Work - Volume 75, issue 1

Authors: Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-236004

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 1-2, 2023

Authors: Baumunk, Megan J. | Tang, Xiaolei | Rumrill, Stuart P. | Conder, Sandy | Rumrill Jr, Phillip D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Trauma has high prevalence rates in populations of people with disabilities, and the effects of traumatic experiences can negatively impact employment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the existing literature regarding post-traumatic growth (PTG), trauma informed care (TIC), and the conservation of resources (COR) theory. METHOD: We begin with an overview of PTG, TIC, and trauma in relation to disability and employment. Then, we review the personal, condition, object, and energy resources within the COR theory. RESULTS: The remainder of the article focuses on applying PTG and TIC in state-Federal …VR programs with a theoretical framework defined by COR. We conceptualize the application in four major VR phases: (a) eligibility determination, (b) rehabilitation plan development, (c) service provision, and (d) job placement. CONCLUSION: By implementing TIC and considering the consumer’s resources, VR counselors can help emphasize PTG throughout the process and prioritize PTG as the ultimate goal. The authors provide brief and preliminary implementation recommendations for VR counselors. Show more

Keywords: Trauma, conservation of resources, vocational rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-236014

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 3-10, 2023

Authors: Saxena, Akanksha | Jangra, Mandeep Kumar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, academicians were juggling their personal and professional life amid lockdown while trying to deliver maximum knowledge through online classes. This chronic stress is emotionally draining and can eventually lead to burnout. OBJECTIVE: To examine the levels of perceived stress and burnout and examine the effects of self-efficacy and coping in reducing stress and preventing burnout in academicians during the COVID-19 lockdown. METHODS: This survey included 63 physiotherapy academicians from various physiotherapy colleges in India. Assessments used to collect data were the Perceived Stress Scale, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, General Perceived …Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. The data was collected through Google Forms and sent through an online mode via various social media apps. RESULTS: This study revealed that the majority of the physiotherapy academicians were experiencing moderate levels of stress eventually leading to burnout. Stress levels were higher in academicians with more than 10 years of experience. Also, self-efficacy and resilient coping were negatively correlated with perceived stress and burnout. CONCLUSION: Academicians experienced increasing amounts of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, which, if not addressed on time, can lead to job burnout. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, stress, burnout, mental health, pandemic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211385

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 11-17, 2023

Authors: Fontes Leite, Carla César | Passos, Tuira Ornellas | Cavalcante Neto, Jorge Lopes

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic changed the way people live. As a result, workload and mental health problems increased, especially in healthcare workers. OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) and its association with sociodemographic and work variables in healthcare workers of a Family Health Support Center in the Primary Health Care context (NASF-AB) in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 68 healthcare workers, both sex (55 female/13 male), from the Primary Health Care context in Brazil, particularly NASF-AB of Salvador Bahia. NASF-AB is part of …a policy to consolidate Primary Health Care in Brazil. NASF-AB of Salvador has twelve multidisciplinary teams distributed in twelve health districts. The data collection was performed from May to August 2021. The self-reporting questionnaire - 20 (SRQ-20), that assessed the prevalence of CMD, and a sociodemographic questionnaire assessed sociodemographic and work variables via Google forms. RESULTS: The prevalence of CMD was 39.71%. On SRQ-20, 70, 59% of participants felt nervous; 54, 41% felt tired all the time and 51, 47% felt tired easily. CMD was also significantly associated with females (p  < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CMD was high (39, 71%), with females (n  = 27/55) being more susceptible to CMD than males (n  = 0/13). Feel nervous, tired all the time and easily tired were the most frequent symptoms reported by the participants, indicating depressive/anxious mood, and reduced vital energy. Our findings highlight the need for specific measures to improve health and quality of life of healthcare workers. Show more

Keywords: Mental health, primary health care, public health, coronavirus, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211387

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 19-27, 2023

Authors: Mannocci, Alice | Marigliano, Manuela | La Torre, Giuseppe

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nurses have been affected by stress, developing many related consequences during the health emergency caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. It is essential for healthcare organizations to protect their human resources because there is a strong correlation between the health status of healthcare workers and the quality of care provided. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to measure the perception of the organizational health level of the workplace among COVID-19 nurses (i.e. nurses who directly dealt with COVID-19 countermeasures) as an influence on work quality and work-related stress. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried …out by administering the Nursing Questionnaire on Organizational Health (QISO) to nurses in contact with COVID-19 patients. The search period ranged between August and September 2021 with nurses who work and/or worked in Lazio. RESULTS: 123 questionnaires were collected. The scores with a value below the recommended level (2,6) are: “Comfort of the working environment” (mean = 2.57; SD = 0.66); “Valorization of skills” (mean = 2.40; SD = 0.62); “Openness to innovation” (mean = 2.46; SD = 0.77); “Satisfaction with top management” (mean = 2.48; SD = 0.81); and the inverse scale “Fatigue” (mean = 2.94; SD = 0.55). CONCLUSION: Management of healthcare organizations should define action strategies to promote and increase organizational well-being and reduce work-related stress risk factors. Some action strategies that could be used include improving the elements of the work environment to make it more comfortable for workers; strengthening and improving communication; improving the relationship between nurses and senior management; and establishing a team of experts for psychological assistance. Show more

Keywords: Nurses, nursing staff, heath workers, research instruments, organizational climate, organizational well-being, work environment, public health organization, professional satisfaction, workforce

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220274

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 29-39, 2023

Authors: Hanafy, Sara | Colantonio, Angela | Mollayeva, Tatyana | Munce, Sarah | Lindsay, Sally

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacts an individual’s workforce involvement post-injury. Support services and workplace accommodations that can help with work re-integration post-TBI may differ based on a person’s sex and gender. The added impact of COVID-19 remains under-explored. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the support services and workplace accommodation needs and the impact of COVID-19 on work and mental health for persons with TBI, considering sex and gender. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was distributed. Descriptive and regression analyses were applied to uncover sex and gender differences, along with content analysis for open-ended responses. …RESULTS: Thirty-two persons with TBI (62% women, 38% men) participated. Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and counselling services were indicated as the most needed services by women and men. Modified hours/days and modified/different duties were the most needed workplace accommodations. Mental challenges impacting well-being was a highlighted concern for both men and women. Women scored poorer on the daily activity domain of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury – Overall Scale (p  = 0.02). Assistance with daily activities was highlighted by women for a successful transition to work, including housekeeping and caregiving. Men were more likely than women to experience change in employment status because of COVID-19 (p  = 0.02). Further, a higher percentage of men expressed concern about the inability to pay for living accommodations, losing their job, and not having future job prospects. CONCLUSION: Findings reveal important differences between men and women when transitioning to work post-TBI and emphasize the need for sex and gender considerations. Show more

Keywords: Gender role, pandemics, rehabilitation, sex, work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220437

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 41-58, 2023

Authors: Rezai, Mana | Lindsay, Sally | Ahmed, Hiba | Vijayakumar, Abirami

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: An inclusive workplace culture supports and values the individual and collective work processes of workers from diverse backgrounds. The reality or perception of inclusion or exclusion at work can influence the social functioning, health, and well-being of workers. However, we lack knowledge about the concepts relevant to inclusion at the workplace. Furthermore, research is needed to better understand the drivers and obstacles to workplace inclusion to better promote participation in working life. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review of the qualitative literature identifies the barriers to and facilitators of workplace inclusion. METHODS: Systematic searches of five databases …were conducted from 2000 to January 2020. Pairs of reviewers independently screened and reviewed all citations and full-text articles. We used Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework which advances through five stages. Barriers and facilitators of workplace inclusion were categorized relative to a multi-layered conceptualization of workplace inclusion and grouped by theme. Studies were described and thematic results totaled and communicated with evidence tables and conceptual maps. RESULTS: Thirty-nine qualitative studies met our inclusion criteria. All five domains of the multi-layered framework were represented by the reported shared experiences of study participants. Organizational level factors, especially attitudinal barriers were the most reported barriers to workplace inclusion. Facilitators of workplace inclusion focused on employer level factors and most often cited the role of inclusive leadership and support. CONCLUSION: Workplace inclusion requires consideration of societal, organizational, employer, and interpersonal level factors in addition to individual worker characteristics. Show more

Keywords: Work, employment, social participation, scoping review

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211343

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 59-73, 2023

Authors: Rezagholi, Mahmoud

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The few studies attempting to estimate costs of fatal accidents at workplaces suffer from poor or obscure applied methodologies. As the costs are often limited for the exposed company/industry in the short run, economic decisions about investments to improve the safety and security of workplaces are moreover not made at the societal level nor within an appropriate time frame. In a social economic decision, the total potential productivity lost over time due to a fatal accident is considered regardless of who pays what compensation to the families involved. OBJECTIVE: This study introduces a methodology appropriate for making …long-term economic decisions at the societal level to prevent accidents in Swedish workplaces. METHODS: The introduced methodology, which is based on the human capital approach, is used to assess potential productivity losses associated with the accidents. RESULTS: The empirical findings show that, over the period 2008–2019, Swedish society could have gained more than 8.5 billion Swedish crowns by preventing accidents at Swedish workplaces. CONCLUSION: The objective achieved as the economic cost of fatal workplace accidents assessed from a long-term societal perspective. Effective preventive measures in the workplace make thus an incredible contribution to society in the form of increased national income, sustainable welfare and economic development. Show more

Keywords: Safety and security, human capital, labour productivity, societal perspective, effective working years

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211120

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 75-84, 2023

Authors: Yngve, Moa | Lidström, Helene | Hemmingsson, Helena | Ekbladh, Elin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Establishment in productive occupations i.e. work and further studies, is challenging for students who experience special educational needs (SEN). OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to investigate productive occupations and perceived work ability one year after upper secondary education among former students with SEN who had received a student-centred information and communication technology (ICT) intervention. METHODS: Questionnaire data on productive occupations (n  = 81) were complemented with the semi-structured Worker Role Interview (WRI) concerning perceived work ability (n  = 20), in an embedded mixed methods design. Group comparisons between participants who were and were not established in productive …occupations were performed. Written notes from the WRI were analysed with a deductive content analysis. RESULTS: Findings demonstrated that almost two-thirds (63% n  = 51) of the former students with SEN were established in productive occupations. The established group had to a higher extent obtained pass grades and had to a lesser extent received time-assisting ICT. Managing daily routines in combination with a productive role in a satisfactory manner was perceived as most challenging for the participants in relation to their work ability. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that students with SEN need person-centred support to handle difficulties both in and outside upper secondary school to promote the transition from school to establishment in productive occupations. Show more

Keywords: Job satisfaction, participation, unemployment, young adults

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220057

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 85-95, 2023

Authors: Ahmadi, Elena | Lundqvist, Daniel | Bergström, Gunnar | Macassa, Gloria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a growing interest in managers’ wellbeing due to the observed associations between their wellbeing and leadership behaviours, and between leadership behaviours and employees’ wellbeing. However, it is still unclear how managers’ wellbeing influences their practiced leadership across different workplace contexts, which specific behaviours are affected, and how this varies across time. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was therefore to explore managers’ and employees’ experiences and perceptions regarding the consequences of managers’ wellbeing for their leadership behaviours in small businesses. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 39 participants (20 managers and 19 employees) …working at 12 Swedish small firms, and analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: The findings show that managers were more constructive when they felt well, and more passively destructive when unwell. Variations in managers’ wellbeing influenced their mood, energy level, and performance, as well as the company’s working climate. However, these destructive leadership variations did not have a substantial impact, because several protective factors were present. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the wellbeing of managers in small businesses has perceptible consequences for their leadership behaviours. The study also shows that sustained leadership behaviours may coexist with temporary variations of these behaviours on a constructive-destructive continuum depending on the leader’s wellbeing. Overall, the findings contribute to a more nuanced and dynamic understanding of how the interaction between managers’ wellbeing and their behaviours unfolds in the particular context of small companies. Show more

Keywords: Leaders, health, wellbeing, SME, managerial behaviours

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220159

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 97-112, 2023

Authors: Bosmans, Kim

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous research demonstrated the negative consequences of precarious employment for the health and well-being of employees. However, the broader social consequences of precarious employment are under-examined. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the broader impact of precarious employment on the life course, family and social life of households. A multi-actor perspective is adopted, considering the perspectives of different household members. METHODS: For this aim, in-depth (household) interviews among temporary agency workers in Belgium are conducted. RESULTS: The results reveal that precarious employment influences the life course and family and social life in three ways: (1) …by hindering or facilitating life course events and transitions of household members, (2) by influencing the daily life and household planning, and (3) by influencing the mood of household members. CONCLUSION: The consequences of precarious employment reach further than the work environment; they impact the life course, and social and family life of workers. Moreover, precarious employment does not only influence the workers themselves, but also their household members, which is often forgotten in studies. Therefore, policy makers should consider the far-reaching consequences of precarious employment when developing (flexible) labour market policies. Show more

Keywords: Temporary agency work, life course, family life, interviews

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220095

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 113-127, 2023

Authors: Shin, Dong Seok | Jeong, Byung Yong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Truck driving is one of the occupations with high injury rates. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the relationships between age, work experience, workdays, monthly income, perceived job risk, satisfaction of working conditions, safety awareness, and job satisfaction of truck drivers. Also, this study analyzes the effects of satisfaction of working conditions and safety awareness on the job satisfaction of truck drivers. METHODS: This study interviewed 278 truck drivers and surveyed age, work experience, workdays, monthly income, perceived job risk, satisfaction of working conditions, safety awareness, and job satisfaction. A regression analysis was performed to determine leading …factors affecting safety and satisfaction and the relationships. RESULTS: The results showed that the number of workdays was related to monthly income, perceived job risk, and job satisfaction. The monthly income of truck drivers was increased according to workdays and age. Perceived job risk increased with number of days worked. Safety awareness decreased with the monthly income, and job satisfaction decreased with perceived job risk level, workdays, and work experience. Finally, job satisfaction was directly affected by satisfaction with working conditions and indirectly affected by safety awareness. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that an increase in satisfaction of working conditions can enhance safety awareness and job satisfaction. Show more

Keywords: Driver safety, truck industry, mediated model, driver’s income, regression analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205109

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 129-134, 2023

Authors: López-Goñi, José J. | Haro, Begoña | Fernández-Suárez, Iván

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cleaning is considered a female-dominant occupation. Women cleaning workers present a high risk of suffering impaired health probably as a result of performing low-skilled tasks. However, to date, no studies have been found that examine the health status of female cleaning workers in Spain. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to 1) determine the level of perceived health in a sample of female cleaning workers, 2) evaluate the main psychosocial risks they face, 3) explore the relationship between perceived health and psychosocial risk factors, and 4) compare the perceived health of those women who present some psychosocial risk factor …and those who do not. METHODS: This is a multi-centered cross-sectional study carried out in the service sector of a Spanish company. The final sample was composed of 455 female cleaning workers. Sociodemographic variables, perceived health status and psychosocial risk factors were assessed. RESULTS: Women presented a high perception of health status. The main psychosocial risk was lack of acknowledgement by their superiors, which affected 25.2% (n  = 111) of the sample. Moderate negative correlations (r =–.222 to –.442; p  < .01) were identified between perceived health and evident psychosocial risks. Those women who presented some psychosocial risk (n  = 174; 38.3%) had a worse state of perceived health in all variables studied. CONCLUSION: Presence of psychosocial risk had a relationship with a worse health perception. This article highlights the need to orient preventive actions in the psychosocial field. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a new situation to renew the health promotion between cleaning workers. Show more

Keywords: Perceived health, women, psychosocial risk factors, health promotion, cleaners

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205137

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 135-143, 2023

Authors: Oliver-Hernández, Coral | Li, Shimeng | Astudillo, Raúl Jiménez | Rodríguez, Inmaculada Mateo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are many musculoskeletal disorders in staff members at health centres, given the specific characteristics of their work. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to analyse the postural risk of patient handling tasks performed by nursing assistants and orderlies, as well as task factors, individual or organisational, that may be associated with increased postural risk. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional observational study. Analysis was done on 170 postures in five different tasks performed by 39 participants at three hospitals in Andalusia (Spain). The questionnaires collected sociodemographic variables, the task done, and REBA were used for assessment of …postural risk. RESULTS: Overall the average REBA score was 9.0±2.4. Moving the patient to the head of the bed was the task with the highest risk (9.8). Handling involving more than two participants at once increased postural risk. Using mechanical aids were associated with high risk in the legs. Logistic regression analyses showed that age, stature, and not having adjustable beds available were associated with postural risk (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Health centre staff perform many tasks with high musculoskeletal disorder risk. Age, stature of the participants, and adjustment of bed height were associated with postural risk. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorder, healthcare worker, Rapid Entire Body Assessment, nursing staff, patient handling

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210651

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 145-155, 2023

Authors: Quan, Liming | Wu, Lingyu | Zhang, Yang | Chen, Ting | Lan, Yajia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ-22) has been translated into numerous languages and applied in various countries, its cultural applicability in China remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To adjust the JCQ-22 for cross-cultural use and optimize the scoring method for suitability for Chinese working populations. METHODS: We first used the original JCQ-22 questionnaire to measure occupational stress. Cross-cultural adjustment involved reorganization of scale items (adjusted-I scale) and deletion of inefficient redundant items during reorganization of scale items (adjusted-II scale). Structural validity and the relationship between stress and health outcomes (insomnia and self-conscious symptoms) before and after adjustment …were compared. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the two-factor cumulative variance contribution rate of job demand and control of the adjusted-II scale was 52.47%, compared with 48.44% and 48.44% in the original version and adjusted-I scale, respectively. Among the 16 fitness indicators in confirmatory factor analysis, 9 items of the adjusted-II scale met the standard, compared with 4 items of the original and adjusted-I scales. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients between occupational stress and insomnia as well as self-conscious symptoms from the adjusted-II scale were 0.15 and 0.32, respectively, which were higher than those of the original scale (0.10 and 0.20). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the adjusted-II scale exhibited a better area under the curve and Youden index values than the original scale. CONCLUSION: The adjusted-II scale exhibited superior structural validity with more reasonable health outcome predictions and fewer items, making it more suitable for measuring occupational stress in Chinese populations. Show more

Keywords: Occupational stress, cultural applicability, health outcome, prediction efficiency

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210852

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 157-168, 2023

Authors: Kokas, Maria S. | Passalacqua, Karla D. | Mortimore, Anastasia | Hoffert, Mara M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Research has explored the problems that women encounter during a medical career; however, the advice that experienced women physicians would give to women who have not yet entered the field is needed to reveal how the medical work landscape is evolving and to provide real-world narratives to help career seekers make informed choices. OBJECTIVE: By eliciting women’s perspectives on their medical careers by asking them what advice they would give to aspiring women physicians, we aimed to reveal areas for improving career satisfaction of women physicians and to inform those who advise women considering a medical career. …METHODS: In this qualitative study, we used a phenomenological approach to conduct semi-structured one-on-one interviews with 24 women physicians to query the advice they would give to women contemplating a career in medicine. RESULTS: Thematic analysis of interview transcriptions revealed 10 themes that women physicians communicated as being important to consider before deciding to become a physician. Although some advice had a cautionary tone, encouraging and practical advice was also conveyed. The most abundant themes concerned the centrality of patient care, a passion for practicing medicine, and the importance of planning. Other key topics included family and friends, self-reflection, life balance, finances, ethics, maintaining presence, and two overt cautionary statements. CONCLUSION: Interviews revealed that meaning and purpose derived from a medical career and maintaining work-life balance are valued by some women physicians. Participants were encouraging in recommending medicine as a career choice for women, while highlighting some challenges. Show more

Keywords: Organizational culture, women in medicine, career in medicine, women physicians

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211217

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 169-180, 2023

Authors: Li, Kai Way | Peng, Lu | Zhao, Caijun | Khaday, Samsiya

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mental workload is one of the important variables in understanding human performance in drone operation. OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of gender, age group, flight route, and altitude on the flight performance and mental workload of the novice drone operators. METHODS: Ten male and ten female participants without prior drone operating experience joined. They were split into two age groups. After attending a training, the participants operated a drone to perform photo taking missions under flight route and altitude conditions. The weighted NASA Task Load Index (TLX), Modified Cooper-Harper (MCH) scale, heart rate, and interbeat …interval were measured to assess the mental workload of the participants. Flight time to complete the mission was adopted to indicate flight performance. RESULTS: The effect of age group was significant (p  < 0.05) on flight time, weighted TLX score, and MCH score. Flight route and altitude were not significant on the two subjective ratings and two cardiac measures. CONCLUSION: The flight performance of younger participants was significantly better than that of their older counterpart. The effects of both the flight route and altitude on the perceived mental workload of the drone operators were insignificant. Both the weighted NASA TLX and MCH scales were appropriate in measuring the mental workload of the novice drone operators. Show more

Keywords: Drone, human machine interface, remote control, aerial photography, NASA TLX

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211222

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 181-193, 2023

Authors: Barut Tusun, Ruken | Emiroğlu, Oya Nuran

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Taxi drivers are prone to musculoskeletal problems and can suffer from cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and psychosocial problems. For occupational health and safety it is crucial to know the risk factors and initiatives to be taken for protection. OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to evaluate the opinions of taxi drivers regarding occupational risks and prevention strategies. METHODS: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study including 524 taxi drivers. A questionnaire was developed to determine the opinions of taxi drivers regarding occupational risks and intervention strategies. For the analysis of data, Mann-Whitney U (Z-table value), …descriptive statistics (number, percentage) and Chi-square (χ 2) test between dependent and independent variables were used. RESULTS: Among the taxi drivers, the occupation was reported to be risky for musculoskeletal system disorders by 67%, for cardiovascular diseases by 68.3%, for respiratory diseases by 46.9% and for psychosocial problems by 63.3%. When the opinions of taxi drivers regarding prevention from these risks were examined, 30.2% of them stated prevention from musculoskeletal system disorders, 34.0% from cardiovascular diseases, 31.3% from respiratory diseases and 40.1% from psychosocial problems. It was a prominent finding to see a decrease in the number of drivers who stated to show prevention behavior towards these risks compared to their states of recognizing them. CONCLUSIONS: Drivers were insufficient both in recognizing health risks of their jobs and implementing intervention strategies. Education concerning health risks of their jobs and prevention from these risks is required. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, opinion, public health nursing, taxi drivers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211235

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 195-209, 2023

Authors: Drolet, Lauriane | Caron, Pier-Olivier | Forget, Jacques | Turcotte, Jean-Robert | Guimond, Claude

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mental disorders are among the leading causes of disability for which family physicians are often required to complete sickness certificates. Yet, little is known about family physicians’ sick-listing practices in Quebec. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe their practices, difficulties and needs. METHODS: Twenty-three family physicians completed a comprehensive questionnaire on sickness certification practices. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS: Despite being completed on a weekly basis, sickness certifications were deemed problematic by all participants. While they rarely refused to sick-list a patient, 43.5% reported suggesting accommodations as an alternative to sick leave. Waiting-time …to access psychotherapy and delays to set-up workplace accommodations are responsible for many unnecessary sick-leave prolongations. Lack of time, long duration absences, situations where the physician held a different opinion than the patient/healthcare provider and assessing an individual’s capacity to work are the most common reported problems. More than half of participants indicated medical schools do not greatly prepare them to carry out these tasks. CONCLUSION: Sickness certifications are deemed problematic, and more training might be key. Our results can be used by medical schools or bodies responsible for continuous education to improve training. Show more

Keywords: General practice, sick leave, disability, certificates, training needs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211301

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 211-221, 2023

Authors: Alwahaibi, Nasar | Al Sadairi, Mallak | Al Abri, Ibrahim | Al Rawahi, Samira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Laboratory– related musculoskeletal disorders (LMSDs) are injuries resulting from working in the laboratory. Biomedical scientists (BMSs) play an important role in any health care system. However, they are at high risk of exposure to the LMSDs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and the associated risk factors of LMSDs among this group of healthcare professionals. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire to estimate the prevalence of the LMSDs among the BMSs. BMSs with occupational or non-occupational accidents that affected their musculoskeletal system were excluded from the study. A …Chi-square test was performed to measure the significant association between different risk factors (age, gender, weight, height, nationality, specialty, educational level, nature of the job, and the number of experience years) and the prevalence of the LMSDs among the BMSs. RESULTS: The study included 83 BMSs. Females represented 63.9% and 36.1% were in the age group of 35– 44. The overall prevalence of the LMSDs was 77.1%. The most prevalent LMSDs were neck, shoulders, and lower back with 50.6%, 49.4%, and 43.4%, respectively. A total of 65.57% of BMSs had irregular symptoms of LMSDs. CONCLUSION: The study found that the prevalence of LMSDs among the BMSs was high. Good practice and training in ergonomics may minimize the prevalence of LMSDs among the BMSs. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, medical laboratories, risk factors, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211402

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 223-232, 2023

Authors: Lee, Young Joo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mobile health interventions are being widely tried because of their attractive advantages. However, there is not enough evidence for its effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mobile app-based stress management intervention (mSMI) on highly stressed workers. METHODS: A sample of 82 white-collar workers with elevated symptoms of perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale-10≥22) were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. The mSMI consisted of three modules: self-management including a work diary, counseling based on cognitive behavioral therapy and interventions focused on music, meditation, relaxation and image healings. Self-report data were …collected at the baseline and post-intervention. Study outcomes analyzed perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and work engagement. Data were assessed using analysis of covariance with covariates. RESULTS: There was significantly reduced perceived stress from baseline to 6 weeks in mSMI (t = 5.788, p  < 0.001) and control group (t = 3.184, p  = 0.003). After adjusting for covariates, the between-group difference in the perceived stress was significantly different (F = 4.051, p  = 0.048); however, the effect size was small. There was no significant intervention effect on anxiety, depression, and work engagement. The process evaluation indicated that most participants (85.3%) were satisfied with the intervention and their mental health benefited. CONCLUSION: This study found that mobile health intervention facilitated perceived stress management for highly stressed workers. Further studies should address job-related outcomes and mental health symptoms in workers by applying the latest information technology and addressing the limitations of mobile interventions. Show more

Keywords: Mental health, mobile health application, occupational health services, office workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211406

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 233-241, 2023

Authors: de Almeida, Letícia Yamawaka | Strobbe, Stephen | de Oliveira, Jaqueline Lemos | Baldassarini, Caíque Rossi | Zanetti, Ana Carolina Guidorizzi | de Souza, Jacqueline

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Complex behaviors, such as physical activity (PA), may be related to different levels of influence. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the role of social support, mood and alcohol consumption as psychosocial predictors on the engagement in PA among Brazilian workers. METHODS: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional analytical study. A sample of 395 participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Social Support Scale for Physical Activities (SSSPA) and the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS). RESULTS: Analysis via Pearson’s Correlation Test indicated a negative correlation between …PA and depression and fatigue, and a positive correlation between PA and alcohol consumption, vigor and the four variables of social support (support of family members for walking; support of friends for walking; support of family members for moderate and vigorous physical activity; support of friends for moderate and vigorous physical activity). A positive relationship between PA and low-risk alcohol consumption was also identified. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that family support for walking, friends support for moderate and vigorous physical activity, vigor and alcohol consumption are predictors of PA. Hayes’ moderation analysis indicated that social support has a moderating effect on the relationship between alcohol use and PA. CONCLUSION: Different factors may be involved in engaging in PA. A broader approach that addresses the singularities of individuals, especially in actions for different patterns of alcohol consumption, is recommended. Show more

Keywords: Alcohol consumption, social support, mood, mental health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211411

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 243-252, 2023

Authors: Li, Jingli | Janmaat, John

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Past research has demonstrated connections between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior. However, how they are connected has been rarely explored, especially from a communication perspective. OBJECTIVES: This study considered the mixed role of co-worker communication satisfaction and supervisory communication satisfaction in the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior. METHODS: Based on a two-wave survey of 230 employees in China, we conducted a moderated mediation analysis using the PROCESS Macro in SPSS. RESULTS: We found that co-worker communication satisfaction (CCS) was a mediator in the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) …and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). On top of that, the relationship between CCS and OCB became more significant when supervisory communication satisfaction (SCS) was at a high level. In contrast, that relationship became non-significant when SCS was at a low level. CONCLUSIONS: These findings extends the pathway research between EI and OCB, primarily through the lens of communication. Also, this work verifies the different values of types of communication satisfaction as resources. It extends the Conservation of Resources Theory in the Chinese context by integrating cultural traits with employee behaviors. Show more

Keywords: Emotional intelligence, co-worker communication satisfaction, supervisory communication satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211425

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 253-263, 2023

Authors: Kashif, Muhammad | Talib, Azka | Imtiaz, Zainab | Imtiaz, Zara | Dustgir, Atif | Syed, Hafiza Aroosa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Constant use of hand-held vibratory tools may cause health issues, including hand dysfunction, among farmers. Thus, exposure to these vibratory instruments may cause hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to measure the prevalence of HAVS and evaluate neurological and vascular symptoms among farmers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 20 villages in Pakistan and used a three-part questionnaire to collect data from farmers exposed to vibration while farming. The study included demographics, the Health Surveillance Questionnaire, and the Stockholm Workshop Classification Scale. SPSS version 22 was used for the data entry and statistical analysis. …RESULTS: 433 (43%) participants had musculoskeletal discomfort and 568 (57%) had hand vibration. Raynaud phenomenon was evident in 430 (43%) participants, whereas carpal tunnel syndrome was found in 218 (22%). Tingling was reported by 255 participants (26%), and numbness was reported by 543 (54%). According to the grading of neurological symptoms, 461 (46%) participants were exposed to vibration but did not experience any symptoms, placing them in stage 0. 185 (18.5%) participants with HAVS with infrequent episodes affecting just the tips of one or more fingers were categorized in stage 01 based on grading of vascular symptoms. CONCLUSION: HAVS are common among harvesting farmers, with the most noticeable vibrations occurring in the shoulder region. Similarly, most farmers had no vascular symptoms, and most were exposed to vibration but had no neurological symptoms. Show more

Keywords: Hand-arm vibration syndrome, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, vibratory tools, farmers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211432

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 265-273, 2023

Authors: Sarsangi, Vali | Karimi, Ali | Hadavandi, Esmaeil | Hokmabadi, Rajabali

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Annually, large amounts of hazardous materials (hazmat) are transported through the roads and this movement causes various accidents. Identifying the causes of these accidents is a critical issue for all public governments. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the effective risk factors for hazmat road transport accidents and determine their relative weight using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted in 2021 in Iran and included four steps, i.e., the identification (using literature review and semi-structured interview), determination (according to the expert panel opinion), classification, and prioritization of effective …factors in hazmat road transportation accidents. To prioritize and determine the relative weight of the effective factors, the fuzzy AHP technique was used. RESULTS: In total, 159 risk factors were identified, which were classified into six factors (including road, transportation management, vehicle, cargo, driver, and weather conditions) and 24 sub-factors. The main factor (greatest relative weight) with the highest priority was the driver (0.181). The road (0.167), cargo (0.166), vehicle (0.169), transportation management (0.161), and weather conditions (0.159) were the next priorities, in that order. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the driver is the most important factor in causing accidents when transporting hazmat by road. The findings of this study might have the potential to decrease the frequency and consequence of accidents caused by the road transport of hazmat. Show more

Keywords: Hazardous material, road transportation, accident, fuzzy AHP

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211446

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 275-286, 2023

Authors: Wang, Long | Yu, Suihuai | Chen, Dengkai | Li, Wenhua | Chu, Jianjie | Fan, Hao

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The tray table in economy class air travel may cause excessive neck flexion and discomfort in passengers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of different tray table heights on the neck posture and discomfort perception of passengers. METHODS: A passenger experience survey was used to determine the passengers’ view that the tray table was not high enough, and that most passengers were dissatisfied with the overall comfort evaluation of the tray table, especially passengers with obesity. Three head-neck angles and discomfort perceptions of six body parts in 58 participants were …recorded by neck posture 3D scanning and perceived level of discomfort assessment, respectively. RESULTS: Tray tables at the original height (68 cm) caused unnatural neck posture and discomfort in participants. Raising the tray table can improve the neck posture of participants and reduce discomfort. However, raising the tray table too high will cause more shoulder discomfort in participants. Based on the results, 78 (±2) cm is suggested as the suitable thresholds range of tray tables for economy class air travel. CONCLUSION: The results and findings of this study could provide a theoretical base for the optimization of tray table design. Show more

Keywords: Passenger comfort, aircraft tray table height, neck posture, perceived level of discomfort, overall comfort

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220043

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 287-302, 2023

Authors: Campoya Morales, Ángel Fabián | Hernández Arellano, Juan Luis | Maldonado Macías, Aidé Aracely | Rodríguez, Yordán | Ochoa-Ortiz, Carlos Alberto

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The effects of performing occupational tasks that demand physical and mental efforts in combined and simultaneous approaches are unknown, especially when pushing force is analyzed as a physical effort and solving arithmetic problems as a mental effort. OBJECTIVE: In this study, physical and mental demands were simulated in a lab environment to assess the workload. METHODS: Using a push force dynamometer, the maximum push force strength of each participant was recorded, and the physical demand was simulated exerting the push force in low, medium, and high levels. Mental demands were simulated solving arithmetic tasks in …low, medium, and high levels. Two experimental conditions were defined: (1) task with combined physical and mental workload (performing physical demands first and mental demands after) and (2) task in a simultaneous way (performing both demands at the same time. NASA-TLX Traditional and RAW were applied to assess the workload. RESULTS: The time to complete the tasks was significantly longer in the combined than the simultaneous approach, and performance was significantly higher in the combined than the simultaneous tasks. CONCLUSION: The combined approach obtained better results than simultaneous and Traditional NASA-TLX presented a significantly higher level of global workload index than RAW. Show more

Keywords: Simultaneous, combined, NASA-TLX, traditional, RAW

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220067

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 303-314, 2023

Authors: Gumasing, Ma. Janice J. | Prasetyo, Yogi Tri | Jaurigue, Jenile | Saavedra, Daphne Nicole M. | Nadlifatin, Reny | Chuenyindee, Thanatorn | Persada, Satria Fadil

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Baggers play a significant role in the customer service of supermarket stores. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of biomechanical risk factors on musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) experienced by baggers in the supermarket industry. METHODS: Forty baggers employed among five supermarket stores in the National Capital Region in the Philippines participated in the study. To examine the biomechanical risk factors of the baggers, this study used an observational approach as well as standard ergonomic tools like REBA and NIOSH. In addition, musculoskeletal discomfort was subjectively rated using the standardized Cornell Musculoskeletal …Disorder Questionnaire at the end of the work shift. Furthermore, correlation and stepwise regression analysis were utilized to determine the association between biomechanical risk factors and MSD. RESULTS: Approximately 76% of study participants reported work-related MSD. The highest prevalence was in the foot area, followed by upper back, shoulder, lower leg, lower back, neck, and upper arm. Pearson correlation analysis had found a significant association between MSD and biomechanical risk factors. The highest correlation was observed between MSD and postural risk index (R2  = 0.863, p  < 0.001), followed by weight lifted (R2  = 0.836, p  < 0.001), task duration (R2  = 0.816, p  < 0.001), task frequency (R2  = 0.756, p  < 0.001), and lifting index (R2  = 0.661, p  < 0.001). Furthermore, stepwise regression analysis revealed that the postural risk index (REBA) had the highest coefficient value (β =16.99), indicating the strongest positive effect to MSD. CONCLUSION: This present study revealed that grocery baggers are frequently exposed to risk factors such as awkward posture, lifting heavy loads, extended task durations, and prolonged postures during repetitive tasks increased their risk of developing MSDs. Hence, preventive measures are suggested to minimize the risk of MSD, such as the implementation of intervention through ergonomic solutions like awareness and training on safe lifting practices, adjustment of workstations to fit the stature of workers, introducing rest breaks in between work shifts, use of floor mats, and use of compression stockings in conjunction with safety shoes. Show more

Keywords: Baggers, supermarket, MSD, NIOSH, CMDQ

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220073

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 315-324, 2023

Authors: Langer, Danit | Tendler, Shlomit | Bar-Haim Erez, Asnat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies found that women with breast cancer struggle with significant physical and mental challenges that affect their participation in daily living, social and work activities. Although women express their need for rehabilitation, in Israel there has been scant research on the nature of these needs. OBJECTIVE: To examine the implications of breast cancer for Israeli women in terms of their quality of life, body function, activities and participation in all facets of life, including work. METHODS: The sample was composed of women diagnosed with breast cancer. The data were collected through: (a) an online electronic …survey assessing cancer-related quality of life (QoL), function and disability, fatigue and sensory-motor functions, (n  = 120) followed by (b) face-to-face interviews and assessments (n  = 20), and a healthy control group (n  = 61). RESULTS: Women with breast cancer reported significantly lower QoL compared to the healthy control group. They reported higher levels of disability in areas such as, cognition, mobility, upper extremity, as well as overall difficulties in self-care, doing routine household activities and return to work. Roughly one-third of the women did not return to work. Interestingly, our sample did not perceive a decline in terms of their social support or networks, the women stated that family and social support were major enabling factors. CONCLUSION: The results show that breast cancer has short and long-term functional effects on most facets of these women’s life. The women’s social support system served as an enabling factor. Many women expressed their frustration at the lack of rehabilitation services for their condition and needs in Israel. Show more

Keywords: Oncology, well-being, work, daily living activities, women

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220085

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 325-337, 2023

Authors: Mei, Wenjuan | Wu, Jinnan | Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, Pablo | Liu, Lin | He, Ying | Song, Mengmeng

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous research has demonstrated that the personal use of social media, i.e., social cyberloafing, is associated with employee mental health. However, the underlying mechanism through which social cyberloafing is related to mental health has received limited attention. OBJECTIVE: Drawing on conservation of resource theory and work/nonwork enhancement literatures, we developed and tested a model that examines health effect of social cyberloafing. As such, employees’ social cyberloafing is posited as positively related to psychological detachment and personal life enhancement of work, which in turn would act as mediators that explain why social cyberloafing improves mental health. …METHODS: Data from 375 Chinese employees were analyzed to test research hypotheses using the structural equation modeling and bias-corrected bootstrap method with Mplus 7.4. RESULTS: The results found that social cyberloafing is positively related to psychological detachment, but not with personal life enhancement of work. Social cyberloafing was positively related to employees’ mental health through both psychological detachment and through psychological detachment and personal life enhancement of work serially. CONCLUSION: Psychological detachment alone and alongside personal life enhancement of work form part of the mechanisms explaining how and why engaging in social cyberloafing is positively associated with employees’ mental health. These mechanisms offer insights to organizations into how the mental health of employees can be improved in the digital workplace. Show more

Keywords: Social media, public health, social interaction, professional-family relations, China

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220126

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 339-348, 2023

Authors: Alturkistani, Samahir

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Globally, chronic conditions are becoming more prevalent, both in general and within the workforce. Moreover, the appropriate workplace recognition and interventions are lacking for employees with chronic conditions, which may affect productivity and quality of work as a result of increased rates of absenteeism among such employees. OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to examine the correlation between healthcare administrators’ chronic conditions and job absenteeism at King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at KAMC in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Data obtained from the responses of 225 administrative employees …with a chronic condition working at KAMC. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 20. RESULTS: The results of this study indicated that a significantly relationship exists between chronic heartburn, as well as other chronic conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome, severe anemia, chronic fatigue, and high blood pressure or hypertension with employees’ job absenteeism. CONCLUSION: According to the obtained results, employees’ chronic conditions have a significant impact on absenteeism. Therefore, we recommend that employers intervene to determine how employees’ chronic conditions affect their health and prevent them from attending work. Providing workplace health and wellness programs within an organization can improve employee health, thereby reducing the rate of absenteeism and increase the rate of productivity in the working environment. Show more

Keywords: Noncommunicable diseases, employees, absenteeism, occupational health, workforce

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220157

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 349-355, 2023

Authors: Kesiena, Onoriode | Atarere, Joseph | Benden, Mark

Article Type: Brief Report

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the association of chronic pain (CP) with a poor work-life balance has been well studied, the interaction effect of multiple pain sites on work-life balance is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the most prevalent CP site among healthcare workers, the demographic characteristics of the individuals with the predominant pain type, and to assess the interaction of multiple pain sites on work-life balance. METHODS: Using data from the National Health Interview Survey, 2,458 healthcare works were identified for this study. The independent variables were chronic low back and hip pain. The dependent variables were (1) if …pain affected their family or significant other, (2) if pain limited their life or work activities, and (3) Usually working >35 hours/week. Multiple logistic regression and an interaction analysis were used to analyze the impact of different pain sites on work-life balance. RESULTS: Among healthcare workers, chronic low back pain was more prevalent than chronic hip pain (69.4% vs 61.4%, p -value<0.001). Respondents with chronic low back pain were mostly 40 – 64 years of age (49.6%), females (71.2%), white (77.6%), married (55.5%), had no college degree (85.4%), earn greater than $75,000 (50.0%). In the interaction analysis, in the presence of chronic hip pain, those with chronic low back pain had an AOR of 2.20 (1.05 – 4.64), p -value 0.038 of chronic low back pain affecting their family and significant others, and an AOR of 2.18 (1.17– 4.05), p -value 0.014 of chronic low back pain affecting their life or work. CONCLUSION: Chronic low back pain was more prevalent than chronic hip pain among healthcare workers. Together both pain sites had a significant impact on the work-life balance of this population. Further studies should assess other dimensions of work-life balance and chronic pain. Show more

Keywords: Work, back, hip, family, chronic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211239

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 357-362, 2023

Authors: Valencia-Contrera, Miguel | Rivera-Rojas, Flerida

Article Type: Letter

Keywords: (MeSH): Occupational exposure, occupational health, occupational health physicians, occupational health nursing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220574

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 363-363, 2023