Work - Volume 73, issue 4

Authors: Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223647

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1089-1090, 2022

Authors: Cureton, Jenny L. | Leslie, Mykal | McMahon, Brian | Lowe, Hannah E. | Tovey, Bridget | Rumrill, Phillip D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The most prevalent mental health diagnosis is anxiety disorder, which remains largely undertreated. OBJECTIVE: This investigation considered differences in workplace discrimination against adults with anxiety disorders during two eras of legal history: the original Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, 1990-2008) and the ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA, 2009-present). METHOD: Research questions addressed differential (a) numbers and types of allegations, (b) case resolutions, and (c) demographic characteristics of the charging parties. RESULTS: Results indicated substantially more allegations and merit-based resolutions filed by charging parties with anxiety disorders post-ADAAA. Furthermore, the post-ADAAA era revealed increases in …allegations from women and people from non-white racial groups. CONCLUSION: These findings can inform advocacy and counseling and rehabilitation services for clients who experience anxiety. Show more

Keywords: Anxiety disorders, workplace discrimination, counseling, advocacy, disabilities

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223649

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1091-1102, 2022

Authors: Ekşi, Ali | Gümüşsoy, Süreyya | Utanır Altay, Sinem | Kirazlı, Gülce

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Violence against pre-hospital emergency health workers is a growing problem worldwide and negatively impacts the effectiveness of emergency services. The social distancing, isolation and quarantine measures that have been employed to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have also had economic and psychosocial effects. Therefore, it is important to explore how the negative repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic have influenced these violent incidents that interfere with the work of emergency medical services (EMS). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate how violence against EMS workers has been impacted by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This …study takes an interpretive social science approach, using the qualitative method of in-depth semi-structured interviewing. Audio of the interviews was recorded with the interviewee’s consent. Sound recordings were transcribed and their content was categorised into themes. Categorised texts were then evaluated using descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Participants reported that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, they encountered more violence than usual on EMS assignments to non-emergency situations, though a sense of gratitude towards health workers at the beginning of the pandemic and positives attitudes towards health workers also contributed to reduced violence towards them. The data indicate that workplace violence among EMS employees has increased as the problems caused by the pandemic have intensified, suggesting that additional measures need to be taken to protect them. CONCLUSION: In parallel with an increase in social violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, violence against EMS workers also increased in prevalence. A multidimensional approach should now be taken to determine how violence against EMS employees will be affected by risks such as the intergenerational transmission of social violence, a psychosocial repercussion of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially considering the increasing workplace violence among EMS employees. Show more

Keywords: Violence, COVID-19, pandemic, EMS

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220147

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1103-1108, 2022

Authors: Taheri, Mohammad Reza | Mortazavi, Seyyed Bagher | Asilian, Hasan | Ahmadi, Omran

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The outbreak of COVID-19 has adversely affected both global economy and public health around the world. These effects have also been observed in many workplaces, including mines. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the human error of copper miners during the pandemic. METHOD: This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was performed on 192 workers of a copper mine in Iran. For this, occupation tasks were firstly analyzed using the Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA), and then the human error in different subunits was assessed using the basic Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM). The prevalence of COVID-19 …among miners was determined by assessing positive PCR test records. RESULTS: The probability of human error in the operational subunits including mining, crushing, processing, and support subunits was estimated to be 0.0056, 0.056, 0.0315, and 0.0177, respectively. All three operational units were found to be in the scrambling control mode. The support unit was determined to be in the tactical control mode. Approximately 50% of all workers had been infected with COVID-19, with the highest prevalence in support units. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that during the COVID-19 pandemic, copper miners are at higher risk of human error induced by poor working conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to employ some management strategies such as promotion of safety, health monitoring, and adopting supportive measures to control occupational stresses and therefore the probability of human error in the mine’s operational units. Show more

Keywords: Human errors, coronavirus, pandemic, miners, CREAM, work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211430

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1109-1115, 2022

Authors: Küçükkaya, Burcu | Kahyaoğlu Süt, Hatice

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed working women’s workplace and family workload. The changing workplace-family workload may cause a decrease in work-family conflict management self-efficacy. The decrease in work-family conflict management self-efficacy in women may increase their depression, anxiety, and stress levels. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the relationship between Turkish women’s self-efficacy for managing work-family conflict and their depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 244 Turkish women via social media (Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp). The data were collected online through a questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety …Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and sub-scales of the Self-Efficacy for Managing Work-Family Conflict Scale (SE-WFC): Work-to-Family Conflict (WFC) and Family-to-Work Conflict (FWC). RESULTS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 87.3% of working women experienced an increase in their family workload (100% increase in cooking and cleaning jobs). On the other hand, workplace workload of 83% of women increased. According to DASS-21, women experienced depression (55.7%), anxiety (49.6%) and stress (63.1%). A negative correlation was found between the mean scores of WFC/FWC and the mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress. (p  < 0.001). CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Turkish women’s self-efficacy for managing work-family and family-work conflict decreased, and their depression, anxiety, and stress levels increased. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, women, self-efficacy, work-family conflict, depression, anxiety, stress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220190

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1117-1124, 2022

Authors: Akbolat, Mahmut | Durmuş, Ayhan | Ünal, Özgün | Ezen, Mustafa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, if it is considered that educated manpower is the most valuable resource of countries, it can be thought that various policies should be developed both at the macro- and micro-levels to minimize the loss of healthcare employees. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the effects of the corporate policies for COVID-19 on the work stress and anxiety of healthcare employees. METHOD: The sample of the study consists of 136 of 265 healthcare employees in Sakarya Provincial Health Directorate Emergency Health Services in Turkey. The average age of the participants …was 34.43 years, and the average duration of professional experience was 12.12 years. Approximately 61% of the participants are male and 51% have a bachelor’s degree or higher level. A questionnaire form was used in the study as the data collection tool consisting of socio-demographic characteristics, institutional policies on COVID-19, work stress, and the Status Anxiety Scale. Process Macro Model 4, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used for the data analysis. RESULTS: According to the results of the study, the corporate policies for COVID-19 perception of participants were above average (3.30±0.82) while work stress (2.99±0.88) and anxiety (2.65±0.56) were below average. The corporate policies for COVID-19 perception of participants reduced their work stress (β = – 0.430) and anxiety (β = – 0.361). Additionally, anxiety played a mediating role in the effect of the corporate policies for COVID-19 perception on work stress, and it further raised the impact of corporate policies for COVID-19 perception on the work stress reduction (β = – 0.169). CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, health managers should determine and control the anxiety and stress levels of the health employees on their staff and take a number of steps to reduce their anxiety and stress. Show more

Keywords: Anxiety, COVID-19, organizational policy, stress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205197

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1125-1133, 2022

Authors: Appannan, Jeya Santhini | Maheswaran, Logeswary | Raimee, Nuraishah | Lim, Wan Leng | Amran, Faridah Hanum

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Millions of employees were laid off during the COVID-19 pandemic. The hospitality industry has been gravely hit by this crisis. OBJECTIVE: Drawing from the theory of conservation of resources (COR), our study aims to examine possible factors that influence turnover intention among hotel employees. METHODS: The hypotheses were tested on 141 hotel employees from Klang Valley, Malaysia. Data were collected by means of questionnaires, purposive sampling was employed, and PLS-SEM was used in performing the data analyses. RESULTS: Job insecurity and psychological distress were found to be the potent antecedent of turnover intention. …In contrast, the role of perceived supervisor support did not significantly moderate the effects of both job insecurity and psychological distress on the quitting intention. CONCLUSION: Re-looking at existing policies and leadership styles may be fruitful in ensuring the sustainability path of an organization. This is pivotal in growing back the entire hospitality industry that has gravely affected by COVID-19. Show more

Keywords: Conservation of resources theory, turnover intention, hospitality industry, COVID-19, Malaysia

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211467

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1135-1145, 2022

Authors: Bernuzzi, Chiara | Sommovigo, Valentina | Setti, Ilaria

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In an increasingly competitive marketplace, workers struggle to find a good balance between work and personal life. Difficulties in fulfilling the demands arising from these different domains may undermine employees’ well-being and job-related outcomes, thereby, impairing organizational productivity. OBJECTIVE: Does resilience play a relevant role in relation to work-life interface? And, if so, how is resilience related to its three facets (i.e., work-life conflict, enrichment, and balance)? To answer these questions, the current paper systematically reviews studies analysing the role of resilience in the work-life interface. METHODS: A key terms literature search was performed using …multiple electronic databases (i.e., Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed) without setting any publication date limitation. The review process followed the international PRISMA statement guidelines. A quality assessment was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS: A total of 26 eligible papers published between 2009 and 2020 were included. Among these, 6 employed a qualitative design, while 20 studies adopted a quantitative design mostly examining resilience as antecedent. Data were predominantly collected in the healthcare sector. Resilience was mainly analysed in relation to work-life conflict. The most commonly used theoretical framework was Conservation of Resources theory. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, resilience was negatively associated with work-life conflict and positively related to both work-life balance and enrichment. A positive work-life balance can promote resilience, but resilience can also help workers to balance work and life. Additionally, resilience can protect from the negative effects of both work-life imbalance and work-life conflict on workers’ health and job-related outcomes. Show more

Keywords: Resilience, work-life conflict, work-life enrichment, work-life balance, systematic review

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205023

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1147-1165, 2022

Authors: Merrigan, Justin J. | Burke, Adam A. | Eddo, Oladipo O. | Kearney, James | Marks, Daniel | Martin, Joel R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Law enforcement recruits (LER) often encounter shoulder injuries, which may cause attrition from academies. Investigating required upper body muscular fitness may inform of muscular balance around shoulder joints through anterior and posterior ratios in LER. OBJECTIVE: To investigate push to pull ratios (P2P) and factors related with P2P in LER. METHODS: LER (95 males; 12 females) completed testing during a single session in the academy’s first week: body mass, one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, push-up repetitions (reps) to failure, and pull-up reps to failure. Calculations were: estimated pull-up 1RM=body mass+0.033*(body mass x pull-ups); endurance P2P …(eP2P)=push-ups / pull-ups; strength P2P (sP2P)=bench press 1RM / estimated pull-up 1RM. Pearson correlation coefficients assessed relationships among tests and P2P (p  < 0.05). RESULTS: The sP2P was positively correlated with bench press 1RM and push-ups. The eP2P was negatively associated with pull-up reps and 1RM. Females had similar eP2P, but lower sP2P than male recruits (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Practitioners may benefit from examining eP2P and sP2P as they should not be used interchangeably. Future research should examine whether the P2P ratios are associated with injury and subsequent inability to successfully complete law enforcement training academies. Show more

Keywords: Upper body assessment, muscular fitness, tactical athlete, strength, endurance, training academy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210761

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1167-1174, 2022

Authors: Banerjee, Paromita | Reddy, Bhanuprakash G. | Gavaravarapu, SubbaRao M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The work style of employees engaged in the Information Technology (IT) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sectors in India is dominantly sedentary exposing them to detrimental obesogenic environments with unhealthy diets, increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Workplace health interventions have been reported to have the potential of reducing NCDs and related risk factors among the employees and thus reduce cost of absenteeism and improve productivity. OBJECTIVE: This formative research study aims to explore the opportunities and barriers of the development and implementation of a Workplace Health Programme (WHP). METHODS: In this study, a …mixed method including qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with employees and senior managers in employers of IT/BPO companies of different sizes in Hyderabad, India. The food and physical activity environment in the workplaces were explored using a checklist and ground truthing approach. A knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) questionnaire was developed to assess health, nutrition and physical activity of the employees. RESULTS: Through this formative research, the required areas for nutrition, physical activity and health education were identified. The scope of utilising existing facilities for physical activity and modifying the food environment was explored. We noted optimistic bias among the junior employees who did not consider themselves at risk of developing NCDs. CONCLUSIONS: The identified opportunities and barriers will help in developing strategic WHPs suitable to individual workplaces. The qualitative methods, ground truthing approach, checklist and KAP tools used here can assess the company environment and employee health and nutrition status. Show more

Keywords: Workplace wellness, employee health, focus group discussion, non-communicable diseases, food environment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211017

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1175-1187, 2022

Authors: Hoefsmit, Nicole | Houkes, Inge

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: To achieve adequate return to work (RTW) after sickness absence, Dutch legislation prescribes cooperation between absent employees and employers. Yet, we lack insight into how employees with low levels of education exercise influence over (i.e. self-direct) RTW. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to enhance our understanding of: (A) the role that employers play in the self-direction of employees with low levels of education over their RTW; (B) how employers perceive these employees’ efforts (or lack thereof) to self-direct their own RTW; and (C) how employers understand and interpret the behaviours of these employees. Social cognitive theory served as …a framework. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted with 13 employer representatives using semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed in NVivo12 using a template approach. RESULTS: Employers tend to play a guiding, directive role in employees’ RTW. According to employers, employees generally comply with the employers’ decisions and suggestions, whether or not they have tried to realise their own preferences regarding mode and timing of RTW. Employers interpret such employee behaviours from the perspective of environmental (e.g. financial pressures to RTW) and person-related factors (e.g. sickness and RTW perceptions). CONCLUSIONS: Employers, rather than employees direct the employees’ RTW. Employers should give voice to employees and enable them to have more control over their RTW. Future research should acquire more insight in the employees’ perspective. Show more

Keywords: Return to work, self-direction, sickness absence, sick leave, employers, employees with low levels of education

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205233

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1189-1202, 2022

Authors: Hafez, Khaled A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the major causes of disability and early retirement. Consequently, WMSDs cost businesses billions of dollars annually due to compensation claims and productivity loss. Automotive technicians are vulnerable to WMSDs due to the nature of their work, which exposes them to numerous WMSDs risk factors. OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the WMSD cases among technicians and evaluate their postures while working in small automotive repair shops in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (SA). METHODS: The study employed a cross-sectional design. A self-administrated questionnaire and body parts discomfort survey were …filled by thirty automotive technicians. A postural analysis technique was performed to assess the body postures that technicians adopt while performing the tasks, in order to estimate the associated risk of WMSD discomfort. RESULTS: Most automotive technicians suffer severe pain in the lower back, shoulders, neck, hands or wrists, and knees. The technicians related the pain to awkward body postures, heavy lifting, and sustained forceful movements. CONCLUSION: Automotive technicians are advised to level the height of the work surface as feasible, to work as close as possible to said work surface, and to avoid working with awkward body postures as much as possible. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, body postures, heavy lifting, ergonomics assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210522

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1203-1216, 2022

Authors: Macena Duarte, Victor Octávio | Neves-Lobo, Ivone Ferreira | Samelli, Alessandra Giannella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies in noise-exposed animals have shown changes in vestibular structures. Likewise, studies in humans have been suggesting that noise can damage the vestibular system, even with normal assessment results. OBJECTIVE: To assess the vestibular system of workers exposed to noise and to compare with individuals not exposed. METHODS: Twenty normal-hearing male adults were divided in the study group (SG), exposed to occupational noise, and control group (CG). We conducted the following procedures: medical history, Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Dix-Hallpike maneuver, and electronystagmography (eye and caloric tests). RESULTS: The DHI score did not differ …between groups. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver was normal for both groups. All individuals had normal responses in the eye tests. 50% of the SG had hyperreflexia in the caloric tests, with a significant difference between the groups. There was a trend towards a statistical significance in the absolute values of angular speed of the slow component in the cold-air test, which were higher in the SG. There was a significant difference between the groups in the relative values of labyrinthine preponderance, which were higher in the SG. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that 70% of the workers exposed to occupational noise had vestibular alterations identified with electronystagmography, whereas 100% of the individuals in the CG had normal results in the vestibular assessment. Moreover, only 20% of the sample in both groups had vestibular complaints, indicating the presence of subclinical vestibular changes in 50% of the individuals exposed to occupational noise. Show more

Keywords: Dizziness, hearing, electronystagmography, noise

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211088

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1217-1225, 2022

Authors: Chaharaghran, Fatemeh | Tabatabaei, Shahnaz | Rostamzadeh, Sajjad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In most food companies, workers are constantly exposed to non-standard levels of noise. Also, food production processes require intense manual labor and repetitive movements, which may result in musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Noise and awkward posture are considered as two important physical factors in the industrialized world, which can related to perceived stress. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted among food factory workers to investigate the impact of noise exposure and work posture on occupational stress. METHODS: A total of 200 workers were examined in this cross-sectional study. Individual noise exposure was measured by TES-1354 dosimeter (TES, …TW) according to ISO 9612. Postural risk and job stress levels were assessed using Quick Exposure Check (QEC), and the Osipow occupational stress questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS: The level of noise exposure and awkward posture were significantly associated with work-related stress.The relationship of gender with occupational stress was also statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that the noise exposure and work posture factors are important determinants of work-related stress, a combined approach to eliminate the levels of non-standard noise and inappropriate posture is essential for promoting psychological health in food companies. Show more

Keywords: Food industry, job stress, noise, posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210872

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1227-1234, 2022

Authors: Grinblat, Nufar | Rosenblum, Sara

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although studies have indicated significant effects of attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) on work participation, the mechanism underlying work participation of adults with ADHD is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: Following the World Health Organization’s international classification of functioning, disability, and health concepts, this study compares sensory processing and sleep quality (body functions) with work participation among adults with and without ADHD and examines predictive relationships among adults with ADHD. METHODS: Sixty-nine adults with ADHD and 52 matched controls completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile, the Mini Sleep Questionnaire, and the Occupational Questionnaire. RESULTS: …The ADHD group had significantly poorer body functions, sensory processing (i.e., low registration, sensory-sensitivity, and sensation-avoiding patterns), sleep quality, and work performance compared to the control group (p  < .001). For adults with ADHD, sensory sensitivity accounted for 10.9%, and sleep quality accounted for 22.0%, of the variance in their work performance. CONCLUSIONS: The deficient body functions of adults with ADHD may affect their work performance and therefore should be considered in further research, as well as in clinical applications. Show more

Keywords: Adult ADHD, sleep, sensory sensitivity, work performance, international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF) model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211129

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1235-1244, 2022

Authors: Mohamad Sabri, Mohamad Qayum | Judd, Jenni | Roslan, Nor Faridah Ahmad | Che Daud, Ahmad Zamir

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hand injuries affect a person’s functioning, thus impeding their abilities to return to work. There is a limited understanding in return to work of the overall predictors when including hand characteristics and functional abilities. Therefore, it is essential to identify the most relevant predictors in return to work among individuals with a hand injury. OBJECTIVES: (1) To compare hand function characteristics and functional abilities of injured workers who have or have not returned to work. (2) To estimate hand function characteristics and functional abilities as predictors to return to work. METHODS: One hundred and fifteen …adult workers with hand injuries aged 18– 59 years old from five general hospitals in Malaysia participated in a cross-sectional study. Predictors were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: There was a significant association between occupational sector (p  = 0.012), injury duration (p  = 0.024), occupational performance (p  = 0.009) and satisfaction with performance (p  < 0.001), grip strength of injured hand (p  = 0.045– 0.002) and the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) disability/symptom (p  = 0.001) with the person’s return to work status. Significant predictors of return to work were identified using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) satisfaction’s score, DASH disability/symptoms’ score and duration of the injury. CONCLUSION: As two main predictors of return to work were COPM satisfaction and DASH disability/symptoms, occupational therapists working in rehabilitation should focus on achieving functional performance and satisfaction within the optimal time. Show more

Keywords: Hand rehabilitation, occupational therapy, occupations, work rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205164

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1245-1253, 2022

Authors: Dehaghi, Behzad Fouladi | Teimori-Boghsani, Gholamheidar | Rahmani, Davood | Ghavamabadi, Leila Ibrahimi | Zare, Sajad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Preserving and protecting the human resources is considered as the most important capital in any economic section by industrial development. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the health, safety and environment (HSE) climate and its effects on occupational accidents in a petrochemical industry. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was performed on 354 male workers in a petrochemical industry (10 different categories of site operators). Data was collected through a questionnaire, which its validity and reliability were standardized with Cronbach’s alpha at 0.85. In this questionnaire the safety condition, workplace environment, disease symptoms were …investigated in five, four and three dimensions, respectively. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23 and LISREL version 8.8. RESULTS: According to the model values, there were significant correlation between safety condition and workplace environment r  = 0.66, also between work safety condition and disease symptoms. The three hidden variables of work safety condition, work mental environment and physical workplace had significant effects on disease symptoms. Therefore, safety condition was the most effective variable on disease symptoms. Two significant predictors were work safety condition and physical workplace for work mental environment with coefficients γ = 2.29, β = –0.1, respectively. CONCLUSION: HSE condition indicators, working environment and disease symptoms reflect workers’ views on HSE issues in the workplace. It can be beneficial in rooting the factors affecting occupational accidents and performance evaluation in the organization HSE management system. Show more

Keywords: Accidents, occupation, health, HSE, environment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205320

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1255-1264, 2022

Authors: Manandhar, Sarita | Lukman, Aldyfra | Dain, Stephen J. | Bridge, Catherine E. | Relf, Mark | Boon, Mei Ying

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Standards for building elements recommend a minimum luminance contrast of 30%. The basis of this value and the metric originally used is not known. OBJECTIVE: To begin to provide an evidence base for the specification of minimum contrast in building elements. METHODS: Subjects with and without a vision impairment were characterized by visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual fields and color vision. On an iPad they rated the visibility, as a function of contrast, of simulated door frames, door handles, light switches and stair nosings as “not visible at all”, “poorly visible”, “easily visible” and “extremely …easily visible”. RESULTS: The contrasts for each level of visibility were highly correlated with visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. A principal component analysis also verified the importance of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visual fields in rating visibility of simulations of building elements. The required contrast for door handles, light switches and stair nosings to attain the same ratings of visibility were very similar but less contrast was required for door frames. CONCLUSIONS: 30% Michelson contrast for building elements renders building elements only poorly visible for those with severe vision impairments. 65% luminance contrast is necessary for all elements to be “easily visible”. Some increase (not a decrease) on the present 30% requirement and encouragement to exceed this requirement would seem appropriate. The use of simulated objects facilitates a systematic examination of the effect of contrast, but the applicability of the results to real-life remains to be demonstrated. Show more

Keywords: Accessibility standards, safe navigation, visibility assessment, visual detection, universal design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210997

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1265-1278, 2022

Authors: Haraldsson, Patrik | Rolander, Bo | Jonker, Dirk | Strengbom, Erik | Areskoug Josefsson, Kristina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Scientific research has identified a lack of psychometrically well-tested methods for evaluation of the work environment in healthcare settings. The Structured Multidisciplinary Work Evaluation Tool (SMET) questionnaire has been evaluated and has shown good content validity, as well as intra-rater and test-retest reliability. There are, however, still unknowns regarding the psychometric properties. If the SMET questionnaire is to be used in practical occupational health service (OHS) work and scientific research in healthcare settings, further psychometric evaluation is needed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to gain further understanding of the psychometric properties of the SMET questionnaire …when used in research and clinical OHS practice in healthcare settings. METHODS: The psychometric evaluation was conducted using classical test theory (Cronbach’s alpha, explorative factor analysis) and Rasch analysis (measurement targeting, category threshold order, person separation index) on data previously collected in development projects within the healthcare sector. RESULTS: The results support the use of the SMET questionnaire as a psychometrically well-tested method for evaluation of the work environment in healthcare settings. They support the use of the initial 1–10 scale since all 10 steps are used. The results also support the trichotomization procedure since the trichotomized scale captures the construct of the work environment with good measurement targeting and good category threshold order. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the use of the SMET questionnaire as a psychometrically well-tested method for a broad multifactorial evaluation of the work environment in healthcare settings. Show more

Keywords: Work environment, occupational health service, questionnaire, reliability, validity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210095

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1279-1295, 2022

Authors: Barbosa, Wélere G. | Saint Martin, Daniel R. | Soares, Edgard de Melo Keene von Koenig Soares | Fontana, Keila Elizabeth | Lan, Fan-Yun | Kales, Stefanos N. | Molina, Guilherme E. | Porto, Luiz Guilherme G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Physical fitness for health and professional performance play important roles in police workforce considering that policing is a dangerous job, associated with high physical demands. OBJECTIVES: (1) To evaluate the effects of a 6-month course of police academy training on health-related physical fitness (HRPF) of military police recruits. (2) To investigate whether recruits’ HRPF still met the academy entry standards after an unsupervised 7-month period prior to academy. METHODS: We conducted an observational and longitudinal study with 219 male police recruits (aged 25.5±3.6 years; BMI of 24.4±2.5 kg/m2 ). HRPF parameters included the Cooper 12-min running …test for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), curl-ups, pull-ups and push-ups for muscle strength/endurance which were evaluated 3 times: 7 months prior to academy course and pre- and post-academy training period. RESULTS: Participants maintained optimal age-related HRPF during the unsupervised period prior to academy. After academy training upon graduation, all HRPF parameters further increased an average of 7.7 to 69.0% (p  < 0.001; calculated Cohen’s d effect size ≥0.95). CRF was the only HRPF that improved less than 10% after the academy course. CONCLUSIONS: Police recruits that had passed the application fitness standards maintained their HRPF prior to academy, and all their HRPF parameters increased after a 6-month academy training period which was not primarily focused on exercise training. Among all components of HRPF, CRF appears to be the most challenging one to improve among police recruits. Our findings suggest that regular training with minimum physical standards could be potentially beneficial to police officers’ health and career longevity. Show more

Keywords: Cardiorespiratory fitness, fitness assessment, training, motivation, candidates

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210031

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1297-1306, 2022

Authors: Prasetyo, Yogi Tri | Garcia, Melvin M. | Dewi, Ratna Sari | Chuenyindee, Thanatorn | Kurata, Yoshiki B. | Widia, Mirta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The manufacturing industry is one of the catalysts for the Philippines. However, this sector is one of the most dangerous industries in the Philippines considering the frequency of occupational injuries. OBJECTIVE: To determine the primary and root causes of recorded accidents, demographics of the person involved, and solutions to prevent the recurrence of certain accidents. METHODS: This study analyzed 185 occupational injury cases in a food and beverage manufacturing company in the Philippines from January to December 2018. A comprehensive classification system was established to examine and code each case in terms of age, gender, …working shift, employee type, tenure, department, category, activity during the accident, root cause of injury, injury classification, direct cause of injury, type of injury, part of body injured, agent of injury, and location of the accident. Cramer’s V analysis and Phi coefficient analyses were employed on the subject cases to determine the significant factors and the corresponding extent of significance. RESULTS: The results showed that the majority of the occupational injuries were caused by stepping on, striking against, or stuck by objects (77 cases, 41.6%), caught in between (34 cases, 18.4%), fall (34 cases, 18.4%), and exposure or contact with extreme temperatures (24 cases, 13%). Interestingly, female workers who had accidents were more likely due to inadequate hazard information or lack of procedures whereas male workers were more likely due to failure to secure. The prevention measures such as passive safeguards and personal protective equipment, pictograms, and regular safety audits were derived from the results of these analyses. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first comprehensive analysis of occupational injuries in the food and beverage industry in the Philippines. The findings can be applied to positively influence the effectiveness of prevention and rehabilitation programs mitigating workplace injuries and illnesses. Show more

Keywords: Food and beverage industry, occupational safety and health, occupational injury, Chi-squared test, Cramer’s V analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210662

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1307-1324, 2022

Authors: Becker, Cathrin | Soucek, Roman | Göritz, Anja S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: If companies are building offices, nowadays, they mostly realize activity-based concepts as a response to growing flexibility requirements of a digitalized society. Activity-based concepts provide multiple workplace options to employees. After moving to new workspaces, employees need to get used to the facilities and learn how to use the available workplace options. OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness of activity-based working relies on the workplace options and on employees’ autonomy to use them according to their current work tasks. The present study examined the change in the use of workplace options, task-environment fit, and autonomy in the workplace after the …implementation of an activity-based working concept. METHODS: The study was longitudinal with two time points (Time 1 and Time 2) that were one year apart. Data were obtained prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 153 employees working in activity-based office environments in two organizations in Germany. The average age was 45 years (SD  = 11); 44% were men; and 23% had leadership responsibilities. RESULTS: The increased use of available workplace options offered in activity-based working concepts was associated with better task-environment fit, which in turn led to an increase in perceived autonomy in the workplace. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the core idea of activity-based working and revealed how this office concept unfolds its effectiveness: Having different workplace options available and using them led to a higher perceived task-environment fit, which in turn, contributed to a higher perceived autonomy in the workplace. Show more

Keywords: Control, office concept, office design, task-environment fit

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210767

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1325-1336, 2022

Authors: Algeo, Naomi | Bennett, Kathleen | Connolly, Deirdre

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increased breast cancer survivorship has prompted a focus on optimising quality of life for this cohort, including reintegration into employment. Despite this, there remains a lack of work-focused interventions to support work outcomes for women living with and beyond breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to prioritise the content and delivery of a work-focused intervention for women living with and beyond breast cancer. METHODS: Twelve stakeholders including women living with and beyond breast cancer, healthcare professionals, cancer support centre staff, and policy informers were invited to participate in an online discussion using …the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) to determine priorities for a work-focused intervention. The NGT seeks consensus through four steps; (i) idea generation, (ii) discussion among the group, (iii) refining ideas, and (iv) ranking preference for ideas through anonymised voting. RESULTS: Intervention content prioritised included managing cancer-related symptoms and work-specific factors. Consensus was made for a blended delivery format (mix of group and individual sessions), and blended delivery (face-to-face and online). Findings indicated a preference for a six-week intervention, with 90–120 minute sessions. Community-based settings were preferred over hospital-based services for the setting of a work-focused intervention. Zoom Video Communications Inc. was the preferred setting to deliver an online intervention. CONCLUSION: Stakeholder priorities informed the content and delivery of a work-focused intervention for women with breast cancer. A pilot of the proposed intervention will be conducted to test for feasibility and acceptability. Show more

Keywords: Consensus, employment, priorities, intervention development, return to work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211160

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1337-1345, 2022

Authors: Tremblay, Mathieu | Albert, Wayne J. | Fischer, Steven L. | Beairsto, Eric | Johnson, Michel J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is well-known that psychosocial health status of paramedics may be altered by their job demands. However, it is unknown whether psychosocial health status can affect occupational performance. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to explore whether a paramedic’s symptom severity of Occupational Stress Injury (OSI) was related to simulated patient-care performance. METHODS: Nineteen paramedics with 15.0±8.7 years of paramedic experience participated in this study. Participants completed both an OSI symptom severity questionnaires, and a patient-care simulation. Vagal activity was also collected during the patient-care simulation. The simulation was used to assess experienced paramedics …in a realistic stressful setting. Based on the provincial standard in New Brunswick, an experienced paramedic instructor graded the patient-care simulation using the provincial standard charts, observing performance videos and assessing data from the manikin. RESULTS: The current study suggests that paramedics who self-reported elevated symptoms of OSI were less likely to successfully complete the simulated patient-care scenario. CONCLUSION: This research suggests that the presence of self-reported elevated symptoms of OSI negatively impacts paramedics’ performance during a stressful work task simulation. Therefore, to help paramedics maintain optimal performance, it may be important to ensure that paramedics have access to appropriate resources to monitor and improve their psychosocial health. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, occupational performance, work physiology, psychosocial health, vagal activity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211033

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1347-1358, 2022

Authors: Nakatsuka, Kiyomasa | Murata, Shunsuke | Oka, Tomohiro | Tsuboi, Yamato | Saeki, Kenta | Tezuka, Masato | Ono, Rei

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of people working at home has grown significantly. OBJECTIVE: This cohort study aimed to investigate whether the frequency of working at home was associated with changes in body mass index (BMI) and productivity from 2018 to 2020. METHOD: Frequency of working at home was self-reported. Participants were classified into three groups based on mean frequency of working at home per week (no working at home: ≦ 0.5 days, low frequency: 0.5 to 2.5 days, and high frequency: >2.5 days). Productivity was measured using a numerical rating …scale, and BMI was calculated using height and weight. Changes in BMI and productivity were calculated by subtracting 2018 data from 2020 data. Linear regression analysis was performed by considering BMI and productivity change as outcomes and frequency of working at home as explanatory variable. RESULTS: BMI change in the high frequency group was significantly smaller than in the group that did not work at home (crude; coefficient: –0.27; 95% CI: –0.55––0.01, adjusted; coefficient: –0.30; 95% CI: –0.60––0.01). Frequency of working at home was not associated with productivity change. CONCLUSION: Working at home may be a solution for preventing BMI from increasing significantly. Show more

Keywords: BMI change, productivity change, work at home

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210249

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1359-1364, 2022

Authors: Miraj, Muhammad | Chuntian, Lu | Rehman, Ramiz ur | Osei-Bonsu, Robert | Mohd Said, Ridzwana | Ali, Rizwan | Shereen, Saima

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Research is essential and necessary for those who love learning, whether they belong to a research institution or not. Numerous elements influence researchers’ attitudes towards good research work, but in this study we focus on the most significant ones: advisor support, intrinsic motivation, timing, and planning. OBJECTIVES: The current study aims at motivating readers to help improve students’ attitudes towards research work within the university context. METHOD: The target demographic of the current research comprises masters and doctoral students from three major public institutions in Xi’an, China. We aimed to examine the effects of the …variables and the study employed correlation and stepwise regression. RESULTS: The results show that advisor support influences attitudes towards research positively and significantly (β= 0.20, p  < 0.01). Likewise, intrinsic motivation has a positive and significant effect on attitude towards research (β= 0.18, p  < 0.01). Time attitudes significantly influenced attitudes towards research (β= 0.14, p  < 0.05). Furthermore, time planning also positively and significantly influenced the attitude towards research (β= 0.15, p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: To achieve an excellent attitude towards research work, students need a cooperative academic advisor who will intrinsically motivate them in their research activities. However, they must manage their academic time and be equipped with time management skills. Show more

Keywords: Attitude toward research, advisor support, intrinsic motivation, time attitude, time planning

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205237

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1365-1378, 2022

Authors: Aarestad, Sarah Helene | Harris, Anette | Hjemdal, Odin | Gjengedal, Ragne G. H. | Osnes, Kåre | Sandin, Kenneth | Reme, Silje E. | Hannisdal, Marit | Einarsen, Ståle Valvatne

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Victims of workplace bullying represent a group characterised by severe negative health complaints at risk of losing their foothold in working life. To date, very few studies have investigated the effect of psychological treatment of the health-related problems often facing victims of bullying. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate if victims of workplace bullying suffering from common mental disorders (CMD) benefit from clinical treatment for their mental health problems at an outpatient clinic treating patients using Metacognitive or Cognitive Behavioural Therapy with work-focus. Criteria were symptom reduction and change in workplace participation. Comparisons were made between the …victims of workplace bullying with CMD, a wait-list control group consisting of patients who had also been exposed to bullying yet now awaiting treatment, and other patients not exposed to bullying. METHODS: The sample comprised of 405 patients from an outpatient clinic in Norway. The study used a naturalistic observational design and data was collected pre-treatment and post-treatment. RESULTS: The results showed the treatment to be effective in symptom reduction for victims of bullying to a similar degree as patients otherwise not exposed to bullying. Even more, victims receiving treatment had a larger improvement compared to the wait-list control group (p  < 0.001). Yet, among patients on sick leave pre-treatment, fewer victims of bullying were fully working by the end of treatment compared to the patients not exposed to workplace bullying. CONCLUSION: The findings provide ground for optimism for this treatment as an efficient way of dealing with the aftermath of workplace bullying. Show more

Keywords: Workplace bullying, work-focused therapy, common mental disorders, sick leave, return to work self-efficacy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210920

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1379-1391, 2022

Authors: Battail, Thibault | Fort, Emmanuel | Denis, Marie-Agnès | Fassier, Jean-Baptiste | Bonneterre, Vincent | Dutheil, Frédéric | Fontana, Luc | Paul, Adèle | Botokeky, Elsa | Massardier-Pilonchéry, Amélie

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational blood and body fluid exposures (OBBFEs) are one of the biological risks run by health professionals, especially in hospitals. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to assess the occurrence and reporting of occupational blood and body fluid exposures (OBBFEs) in university hospital medical staff and to investigate factors associated to declared OBBFE and factors associated to reported OBBFE. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire has been e-mailed to all junior and senior medical staff in four university hospital centers in one administrative region of France in 2017. RESULTS: 292 of the 1,228 respondents …declared at least one OBBFE. More than two-thirds (70.2%) were under-reporters and more than half (53.8%) non-reporters. Younger subjects, surgical specialties and other associated work accidents were risk factors for OBBFE. Considering the reporting procedure too complex was a risk factor for underreporting. CONCLUSIONS: Underreporting by hospital medical staff was a persistent phenomenon, with a high rate. The OBBFE reporting procedure needs rethinking. Show more

Keywords: Occupational blood and body fluid exposure, occupational exposure, hospital, prevalence ratio

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210007

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1393-1403, 2022

Authors: Sayeed, Md Shapin Ibne | Oakman, Jodi | Dillon, Michael P. | Stuckey, Rwth

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Amputation has significant negative impacts on physical, psychological, social and economic wellbeing of individuals and families. This is potentially compounded by significant delays to rehabilitation in Bangladesh. OBJECTIVE: To quantify disability, occupation and socioeconomic status of people with unilateral lower-limb amputation (LLA) and their families in Bangladesh, post-amputation and pre-rehabilitation. METHODS: Between November 2017 and February 2018, people with unilateral LLA attending two locations of Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed, Bangladesh, for prosthetic rehabilitation were surveyed pre-rehabilitation, using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS-2.0) with additional socio-economic questions. Data were analysed …descriptively, using cross-tabulation with Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. RESULTS: Seventy-six individuals participated. The majority had traumatic (64.5%), transtibial amputation (61.8%), were young adults (37.92±12.35 years), in paid work prior to LLA (80%), married (63.2%), male (81.6%), from rural areas (78.9%), with primary/no education (72.4%). After LLA mobility (WHODAS score 74.61±13.19) was their most negatively affected domain. Most (60.5%) did not return to any occupation. Acute healthcare costs negatively impacted most families (89.5%), over 80% becoming impoverished. Nearly 70% of previous income-earners became economically dependent changing traditional family roles. CONCLUSIONS: Following LLA, most participants experienced significant mobility impairment and became economically dependent. The impact of LLA extends beyond the individual, to families who often face challenges to traditional primary earner gendered roles. Improved access to timely and affordable rehabilitation is required to reduce the significant personal and societal costs of disability after LLA. Show more

Keywords: Amputation, disability, socioeconomic factors, occupational status, Bangladesh

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211064

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1405-1419, 2022

Authors: Ekşi, Ali | Utanır Altay, Sinem | Gümüşsoy, Süreyya

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite a high demand for people to participate in disaster volunteering, the extent of contribution received from female volunteers in disaster response organisations constitutes an important debate. In the Elazığ earthquake on 24 January 2020, the role of female volunteers in rescuing a female victim from the wreckage once again demonstrated the importance of considering female volunteers when creating response capacities for disaster risks. OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study aims to evaluate the roles of female volunteers who play an active role in disaster response organisations in a society with gender equality issues. METHODS: This qualitative …study included 15 National Medical Rescue Team (UMKE) female volunteers who took an active role in the Elazig earthquake and was performed between 15.07.2020 and 16.04.2021. Data were collected using an in-depth interview method. The data were analyzed using content analysis and the comments were given descriptively. RESULTS: Based on the qualitative analysis, the following concepts were explored among the participants: Volunteering, volunteering in disasters, the effects of volunteering on social life, being a woman in disasters, volunteering female in disasters, the ‘motherhood myth’, gender inequality. Women are key actors in tackling disaster damage and increasing available social resilience to disasters. In addition, women can use special attributes such as motherhood, which is socio-culturally defined and taught as an advantage, for the common good of society. Moreover, special elements, such as the image of the ‘superwoman’ in relation to the responsibilities imposed on women in disaster response organisations, which distort gender equality against women, appear as possible factors of harm for women. CONCLUSION: This study shows that female volunteers can play a life-saving role in chaotic situations such as disasters, contribute to the empowerment of women, increase sensitivity to gender and, in connection with this, the development of democracy in societies where gender inequality is high. On the other hand, special situations such as the image of ‘superwoman’, which aims for excellence in both private and public spheres in the responsibilities imposed on women, can destroy gender equality against women and increase women’s fragility. Show more

Keywords: Disaster, volunteering, social gender perception, female volunteers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210666

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1421-1431, 2022

Authors: Mansour, Zaid M. | Albatayneh, Ruba | Al-Sharman, Alham

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal complaints associated with work are common health problems among physiotherapists due to overload exposure and unsuitable postures. OBJECTIVE: To assess work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among Jordanian physiotherapists and investigate the factors that might increase the risk of having WMSDs among physiotherapists by using the ICF model as a guiding framework. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 139 physiotherapists. Participants’ ages ranged from 23 to 61 years with 53.2% who identified as female. To assess WMSDs the Quick Exposure Check was used. Furthermore, depression, sleep, social support and job satisfaction were all assessed using …Beck Depression Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, respectively. Furthermore, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), educational level, smoking status and marital status were also collected from all participants. RESULTS: The results showed that the most common musculoskeletal complaints were as follows: 100% of the participants reported overload occurrence in the cervical spine, 97.9% in the lumbar spine, 96.5% in the shoulder joint, and 24.1% in the wrist joint. There was a significant negative correlation between total exposure and gender. Also, total exposure was significantly and positively correlated with BMI and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). CONCLUSION: This study suggests a need to increased knowledge of self-protection strategies among physiotherapists to reduce the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders. Understanding the factors that might increase WMSDs is useful for future research, quality improvement, and educational programs to reduce the rates of WMSDs among physiotherapists. Show more

Keywords: Risk factors, musculoskeletal, disorders, injury, physiotherapy, Jordan

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210805

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 1433-1440, 2022