Biorheology - Volume 27, issue 3-4

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-442

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. I-III, 1990

Authors: Copley, A.L. | Stoltz, J.F.

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-401

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 255-257, 1990

Authors: Stoltz, Jean-François

Article Type: Meeting Report

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-402

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 259-263, 1990

Authors: Stoltz, J.F.

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-403

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 265-268, 1990

Authors: stoltz, J.F.

Article Type: Introduction

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-404

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 269-270, 1990

Authors: Silberberg, A.

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-405

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 271-272, 1990

Authors: Copley, A.L.

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-406

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 273-275, 1990

Authors: Skalak, Richard

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-407

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 277-293, 1990

Authors: Silberberg, A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The periodically changing flow pattern in the mucus layer which lies between the ciliary tips and the transported load is discussed and analyzed. The resulting energy dissipation per cilium is estimated, as is the energy dissipated per cilium in the periciliary fluid. The rate of supply of energy to each cilium by far exceeds these two loss rates. It is shown why the elastic character of mucus is important for good momentum transfer from cilium to load and for good load carrying properties. Fast flow requirements upon secretion of mucus, on the other hand, make it desirable that elasticity and …viscosity be low as possible. A compromise is needed and the rheological character of mucus is matched to satisfy these opposing demands. Show more

Keywords: Mucociliary transport, Ciliary beat, Energy dissipation, Load carrying capacity, Mucus viscoelasticity

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-408

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 295-307, 1990

Authors: Skalak, Richard | Zhu, Cheng

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The rheological aspects of red blood cell aggregation include molecular phenomena, cell viscoelasticity, and bulk flow rheology. At the molecular level, rates at which bonds are formed and broken, the chemical energy liberation from bond formation, the elasticity of the cross-bridges and lateral mobility of cross-linking molecules must all be considered for a complete description of bond formation and distribution. Lateral migration of binding molecules occurs due to diffusion in the surface of the membrane but may also be influenced by the stresses in the membrane during separation of adhering cells. In red blood cell disaggregation, fluorescent probes have shown …concentration of ligands in the region of contact close to the line of separation. The chemical potential decrement that occurs when a bond is formed provides the energy source that may deform red blood cell sin the process of aggregation. The degree of aggregation and the extent of cell deformation depends on the viscoelastic properties of the cell as well as the dynamics of bond formation and repulsive potential of surface charges present, which is governed by an equation representing a balance of these energies. In flowing blood, the hydrodynamic forces applied by the plasma and surrounding cells must be added to the bond forces and elastic response of the cell. Under sufficiently strong aggregation, plug flow or large aggregates may result. At high shear rates, aggregation may be prevented due to the small contact time and high shear stresses so that no effects of aggregation may be observed. At intermediate shear stresses, transitory contact, adhesion and disaggregation may occur between neighboring cells. Such phenomena have not been analyzed in detail, but simplified models suggest that plug-like flow can occur due to hydrodynamic cell-cell interaction even when cells are not aggregated. Show more

Keywords: Aggregation, Red blood cells, Rouleaux

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-409

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 309-325, 1990

Authors: Chien, Shu | Sung, Lanping Amy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The biorheological properties and behavior of red blood cells (RBCs), as other types of cells, have a biochemical and molecular basis. The shape maintenance and deformability of RBCs depend on the structural and functional integrity of the membrane proteins. These proteins are composed of transmembrane proteins inserted in the lipid bilayer, the skeletal proteins forming a network lining the membrane endoface, and the linking proteins which link together the other two types of proteins to form a three-dimensional protein structure to effect the complex and intricate biorheological functions of the RBC. The application of molecular biological techniques has led to …the establishment of the molecular structures of all major RBC membrane proteins and generated insights into the nature and energy of protein interactions in the membrane. Abnormalities or deficiencies of these proteins in hereditary disorders in humans and animals have offered opportunities to assess the rheological significance of each of these proteins and their interactions. Parallel molecular biological and biorheological studies on RBC membranes under a variety of conditions can provide the fundamental information required for theoretical modeling of RBC membrane rheology at the molecular level. Such interdisciplinary research will contribute to not only the elucidation of normal rheology of RBCs and other types of cells, but also the understanding of pathorheology of their disorders and the development of new methods of diagnosis and treatment. Show more

Keywords: Cytoskeleton, Erythrocyte deformability, Glycoproteins, Membrane proteins, Membrane viscoelasticity, Spectrin

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-410

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 327-344, 1990

Authors: Blank, Michael E. | Diedrich, Donald F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Light scattering measurements and scanning electron microscopy show that p-azidobenzylphlorizin (p-AzBPhz) causes changes in the shape and volume of human erythrocytes by at least two, dose-dependent mechanisms: At nominal concentrations above 5 μ M. the azide induces cell swelling by either enlarging a pre-existent channel or by creating pores between phase boundaries of the membrane through which salt and water enter, but sucrose remains excluded. However, over the range 0.03 to 0.3 μ M, in either isosmotic NaCl or KCl media, when fewer than 1 million molecules of azide are bound per cell, the ligand causes membrane deformations that convert …discocytes into cells resembling stage 2 echinocytes. Whereas a cell volume increase of about 10% accompanies these shape changes, (microhematocrit and electronic cell sizing measurements), no net influx of either Na+ or K+ during this stage of swelling was detectable. These cell alterations take place at p-AzBPhz concentrations which concurrently inhibit both chloride and 3-methoxyglucose equilibrium exchange transport. The results may indicate that when the membrane impermeable p-AzBPhz interacts with the anion and/or sugar transporter, some trans-membrane perturbation occurs which alters the cytoskeleton. Show more

Keywords: photoaffinity, sugar-anion transport, cytoskeleton, light scatter

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-411

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 345-355, 1990

Authors: Takakuwa, Yuichi | Ishibashi, Teruo | Mohandas, Narla

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The skeletal protein network of the red blood cell is thought to be important in regulating such membrane functions as deformability and stability. In the present study, we measured membrane deformability and stability of the resealed ghosts using an ektacytometer, a laser diffraction method, and identified the functional role of protein 4.1 and that of Ca2+ and calmodulin in maintaining membrane stability. To obtain direct evidence for a crucial role of protein 4.1 in maintaining membrane stability, we reconstituted protein 4.1-deficient membranes with purified protein 4.1. Although native membranes deficient in protein 4.1 had marked reduction in membrane stability, …reconstitution with increasing concentrations of purified protein 4.1 resulted in progressive restoration of membrane stability, providing direct evidence that protein 4.1 is essential for normal membrane stability. To determine if Ca2+ and calmodulin could modulate membrane properties, we measured membrane stability and deformability of resealed ghosts prepared in the presence of varying concentrations of Ca2+ and physiologic concentrations of calmodulin. Our data show that Ca2+ concentrations in the range of 1 to 100 μ M can markedly decrease membrane stability only in the presence of calmodulin, but not in its absence. In contrast, deformability decreased only at Ca2+ concentrations higher than 100 μ M, and calmodulin had no effect. Examination of the the effects of Ca2+ and calmodulin on various membrane protein interactions has enabled us to suggest that the observed changes in membrane stability may be partly related to the effects of Ca2+ and calmodulin on spectrin-protein 4.1-actin interaction. Show more

Keywords: erythrocyte, membrane stability, membrane deformability, protein 4.1, calmodulin, Ca2+

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-412

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 357-365, 1990

Authors: Donner, M. | Muller, S. | Stoltz, J.F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Fluorescence polarization is the most commonly used method to approach a property of cell membrane, the so-called “fluidity”. Whether time resolved determinations may be of potential interest to get precise information on the behaviour of fluorescent probes incorporated into biological membranes, steady state measurements are still the most accessible for biologists. Steady-state anisotropy value may be considered as a semi-quantitative indication of the cohesion of the lipid chains. However, meaningful interpretation of the anisotropy values requires a careful sample preparation and a suitable use of fluorescent probes. This paper reviews the properties and uses of several hydrophobic membrane fluidity probes. …In the case of intact cells, the potential interest of the association of fluorescence polarization with quenching fluorescence method in giving information on the “actual” membrane fluidity is outlined. Show more

Keywords: Fluorescence polarization, quenching, membrane fluidity probes, intact cells

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-413

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 367-374, 1990

Authors: Araiso, T. | Saito, H. | Shirahama, H. | Koyama, T.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The viscosity and the molecular motion of phospholipid molecule in biological and artificial phospholipid bilayers were studied using picosecond fluorescence depolarization method with rod-like fluorophore, DPH. From the relationship between the viscosity in the lipid bilayer and the free space of phospholipid acyl-chain, it is concluded that the viscosity is determined mainly by the range of wobbling motion of the acyl-chain. Motion of polar head group was also measured by the same method with a newly synthesized fluorescent phospholipid, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylumbelliferone. The rate and the range in the motion of head group were faster and larger than those of acyl-chain and …gave the viscosity of head group layer to be 0.03 poise, which was about one tenth of that of acyl-chain layer in the liquid crystalline phase. This fact indicates that the head group layer would not resist the lateral diffusion of molecules in membrane and that the lateral diffusion rate of molecules could be estimated from the viscosity in the acyl-chain layer. Show more

Keywords: membrane fluidity, picosecond fluorometry, molecular motion of phospholipid, viscosity in membrane surface, free-space model, lateral diffusion

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-414

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 375-387, 1990

Authors: Shiga, Takeshi | Tateishi, Norihiko | Maeda, Nobuji

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: An optical spectroscopic system for determining the rate of oxygen release from flowing erythrocytes in microvessel is developed. The apparatus consists of following units attached to an inverted microscope. 1) A scanning spectrophotometer, equipped with a grating and a photon counter, was connected to an eyepiece of the microscope through a narrow light-guide, as to obtain the absorption spectrum (wave length range: 450 – 650 nm) of a focused spot ( ϕ = 7 μ m). 2) The velocity of erythrocyte flow was measured by dual-spots cross-correlation method, using two photomultipliers (connected to AID converter and microcomputer) …with two light-guides inserted into another eyepiece. 3) The diameter of vessel was estimated from digitized video-images, using a color image-processor. The ability of the apparatus was tested with (a) hemoglobin solution, (b) flowing erythrocyte suspension and (c) capillaries of rat mesentery. The rate of oxygen release through the vessel wall was calculated. A scanning spectrophotometer, equipped with a grating and a photon counter, was connected to an eyepiece of the microscope through a narrow light-guide, as to obtain the absorption spectrum (wave length range: 450 – 650 nm) of a focused spot ( ϕ = 7 μ m). The velocity of erythrocyte flow was measured by dual-spots cross-correlation method, using two photomultipliers (connected to AID converter and microcomputer) with two light-guides inserted into another eyepiece. The diameter of vessel was estimated from digitized video-images, using a color image-processor. Show more

Keywords: Absorption spectrum, Capillary, Erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, Oxygen release

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-415

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 389-397, 1990

Authors: Schmid-Schönbein, G.W. | Hakim, J.

Article Type: Introduction

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-416

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 399-399, 1990

Authors: Barroso-Aranda, Jorge | Schmid-Schönbein, Geert W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Recent research suggests that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play an important role in ischemic organ injury by adhesion to the endothelium and by expression of cytotoxicty via oxygen free radical formation. The number of activated circulating PMNs as measured by the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT-positive PMNs) were shown to be closely associated with the trend towards irreversibility in hemorrhagic shock. Our objective was to investigate the effect of pentoxifylline (PTX) on two aspects of the PMN mediated injury: (a) adhesion to the endothelium, and (b) spontaneous circulating PMN activation as a risk factor in a Wiggers type hemorrhagic shock protocol …(35 mmHg mean arterial pressure for 90 minutes). The adhesion energy was estimated form the relative rolling velocity of individual PMNs on the endothelium of post-capillary venules in the rat mesentery before and after PTX treatment. The results indicate: (1) that PTX administration leads to a gradual reduction of the adhesion energy in a dose range between 1 to 100 mg/kg, and (2) it was possible to reduce significantly the spontaneous PMN activation in rats pretreated with PTX orally for at least 6 days (40 mg/kg per day). Although there were no significant differences in the PMN count between the PTX and the control group, the number of circulating NBT-positive PMNs before bleeding, as well as during the hypotensive period, was significantly lower in the PTX than in the control group. The 24-hour survival rate after hemorrhagic shock was improved from 50% in the untreated controls to 91% in the PTX group. These results suggest that manipulation of the circulating pool of PMN s by an agent that decreases the number of activated cells and reduces PMN adhesion to the endothelium, can significantly improve survival in this shock model. Show more

Keywords: Pentoxifylline, neutrophil activation, nitroblue tetrazolium test, neutrophil counts, neutrophil margination, rolling velocity

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-417

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 401-418, 1990

Authors: Hakim, Jacques

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The ability of neutrophils to adhere in a coordinated and reversible manner to the endothelium and other tissular components is crucial to their chemoattractant-induced locomotion towards relevant targets. Opsonins play a major role in the killing effect of neutrophils by inducing close adherence between the neutrophil and the target, thus maximizing the effect of the reactive oxygen species released by the stimulated neutrophils. Reactive oxygen species are released together with degradative enzymes and other killing proteins associated with neutrophil degranulation. This targeted neutrophil activity kills invading microorganisms but, in a similar way, may be harmful to organs, cells and molecules …that have been altered in some way or are involved in immune reactions. In some other pathological situations where body fluids contain proinflammatory agents, neutrophils may behave in a nontargeted and inappropriate manner. In such cases, adherence is often increased, thus slowing locomotion. Moreover, inflammatory agents often prime neutrophils for the oxidative burst induced by chemoattractants or other stimuli. The combined slow locomotion and hypersensitivity of primed neutrophils leads to a premature release of killing subtances which may affect blood components, vascular cells, connective tissue or whole organs . Any disturbance of neutrophil adherence is thus potentially harmful and must be recognized and suitably treated. Show more

Keywords: Human polymorphonuclear leukocyte, adherence, neutrophil activation, tissue injury

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-418

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 419-424, 1990

Authors: Wautier, Jean-Luc | Setiadi, Hendra | Vilette, Didier | Weill, Dominique | Wautier, Marie-Paule

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium is a physiological phenomenon which is the first step for leukocyte emigration. The adhesion can be dramatically increased in pathological situations such as inflammation and vascular diseases. The molecular basis of leukocyte-endothelium interaction has been largely investigated in the last ten years. Using monoclonal antibodies it is possible to characterize the leukocyte adhesion molecule (LeuCAM) also named CD11/CD18 complex. These molecules responsible for leukocyte adhesion are heterodimers consisting of a common beta subunit and different subunit CD11a/CD18 corresponding to LFA-1; CD11b/CD18 to Macl/Mol; CD11c/CD18 to GP150-95. Beside these receptors, other leukocyte structures such as …the fibronectin receptors are involved in the adhesive process. On the endothelial cell side specialized structures implicated in leukocyte adhesion have been identified. Structures like Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM) are expressed on endothelial cells in the absence of stimulation, while other receptors Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule (ELAM) are only detectable on activated endothelial cells. Cytokines such as IL-1 induced the expression of ELAM, increased the number of ICAM and Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) DR, DP, DQ. In various pathological circumstances, namely extracorporeal circulation, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus increased leukocyte adhesion has been reported and is potentially responsible for vascular damage. Therefore, the modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions is a possible target for antithrombotic and antiatherosclerotic therapy. Show more

Keywords: Leukocyte, Endothelial cells, Adhesion molecules

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-419

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 425-432, 1990

Authors: Mège, Jean-Louis | Capo, Christian | André, Pascale | Benoliel, Anne-Marie | Bongrand, Pierre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The interaction between granulocytes and endothelial walls may be influenced by the blood flow. This possibility was investigated by studying the influence of fluid flow on the adhesion and detachment of 51 Cr-labeled rat granulocytes interacting with protein-coated glass surfaces. It is concluded that: i) Adhesion is markedly decreased when the wall shear rate becomes higher than about 20 s−1 . ii) Pretreating glass with concanavalin A or polylysine significantly decreased adhesion, whereas fibronectin had little effect on binding. iii) Very high flow rates (about one thousandfold higher than those compatible with bond formation) were required to provoke …substantial detachment of substrate-bound cells. iv) Coating glass with laminin or polylysine decreased binding strength whereas fibronectin or concanavalin A did not substantially influence this parameter. v) Exposing granulocytes to phorbol myristate acetate might increase the cell ability to form strong adhesions, whereas labile adhesion was unaffected or even decreased by this treatment. Adhesion is markedly decreased when the wall shear rate becomes higher than about 20 s−1 . Pretreating glass with concanavalin A or polylysine significantly decreased adhesion, whereas fibronectin had little effect on binding. Very high flow rates (about one thousandfold higher than those compatible with bond formation) were required to provoke substantial detachment of substrate-bound cells. Coating glass with laminin or polylysine decreased binding strength whereas fibronectin or concanavalin A did not substantially influence this parameter. Exposing granulocytes to phorbol myristate acetate might increase the cell ability to form strong adhesions, whereas labile adhesion was unaffected or even decreased by this treatment. Show more

Keywords: Adhesion, Granulocyte, Flow

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-420

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 433-444, 1990

Authors: Freyburger, Geneviève | Belloc, Francis | Boisseau, Michel R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been reported to enhance the early accumulation of neutrophils at the site of Staphylococcus aureus subcutaneous infection in mice (1) and to stimulate in vitro PMN chemotaxis, particularly under dense agarose (2). Among the biochemical events contributing to chemotaxis are actin polymerization (3). The membrane cytoskeleton is believed to control the lateral mobility of integral membrane proteins as well as influencing cell shape and mobility. Thus, pharmacological modulations of neutrophil chemotaxis may be related to an effect of the pharmacological agents on the membrane cytoskeleton. The present study was designed to characterize the effect of PTX …on actin polymerization of freely-suspended PMN before and after stimulation by the chemotactic factor f-MLP. We used flow cytometry to determine the proportion of actin in the filamentous form, and Rhodamine-Phalloidin as fluorescent probe (4). PTX decreased actin polymerization in response to stimulation by f-MLP. The reduction in F-actin by PTX was higher in the samples with higher activation ratios as compared with untreated PMN. Show more

Keywords: Pentoxifylline, granulocyte, actin, cytoskeleton, polymerization, rhodamine-phalloidin

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-421

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 445-448, 1990

Authors: Novick Jr., William J. | Sullivan, Gail | Mandell, Gerald

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Polymorphonuclear (PMN) overactivation plays a critical role in microcirculation as well as in conditions such as multiorgan failure (MOF). Pentoxifylline has been shown to prevent PMN activation by endotoxin and cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-1. In addition, MOF induced by IL-2 in animals can be prevented by pentoxifylline. The present studies evaluated two aspects of PMN activation and pentoxifylline interaction. The first was the time sequence for pentoxifylline prevention of TNFalpha activation and the second was the activity of pentoxifylline on amphotericin B activation of PMNs. TNFalpha activation of PMNs is blocked by pentoxifylline when cells …are exposed to pentoxifylline prior to TNFalpha or after TNFalpha . Amphotericin B activation of PMNs was demonstrated by a decreased chemotaxis, increased chemiluminescence, and increased PMN spreading. In all conditions, pentoxifylline decreased amphotericin B activation of PMNs. These results suggest that pentoxifylline can reverse cytokine activation of PMNs and that pentoxifylline may alter some of the toxic effects of amphotericin. Show more

Keywords: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, tissue necrosis factor (TNF), multiorgan failure (MOF)

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-422

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 449-454, 1990

Authors: Beretz, Alain | Klein-Soyer, Claude | Archipoff, Gisèle | Camilla, Christophe | Brisson, Christine | Freyssinet, Jean-Marie | Cazenave, Jean-Pierre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Endothelial cells play an important role in the regulation of thrombosis. Normal resting (i.e. unstimulated) endothelial cells exhibit antithrombotic activity. This property is due to an active participation of endothelial cells in the inhibition of platelet adhesion and aggregation, in the inhibition of thrombin generation, in the direct inactivation of thrombin, and in clot lysis through the fibrinolytic system. When endothelial cells are stimulated by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or interleukin 1 (IL-1), they may switch to an active procoagulant state. On the one hand, thrombin generation can be regulated on the endothelial cell surface by thrombomodulin, …which allows the activation by thrombin of protein C which subsequently acquires and expresses potent anticoagulant properties. On the other hand, after activation, the same endothelial cell can express tissue factor on its surface, which will lead to the triggering of the coagulation cascade resulting in the generation of thrombin. TNF has been shown both to induce tissue factor gene expression and to suppress transcription of the thrombomodulin gene in endothelial cells. Many cytokines induce tissue factor gene expression and procoagulant activity in the monocyte/macrophage lineage; they also stimulate adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells. Cytokines such as IL-1 or TNF can thus be characterized as important intercellular messengers during the onset of coagulation. The role of these compounds can be schematized as: 1) agents of the stimulation of endothelial cells by leukocytes, 2) agents of stimulation of leukocytes by endothelial cells, 3) localization of the coagulation response through the initiation of endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions. Pharmacological modulation of these responses is possible along two pathways: 1) inhibition of the activation of endothelial cells or leukocytes responsible for cytokine release, 2) inhibition of the cytokine-induced cellular activation responsible for potentiation of procoagulant activity. Show more

Keywords: Endothelium, leukocyte, procoagulant, anticoagulant, tissue factor, thrombomodulin

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-423

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 455-460, 1990

Authors: Puchelle, Edith

Article Type: Introduction

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-424

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 461-464, 1990

Authors: Verdugo, P. | Langley, L. | Aitkent, M.L. | Villalon, M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mucins, are densely packed in secretory granules of goblet cells. Upon exocytosis they undergo massive hydration that results in the formation of the mucus gel. Because the mucin polymer network is held together by tangles and low energy bonds, the rheological properties of this gel are mainly determined by the degree of postexocytotic hydration. Hydration in mucus is governed by a Donnan equilibrium as it is driven by electrostatic interaction among the polyionic charges of the mucins and other fixed polyions. Although, variations of charge density of the mucin polymer could be an efficient physiologic mechanism to control the rate …of mucus hydration and rheology, this subject has not been investigated. In here we describe a primary tissue culture system of cervical goblet cells of the monkey uterus. This preparation allows to measure directly the kinetic of hydration of exocytosed mucins. Because the physicochemical parameters of the bathing medium can be effectively controlled, variations in the kinetic of mucins swelling upon exocytosis, can be used as a convenient indicator of fluctuations of charge density in secretory products. Since the cervical mucosa readily respond to endocrine influences, this preparation can provide a useful model to study the effect of hormones or other transmitters on polyionic charge density of secretory product. Show more

Keywords: mucus, mucin, hydration kinetics, cervix, goblet cell, tissue culture

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-425

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 465-470, 1990

Authors: Crepin, M. | Porchet, N. | Aubert, J.P. | Degand, P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A λ gt11 cDNA library constructed from human tracheal mucosa was screened with rabbit antibodies raised to chemically deglycosylated pronase glycopeptides from bronchial mucins. This library allowed us to select 20 positive clones. The total or partial nucleotide sequences of 14 of them were classified in three different types of organization or families. Antibodies purified from total immuneserum on each positive clone were specific either of goblet cells or goblet cells and mucous cells, showing a differential cellular expression of the peptide axis of mucins. The use of each type of nucleic probe in Northern blot analysis confirmed the …existence of a great heterogeneity of the RNAs contributing to a great peptide heterogeneity. Show more

Keywords: Mucins, cDNA library, peptide organization, Northern blot analysis

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-426

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 471-484, 1990

Authors: Basbaum, Carol | Gallup, Marianne | Gum, James | Kim, Young | Jany, Berthold

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The molecular mechanisms mediating mucous cell metaplasia and hypersecretion in the respiratory tract are unknown. Previous work suggests that mucous metaplasia requires the induction of mucin gene expression. We are investigating this possibility by monitoring steady state levels of mucin mRNA in a model of mucous cell metaplasia induced by SO2 exposure. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 400 ppm SO2 gas in air for 3h per day, 5 days per week for 0,1,2, or 3 weeks. Sham controls were exposed to air under similar conditions. After 3 weeks, morphological changes were apparent in the epithelium of …SO2 exposed rats at all levels from the trachea to the distal airways. The epithelial thickness increased, as well as the number and size of glands in the trachea. Epithelial mucous (goblet) cells increased from 0 to 4.5 per rom in the trachea, 0.2 to 6.2 per rom in the main stem bronchi, and 0.2 to 22.7 per rom in the distal airways (mean values obtained for 3-6 tissue blocks per airway level per condition). In parallel experiments, we used SMUC 41, a 950 bp human intestinal cDNA to isolate a human airway cDNA, HAM-1 from a cDNA library constructed in bacteriophage from human bronchial poly A+ RNA. HAM-1 is a 90 bp cDNA encoding a threonine- and proline-rich peptide with 96% homology to the human intestinal cDNA SMUC-41. Next we probed total and poly A+ airway RNA from rats in each exposure condition with SMUC-41 or HAM-1. Blots were then stripped and reprobed with a cDNA encoding beta actin. Densitometry values normalized for the amount of RNA loaded per lane (as determined by actin hybridization intensity) showed that mucin mRNA increased 8-9 fold as a function of SO2 exposure. This is consistent with the possibility that mucin gene transcription is induced by SO2 exposure, and may represent a primary event in the development of mucous metaplasia and hypersecretion. Show more

Keywords: mucous cells, mucin, differentiation, transcription, epithelium

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-427

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 485-489, 1990

Authors: Kim, K.C. | Singh, B.N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Confluent cultures of hamster tracheal surface epithelial (HTSE) cells are highly enriched with secretory cells and secrete mucins. Ultrastructural studies of cellular localization of these mucins show that mucins are found not only inside secretory granules but also on the apical surface of secretory cells during active secretion, and secreted mucins are highly associated with lipids. In the present communication, we analyzed lipids associated with both cellular and secreted mucins following metabolic radiolabeling of these cultured cells with [3 H]palmitic acid. We found that profiles of lipids associated with both cellular and secreted mucins are almost identical not only qualitatively …but also quantitatively. It is concluded that the lipid association with mucins seems to take place before secretion. The origin of the cell surface-bound mucins is discussed. Show more

Keywords: Mucin, lipid, tracheal, goblet cell

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-428

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 491-501, 1990

Authors: Baszkin, Adam | Proust, Jacques Emile | Monsenego, Phillipe | Boissonnade, Marie Martine

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The wettability of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyethylene by water and aqueous mucin solutions have been studied by sessile drop and under-water captive air bubble contact angles, respectively. From the sessile drop and octane under-water contact angles the polymer-water interfaces have been characterized in terms of works of adhesion and acid-base (polar) interactions. A large water-air contact angle hysteresis observed with poly(methyl methacrylate) surfaces has been attributed to side-chain B relaxations of polymer ester methyl groups. The wettabilities of the polymers by mucin aqueous solutions have been studied as a function of protein concentration and related to the surface tensions. A …positive slope of adhesion tension vs surface tension line, characteristic of polar surfaces, was found with poly(methyl methacrylate). By contrast, a change in the slope, explained as a change in mucin relative adsorption densities at solid/liquid and solid/vapour interfaces, was observed with polyethylene. This adhesion tension behavior appeared to be in agreement with previous data we have published concerning the quantity and state of mucin which are adsorbed to polymers characterized by different surface properties. Show more

Keywords: Mucin, Wettability, Polyettlylene, Poly(methyl methacrylate), Surface Tension

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-429

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 503-514, 1990

Authors: App, Ernst M. | King, Malcolm

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The transepithelial potential difference (PD) value represents an integral of ion fluxes across the epithelium, and relates to the regulation of airway fluid. We studied six healthy two day old husky puppies for their tracheal mucus rheology and bioelectric properties, since this data in newborns are still unknown. PD (-mV, epithelium vs. subcutaneous space) was measured using the agar bridge technique in two locations - lower trachea and subglottic region. For the rheological analysis, the magnetic microrheometer was employed; data are presented as mechanical impedance log G* and loss tangent tan δ (1 rad/s). The mucus collection rate (mg/min) …and the solid content (%) were determined by gravimetry. Mucociliary clearability, normalized to frog mucus, (MCFP) was determined directly by the frog palate method; a cough clearability index (CCI) was computed from simulated cough machine data obtained with mucus-like gels. The mucus collection rates and PD values were considerably lower than those observed in adult dogs; the mechanical impedance values were also reduced in comparison with adult data. The PD profile (-13.9 ± 1.2 mV lower trachea vs. -18.4 ± 1.4 mV subglottical, i.e. more negative subglottically), however, is similar to that observed in adult dogs. Intratracheal profiles in mucus collection rate and mucus rheology were also comparable between puppies and adult dogs. The low collection rates in puppies, particularly in lower trachea, could indicate either reduced mucus volume or slower clearance. PD and collection rate correlated very strongly (r = 0.82, p = 0.0003). PD also correlated negatively with log G* (r = 0.73, p = 0.003) and positively with tan δ (r = 0.58, p = 0.03). MCFP and % solids correlated positively (r = 0.84, p = 0.0012), in contradistinction to the usual relationship, perhaps due to the presence of non-glycoprotein components that do not contribute to crosslink formation. The apparent maturation of airway bioelectric properties, mucus collection rate and mucus viscoelasticity are all consistent with the maturation of mucociliary clearance, which has previously been reported. Show more

Keywords: Puppies, transepithelial, potential difference, mucus viscoelasticity, maturation

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-430

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 515-526, 1990

Authors: Sleigh, M.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The cilia that propel mucus are specialised for the function in their arrangement length, some details of structure, beat pattern, beat cycle characteristics, metachronal coordination, local control of beat rate by response to mechanical stimulation and generalised control of beat rate by neurohormones. These features are matched to the properties of the visco-elastic mucus gel that is propelled at the ciliary tips above a low-viscosity periciliary layer whose depth must be regulated within defined limits.

Keywords: Ciliary beating, Ciliary coordination, Ciliary control, Ciliary propulsion, Mucus propulsion, Periciliary layer

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-431

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 527-532, 1990

Authors: Dirksen, Ellen R. | Sanderson, Michael J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A computer-assisted transillumination, photoelectronic technique has been used to measure the beat frequency of cilia of rabbit tracheal cells grown in culture. When ciliated cells arc mechanically stimulated with a microprobe the cells respond rapidly by increasing the beat frequency of their cilia. This mechanosensitive response is not limited to the stimulated cell, but is communicated in all directions to neighboring cells. To characterize the progression of this communicated response we used an automated computer-assisted imaging system to examine high-speed films of responding cells. The time it takes for the response to be transmitted between cells is slow (1-3 sec) …with each cell responding after a lag-time that is proportional to the distance of the cell from the stimulated cell. We have confirmed that gap junctions are present between cells and that adjacent or non-adjacent ciliated, as well as non-ciliated, cells are electrically coupled. To correlate the mechanosensitive response with intracellular calcium fluxes we have used fura-2, a calcium-specific fluorescent dye, and digital video microscopy. Mechanical stimulation of the cultured ciliated cells, in the presence of extracellular calcium, resulted in an initial increase in intracellular calcium, which was communicated to neighboring cells. Without extracellular calcium, mechanosensitivity of cultured cells was lost and a small decrease in intracellular calcium was observed in the stimulated cell. However, neighboring cells still displayed an increase in intracellular calcium. The time course and general pattern of calcium increase in adjacent cells was similar to the responses in ciliary activity produced by mechanical stimulation. Ciliary beat frequency is also elevated by f3-adrenergic drugs independently of mechanosensitivity. These responses are important because they could provide a dual regulatory mechanism for the control of mucus transport. Adrenergic agonists could provide non-specific control by increasing ciliary activity throughout the airways while mechanosensitivity could provide local control by increasing activity in those regions of heavy mucus load. Show more

Keywords: Cilia, Mechanosensitivity, Intracellular calcium, Intercellular communication

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-432

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 533-545, 1990

Authors: Gheber, L. | Priel, Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ciliary metachronism and motility were examined optically in muco-ciliary tissue cultures from three different systems: a) frog’s palate epithelium, b) frog’s oesophagus, and c) human nasal polyps. In addition, lateral cilia of Mytilus edulis (water transporting cilia) were examined. It was revealed that the degree of synchronization between muco-ciliary systems is lower than that of water transporting cilia. There are no significant differences between different muco-ciliary systems, within the accuracy of of measurement although relatively large statistical ensembles were used. In addition the wavelength and wave direction of the metachronal wave was examined. All four systems exhibit similar wavelength. The …metachronal parameters of muco-ciliary systems exhibit fluctuations (as was demonstrated by the degree of synchronization), however, the magnitude and repetitivity of these fluctuations, is dependent on the loading of the ciliary system. We have loaded the system by increasing the viscosity of the medium. Under viscous load the frequency of the beating decreased. The metachronal wavelength became longer and the metachronal coordination type more orthoplectic. Show more

Keywords: cilia, ciliary beat frequency, synchronization, metachronal wave, viscosity

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-433

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 547-557, 1990

Authors: Zahm, J.M. | Pierrot, D. | Hinnrasky, J. | Fuchey, C. | Chevillard, M. | Gaillard, D. | Puchelle, E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Primary cultures of respiratory epithelium were produced as outgrowths from human fetal and adult tracheal and nasal polyp explants. Video recordings of the epithelial cell outgrowths were carried out after 5 days of culture and the ciliary beating frequency was analyzed by using a video technique. Uniform fields of differentiated ciliated cells were observed near the edge of the explant. In the transition region of the outgrowth from the explant to the outgrowth periphery, isolated ciliated cells were present, as well as cells with fused cilia. The ciliary beating frequency of the outgrowth of well-differentiated ciliated cells (13.5 ± 1.4 …Hz) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the beating frequency of both the explant (11.9 ± 0.7 Hz) and the ciliated cells with fused cilia (9.8 ± 1.7 Hz). The same differentiation stages and functional activities were observed in the outgrowth cultures, whatever their origin. These in vitro models are comparable with each other and therefore could be useful for studying the ciliogenesis and functional activity of the human respiratory epithelium. Show more

Keywords: Cell culture, tracheal outgrowth, nasal outgrowth, ciliary frequency

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-434

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 559-565, 1990

Authors: Schoevaert, D. | Marano, F. | Serres, C. | Berrebah, H.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A new automated method of image analysis of sperm flagellar (human) and cilia (Dunaliella) bends is developed. This method permits an automatic determination of the line characterizing the flagellum. Two dynamic parameters are measured: the wave propagation velocity and the wave curvature radius. The data reveal similar patterns in the propagation of the principal and reverse waves between flagelated and ciliated cells. Conversely, differences are seen in principal wave curvature due perhaps to the presence of periaxonemal structures in the flagellum, absent in cilium. The identical patterns of reverse wave curvature in both systems may be linked to axonemal limitations.

Keywords: Image analysis, modelling, ciliary beat, spermatozoa

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-435

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 567-579, 1990

Authors: Yedgar, Saul | Reisfeld, Nurit

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Plasma viscosity is elevated in various pathological states, due to increased levels of protein and other macromolecules. The possibility that elevation of extracellular fluid viscosity (EFV) affects cellular and biochemical functions was examined in cultured liver cells and in red blood cells. The viscosity was modified by the addition of various macromolecules, which differ in their capacity to increase viscosity and in their chemical nature. It was found that secretion of lipoproteins and lysosomal enzymes by liver cells is inhibited as a function of the medium viscosity. Correspondingly, elevation of plasma viscosity of hyperlipidemic rats reduced lipoprotein levels. In search …for the mechanism of this phenomenon we examined the effects of EFV on two cell membrane components which are involved in transmembrane processes: Gangliosides (GMs) , and phospholipase A2 (PLA2). It was found that the rate of GMs degradation is decreased with increasing EFV. Of special interest was the finding that the activity of cell membrane PLA2, a key enzyme in secretory processes, is inhibited by increasing EFV. This phenomena was not confined to cell membrane PLA2, as we further found that erythrocyte hemolysis, induced by soluble snake venom PLA2, is inhibited as the EFV is increased. It is proposed that the extracellular fluid viscosity may play an important role in regulation of cellular and biochemical processes in general. Show more

Keywords: Viscosity, exocytosis, gangliosides, phospholipase, hemolysis

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-436

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 581-588, 1990

Authors: Chien, Shu | Jan, Kung-ming | Simchon, Shlomoh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The effects of alterations in blood and plasma viscosities on plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. Blood viscosity was altered by changing the hematocrit (Hct) level by isovolemic exchange using packed red blood cells or plasma. Plasma viscosity was elevated by isovolemic exchange using Hct-matched blood with high molecular weight dextran (Dx, mean m.w. ∼450,000) dissolved in plasma. Following control measurements of plasma and blood viscosities, plasma [Dx], PRA, Hct and hemodynamic functions, the dog was subjected to isovolemic exchange transfusions to either alter the Hct or administer the Dx. Various measurements were repeated 40–60 …min after each exchange. Arterial pressure and renal blood flow remained relatively constant after exchanges; increases in plasma and blood viscosities were accompanied by a decrease in renal vascular hindrance (vasodilation) to keep the renal flow resistance at control level. PRA rose with increases in plasma [Dx] and viscosity, and the rise in PRA was best correlated with the decrease in renal hindrance. The changes in PRA and renal hindrance have the same regression line whether blood viscosity was altered by Hct variation or Dx administration. The results indicate that increases in viscosity cause a compensatory vasodilation of renal vessels to cause renin secretion. Show more

Keywords: Blood viscosity, Dextran, Hematocrit, Plasma viscosity, Renal blood flow, Renin

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-437

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 589-597, 1990

Authors: Lavalette, Daniel | Tetreau, Catherine

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Investigations of Myoglobin, Hemoglobin and, more recently of Hemerythrin, suggest that the inward and outward motion of the oxygen ligand is governed by fluctuations between open and closed paths in the protein and that the driving force is the local brownian motion of protein residues. Reaction rates involving protein internal motions are strongly influenced by the viscosity of the sol vent, whereas the ultimate binding of oxygen at the protein’s active site remains viscosity independent. The description of a protein reaction therefore requires the introduction of a free energy surface with a conformation coordinate accounting for the viscosity-dependent protein transitions …in addition to the usual reaction coordinate which only describes the system of reactants in a fixed protein conformation. Show more

Keywords: Hemoproteins, Hemerythrin, geminate recombinations, protein dynamics

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-438

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 599-604, 1990

Authors: Almagor, Ada | Yedgar, Saul | Gavish, Benjamin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Solvent viscosity is known to play an important role in the kinetics of biochemical reactions, and has been suggested to modulate the dynamic structure of proteins. The effect of viscous cosolvents, of various molecular sizes, on the apparent ultrasonic absorption of bovine serum albumin in solution, at 37°C, has been measured in attempt to investigate the following phenomena: 1) The predicted modulating effect of viscous cosolvents on the “internal friction” of proteins, and 2) possible differences between the microscopic and macroscopic pictures of the solvent viscosity concerning the proposed effect. We have found that A) The absorption of ultrasound (3–17 …MHz) by the protein increases with increasing the cosolvent concentration. B) That increase correlates with the solvent viscosity for small cosolvent molecules, but not with macromolecular cosolvents, and C) Dextran solutions with the same concentration by weight, reveal similar ultrasonic absorption, in spite of large differences in their viscosity. A possible explanation is discussed. Show more

Keywords: viscosity, mixed solvents, proteins, ultrasonic absorption, dextran, protein dynamics

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-439

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 605-610, 1990

Authors: Dintenfass, Leopold

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The area neglected so far in the fields of clinical and theoretical haemorheology is that of interact ion between viscosity and chemical reactions in the cells. The reintroduction of teinochemical principle opens entirely new doors for investigation both in vitro and in vivo. Effect of extracellular fluid viscosity on synthesis (i.e. lipids) and on possible enzymatic and catalytic functions influences our opinion that haemorheology has to go back to fundamentals.

Keywords: teinochemical principle, viscosity and chemical reaction

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-440

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 611-616, 1990

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/BIR-1990-273-441

Citation: Biorheology, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 617-617, 1990