell volume and an increased excess surface area. Nevertheless, in these rats a decreased capillary flow was observed as indicated by an increase in mean cell transit time, MCTT, and an appreciable drop in the number of cells per second passing through the capillary flow system. The flow and geometric properties of the high saturated fat and low fat fed rats did not differ significantly from those of the control group.
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Abstract: Erythrocytes from male Fisher 344 rats on a high cholesterol diet (HC) exhibited a decreased ability to flow through capillaries when compared with those on a normal diet (control), a phenomenon which could not be explained by changes in geometric characteristics [1]. To explain these results, changes in capillary‐dependent rheological characteristics and intrinsic mechanical properties of red blood cells (RBC) due to diet were calculated. The hematocrit deficit in the capillary with respect to the reservoir was greater in the high cholesterol diet fed rats than in the control ones. This was attributed to an overall decrease in red cell…deformability which, in turn, was related to an increase in the membrane shear viscosity, the cytoplasmic viscosity, the membrane shear modulus of elasticity, and the membrane bending rigidity. By an independent calculation, we determined that the shear modulus of elasticity increased with a high cholesterol diet. The changes in both the capillary hematocrit deficit and the shear modulus of elasticity with a high cholesterol diet were found to be statistically significant (p\,{\scriptstyle\leq}\,0.05 ).
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Keywords: Erythrocyte, deformability, high cholesterol diet, capillary flow, apparent viscosity, Fåhraeus effect, intrinsic viscosity, membrane shear modulus of elasticity
Abstract: This paper is written in order to provide a scientific basis for laying out an unified standard of the reference value of hematocrit of Chinese healthy people. It studies the relationship between the reference values of Chinese adults’ hematocrit, tested according to the Wintrobe Laws and five geographical factors. It is found that the altitude is the most important factor affecting the reference value of Chinese healthy people’s hematocrit. As the altitude gradually increases, the reference value of their hematocrit also increases. By using the method of stepwise regression analysis, two multivariate regression equations are deduced. If the geographical index…values in a particular area are known, the reference value of Chinese healthy people’s hematocrit in this area can be established by means of the regression equations. Furthermore, according to the dependent relationship of the reference value of Chinese healthy people’s hematocrit to geographical factors, China can be divided into six districts: Qingzang, Southwest, Northwest, Southeast, North and Northeast district.
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Abstract: With a new ektacytometry, we studied the relation between the microstructure of red blood cell (RBC) membrane and the rheological properties of RBCs in a shear flow field of low viscosity. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: 1. The hemorheological meanings of the orientation index (DI)_{\rm or} and the small deformation index (DI)_{\rm d} were explored. (DI)_{\rm or} is an overall rheological index depending on the deformability and morphology of RBCs. The better the physiological shape of RBCs is maintained, the greater the (DI)_{\rm or} is. (DI)_{\rm d}…can be used to describe the lipid fluidity of RBC membrane. Such an explanation for the meaning of (DI)_{\rm d} has been forcefully supported by our experiments using electron spin resonance (ESR) and fluorescence polarization. 2. The influence of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) of different concentrations on the lipid fluidity of membrane is different from that of concanavalin A (ConA). The lipid fluidity of membrane changes with WGA concentration treating RBCs and there is a maximum value for the membrane fluidity at a specific concentration of WGA. However, the deformability of membrane described by the integrate deformation index (IDI) monotonically decreased with the increase in WGA concentration treating RBCs. 3. It is concluded that the increase in the lipid fluidity of red cell membrane is not necessarily associated with the improvement of RBC deformability.
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Keywords: New ektacytometry, lipid fluidity, deformability, red blood cell, membrane, hemorheology