Work - Volume 67, issue 1

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203246

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 1-2, 2020

Authors: Ozenen, Gurkan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been essential for some workplaces to stay open. Considering the rapid spread of the virus, interior architectural re-designing of these essential workplaces such as markets, banks, and drugstores is crucial for prevention. The employees, as well as the customers in these workplaces, have a high infection rate. Some precautions need to be taken urgently to prevent the spread of the disease. Some workplaces may have already performed their action plan whereas others have not. OBJECTIVE: Some practical, rapid, and cost-efficient preventive precautions are presented in this paper for employers to take …action in their workplaces. METHODS: Two new proposals are advised to be carried out. The contents of these newly designed barriers will be introduced. RESULTS: Some practical and cost-efficient ideas are given within this report. CONCLUSION: All the preventions proposed in this paper are claimed to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and may save lives around the country as well as the world. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, workplaces, prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203247

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 3-9, 2020

Authors: Shariat, Ardalan | Anastasio, Albert T. | Soheili, Sahar | Rostad, Mitch

Article Type: Article Commentary

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused global adoption of stay-at-home mandates in an effort to curb viral spread. This lockdown has had the unintended consequence of decreasing physical activity, and incidence of low back pain (LBP) is likely to rise as sedentary behavior increases. OBJECTIVE: In this article, we aim to provide a fundamental, novel approach to alleviate LBP including desk worker associated LBP exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Individuals can alleviate their LBP through a simplistic, self-therapeutic approach: myofascial release and stretching of key musculature involved in LBP following a simple technique and associated …time domain, as well as a 360-degree strengthening of the muscles surrounding the lower back. Additional muscular strength will support the lower back and lend resilience to aid in the mitigation of pain caused by poor work-related postural positions. RESULTS: We demonstrate several exercises and movements aimed at alleviating LBP. Additionally, we provide a summary graphic which facilitates ease of use of the exercise plan and represents a novel methodology for simple distribution of evidence-based pain reduction strategies. CONCLUSIOS: Through mitigation of sedentary behavior and adoption of the techniques described herein, LBP can be decreased and, in some cases, cured. Show more

Keywords: Functional strength, fitness, self-therapeutic, resilience, posture, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203248

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 11-19, 2020

Authors: Kaur, Manjeet | Goyal, Pratibha | Goyal, Mini

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has caused economic slowdown all across the globe. It results in job loss on the one hand and less wages, increased working hours, overqualified employees and part time jobs on the other hand. Low demand of labour and a huge availability of work force will put many in a disadvantageous position, where they will have to compromise with the circumstances by being underemployed. Cabinet decisions, by some Indian states like Uttar Pradesh, to suspend the labour laws related to minimum wage, bonus, working hours and other employee benefits will put workers in a highly disadvantageous position of being …underemployed. This may lead to many socio-economic, psychological and health-related implications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review on the concept of underemployment, its types and consequences. METHODOLOGY: A critical and constructive analysis of the literature was performed. RESULTS: The findings reveal that if employment does not provide workers with proper opportunities to use their education, time, skills and expertise, it can create stressful situations in workers’ lives. CONCLUSION: The problem needs both a diagnosis and robust treatment in order to have better outcomes at the individual, organisational and national levels. Show more

Keywords: Inadequate employment, unemployment, underemployment, slowdown, labour, stress, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203249

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 21-28, 2020

Authors: Abbott-Gaffney, Cynthia | Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Prior to the COVID-19 global health emergency, telehealth was an emerging occupational therapy (OT) service delivery model possessing many positive attributes. These include the potential to offset well-documented global occupational therapy practitioner (OTP) shortages. However, wide-spread adoption of telehealth as a delivery model in school-based practice is lacking in the OT evidence literature. While the COVID-19 global health emergency propelled many OTPs into the use of telehealth technologies, in some cases with minimal preparation, an investigation was conducted into the likelihood of telehealth adoption when comprehensive training was provided so that appropriateness of student fit for telehealth could be …determined and essential planning could take place. OBJECTIVE: Prior to the COVID-19 global health emergency, a comprehensive training program was developed incorporating detailed perceptions of OTPs experienced in and new to telehealth in school-based practice as measured via surveys with the goal of increasing adoption of telehealth technologies for the delivery of OT services. Following the completion of the online New to Telehealth Pre-training Survey, OTPs new to telehealth were invited to complete the OT Telehealth Primer: School-based Practice training program. Analysis of pre- and post-training surveys yielded information about attitudinal changes experienced post-training. METHODS: Prior to the COVID-19 global health emergency, school-based occupational therapy practitioners (OTP) experienced in telehealth were invited to complete a survey exploring benefits and barriers encountered in the delivery of OT services using telehealth. OTPs new-to-telehealth were invited to complete a different survey intended to explore attitudes about the potential use of telehealth. Data collected from both surveys were used to develop a comprehensive training program, The OT Telehealth Primer for School-based Practice. OTPs new-to-telehealth were invited to complete the training program and a post-training survey. A descriptive data analysis was completed on responses from pre- to post-training surveys and the chi-square test of independence was used to evaluate difference in reported likelihood of adopting telehealth into practice before and after training. RESULTS: Prior to the COVID-19 global health emergency, the top benefits identified by the OTP Experienced Telehealth-User Survey included: 1) service access, 2) collaboration and carry-over with team members, 3) efficiency themes, and 4) student engagement and comfort. Top benefits identified by the OTP New to Telehealth Survey identified the same top benefits after participating in the training program. A significant decrease in perceived barriers was noted in scores from pre- to post-training by OTPs new to telehealth. The perceived barriers that did not significantly decrease post-training suggest the need for future education and future protocol development. These included: unreliable internet, lack of hands-on opportunity and e-helpers’ (parent, caregiver or support system available to assist the student in person during a telehealth session) decreased comfort with technology. Of the participants who completed the OT Telehealth Primer: School-based Practice , 80% reported being likely to add telehealth as a delivery model for future OT practice. CONCLUSIONS: Prior to the COVID-19 global health emergency, completion of the comprehensive training program OT Telehealth Primer: School-based Practice program yielded improved perceived benefits and an increased likelihood of telehealth adoption into practice by OTPs. However, both OTPs and school administrators require ongoing education for successful widespread adoption to be achieved thus offsetting the global shortage of OTPs and increasing service access. Future research, particularly related to available training and support for the rapid adoption of telehealth technologies during the COVID-19 global health emergency, will yield helpful information about the likelihood of continued use of telehealth in practice. Show more

Keywords: Pediatrics, telerehabilitation, telemedicine, telepractice, OT, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203240

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 29-35, 2020

Authors: Jesus, Tiago S. | Landry, Michel D. | Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that emerged in late 2019, and later become a global pandemic, has unleashed an almost unprecedented global public health and economic crisis. OBJECTIVE: In this perspective, we examine the effects of COVID-19 and identify a likely ‘new normal’ in terms of challenges and opportunities within the fields of disability, telework, and rehabilitation. METHODS: We use a systems thinking lens informed by recent empirical evidence and peer-reviewed qualitative accounts regarding the pandemic to identify emerging challenges, and pinpoint opportunities related to health and changing employment infrastructure of people with disabilities and rehabilitation …professionals. RESULTS: From our interpretation, the key leverage points or opportunities include: (1) developing disability-inclusive public health responses and emergency preparedness; (2) enabling employment and telework opportunities for people with disabilities; (3) addressing the new requirements in rehabilitation service provision, including participating as essential team members in the care of people with infectious diseases such as COVID-19; (4) embracing the added emphasis on, and capacity for, telehealth; and (5) developing greater resilience, distance learning, and employability among the rehabilitation workforce. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has become increasingly challenging to the lives of people with disabilities and rehabilitation professionals; however, key challenges can be minimized and opportunities can be capitalized upon in order to ‘build back better’ after COVID-19. Show more

Keywords: People with disabilities, novel coronavirus, COVID-19, rehabilitation services, telehealth

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203250

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 37-46, 2020

Authors: Chapman, Janine | Roche, Ann M. | Duraisingam, Vinita | Phillips, Brooke | Finnane, Jim | Pidd, Ken

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mental health problems are prevalent in male-dominated industries such as construction, where suicide rates are higher than the population average and help seeking is typically low. OBJECTIVE: To examine psychological distress in Australian construction workers and its relationship with help seeking via two hypothesised mediators: confidence in knowing how to get help and confidence in talking to workmates about mental health issues. METHODS: Workers (N = 511) completed a survey that assessed psychological distress, likelihood of help seeking, and confidence in knowing how to get help and talking to workmates. Bootstrapped multiple mediation analysis was performed using …the PROCESS macro for SPSS. RESULTS: Psychological distress was higher than national estimates and most prevalent in men aged 25–44. Controlling for age and ability to recognise personal signs of mental health problems, psychological distress negatively predicted likelihood of help seeking. This relationship was partially mediated by knowing how to get help and confidence in talking to workmates. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the need to redress and mitigate mental health problems among high-risk groups of male workers. It provides useful guidance on multilevel workplace strategies to reduce stigma, enhance confidence and comfort in the process of seeking help and support in construction and other male-dominated industries. Show more

Keywords: Mental health, psychological distress, construction industry, occupational health, men, workplace

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203251

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 47-54, 2020

Authors: Matheson, Leonard N. | Verna, Joe | Saunders-Enright, Dawne | Gherscovici, Ezequiel | Kemp, Bryan | Mayer, John

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although diagnosis and treatment of depressive illness is outside the scope of practice for non-behavioral health practitioners such as occupational therapists, physical therapists, kinesiotherapists, and chiropractors, it frequently is comorbid with painful musculoskeletal disorders such as low back pain and it negatively affects outcomes, including return to work. As psychologically-informed practice becomes more widely implemented without the immediate availability of behavioral health practitioners, safe and effective methods to screen for and appropriately triage depressive illness by nonbehavioral health practitioners are necessary. OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the efficacy and validity of a method employed by non-behavioral health practitioners to …screen for and appropriately triage musculoskeletal pain patients who also are experiencing depressive illness. METHODS: As part of a previously-published psychometric research study conducted in a community-based musculoskeletal pain rehabilitation program, a method was developed for nonbehavioral health practitioners to screen for and appropriately triage patients for co-morbid depressive illness, thus providing the current opportunity to examine the effects of depressive illness on work outcomes. The first step in the two-step process involves a 22-item questionnaire, providing scores used in the second step to triage for outside consultation with behavioral health practitioners. This paper describes the screening method and its application in an observational study of the impact of depressive illness on work outcomes. RESULTS: Among 156 consecutive patients who were presenting with musculoskeletal pain disorders to an outpatient rehabilitation program, 22.3% also were identified to have co-morbid clinical depression. The screening process allowed all patients to continue in the rehabilitation program. Those who were already receiving behavioral health care were encouraged to inform care providers of their participation in the program. Those who were not receiving behavioral health care were successfully triaged to care outside of the clinic. Depressive illness was found to affect success in the program, confirming the validity of the screening process for outpatient rehabilitation program participants experiencing chronic pain. CONCLUSIONS: A simple and effective depression screening process that triages patients without interruption of musculoskeletal treatment can be employed by nonbehavioral health practitioners. Because return to work outcomes were found to be negatively affected by depressive illness, this approach has the potential to improve overall program efficacy. Show more

Keywords: Mental health, work disability, Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire, psychologically-informed practice, chronic pain rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203252

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 55-65, 2020

Authors: Yang, Qiang | Huo, Jiale | Li, Jiang | Jiang, Yushi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 epidemic not only cast a shadow on China’s economic development but also caused phased panic and anxiety among the Chinese population. At the stage when the spread of the epidemic is not completely controlled, the business activities will surely cause employees to worry and produce a work stress reaction. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the impact of psychosocial stress caused by the COVID-19 epidemic on the work stress of returned workers. Furthermore, we explore the boundary conditions for reducing work stress from the perspectives of perceived organizational support, perceived social support and epidemic awareness. …METHODS: Data were collected within two weeks after the Chinese government announced the work resumption of industrial enterprises. During this period, 526 returned workers participated in the study. RESULTS: The results showed that the psychosocial stress caused by the epidemic had a positive impact on work stress. Both perceived organizational support and perceived that social support can alleviate the impact of psychosocial stress on work stress. The moderating effect of epidemic awareness was only established in non-severe epidemic areas. CONCLUSIONS: In the current period of the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, the conclusions of this study have a certain theoretical significance and practical value. Show more

Keywords: Psychosocial stress, organizational support, social support, epidemic awareness, public health emergencies, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203253

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 67-79, 2020

Authors: Rumrill, Phillip | Li, Jian | Strauser, David | Roessler, Richard T. | Bishop, Malachy | Chan, Fong | Adams, Chithra | Leslie, Mykal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an intrusive disease that significantly affects labor force participation. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the extent to which factors at the personal, health and function, and environmental/career maintenance levels contribute to the predictability power for quality of life among employed people with MS. METHOD: Participants consisted of 523 members of nine National Multiple Sclerosis Society chapters representing 21 states and Washington, DC. These individuals were employed at the time of the survey, and they were primarily middle age (average age of 48 years) and Caucasian (74%). RESULTS: The final hierarchical …multiple regression model explained 54 percent of the variability in participants’ quality of life scores, although none of the hypothesized personal/demographic predictors were significant. Participants who perceived better overall health and lower levels of stress, who experienced less severe cognitive and mobility-related MS symptoms, and who expressed stronger job-person matches and higher levels of job satisfaction reported higher quality of life scores than did other participants. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the complexity involved in predicting perceived quality of life among employed people with MS. Implications of these findings for future research and clinical practice are discussed. Show more

Keywords: Employment, chronic illness, vocational rehabilitation, quality of life, multiple sclerosis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203254

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 81-94, 2020

Authors: Minghelli, Beatriz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Health literacy consists of an individual’s ability to make informed decisions in various sectors, including school. Most of the health problems and risky behaviours associated with the environment and lifestyle can be minimised or even prevented by increasing health literacy. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a school physiotherapy programme in improving literacy regarding postures adopted at home and in school in adolescents living in the south of Portugal. METHODS: The sample was comprised of 84 students in the 5th grade, 42 (50%) were boys, aged to 10 and 13 years old …(10.35±0.61). The measurement instruments included a theoretical and practical test applied one week before and one week after the school physiotherapy programme. RESULTS: The values obtained on the theoretical test before and after the intervention ranged from 1–13 (7.70±2.47) and 5–13 (10.83±2.27), respectively (p ≤0.001) and, on the practical test, before and after ranged from 0–10 (4.14±2.21) and 6–15 (11.8±2.28), respectively (p ≤0.001). CONCLUSION: This study found significant improvements in both theoretical and practical knowledge acquisition after participants attended a school physiotherapy programme. Thus, a school physiotherapy programme could be a useful tool to prevent and/or minimise musculoskeletal disorders in adolescents. Show more

Keywords: Education, literacy, prevention and control, school children, school physiotherapy programme

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203255

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 95-102, 2020

Authors: Wise, Jenni M. | Heaton, Karen | Shattell, Mona

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The high stress culture and demands associated with long-haul truck driving place truckers at risk for mental health and sleep disorders, and thereby, increased risk for accidents, injuries, and fatality. Hours-of-service regulations have proven insufficient as a stand-alone intervention to protect the welfare of long-haul truckers, impacting those working in the industry and those sharing our nation’s roads. Interventions to increase mindfulness have been used across occupational and personal domains to improve sleep quality, mental health, awareness of the environment, and reaction time. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between sleep, mental …health, health care utilization, and mindfulness in long-haul truck drivers in the United States. METHODS: Participants (N  = 140) were recruited to complete a web-based survey. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and regression analysis were used to examine variables of interest. RESULTS: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomology and daytime sleepiness predicted mental health care utilization in the past year. Mindfulness was inversely correlated with PTSD symptomology, however in the full regression model, mindfulness failed to predict mental health care utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational health professionals should utilize mindfulness screenings as an adjunctive component to traditional mental health screenings and refer drivers for advanced care as appropriate. Show more

Keywords: Mental health, occupational health, total worker health, long-haul truck drivers, mindfulness, sleep, post-traumatic stress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203256

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 103-111, 2020

Authors: Mahboobi, Maryam | Taghipour, Mohammad | Ali Azadeh, Mohammad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational injuries are currently a major contributor to job loss around the world and are also costly for businesses. The absence of rational analysis is felt in this area, so mathematical analysis is needed to obtain the logical results of these injuries in order to find gaps or loss points of the industry. OBJECTIVE: This paper assesses the effects of five demographic factors on ergonomic risk and occupational injuries using an integrated mathematical programming approach. The obtained results will help managers to carry out any required corrective actions or establish benchmarks. METHODS: Two typical ergonomic …risk assessment methods, the Quick Exposure Check (QEC) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), are applied to assess musculoskeletal disorders in workers. Then, considering the five demographic factors as input variables and risks computed by the QEC and REBA methods as outputs, final risk rates for each decision-making unit (DMU) are calculated using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The importance and weight of each risk factor is analyzed using statistical techniques and analysis of variance (ANOVA). To demonstrate the applicability of the methodology, it is applied to a large auto parts manufacturer. RESULTS: The results revealed that the information obtained by DEA is consistent with those for REBA and QEC, which shows that education, experience and weight are factors that could help reduce ergonomic risks. CONCLUSION: It is shown that demographic variables such as age, height, weight, education and work experience play an important and effective role in the explanation of ergonomic risk factors. Show more

Keywords: Demographic features, musculoskeletal disorders, risk assessment, occupational injuries, data envelopment analysis, ergonomic risk factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203257

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 113-128, 2020

Authors: Veisi, Hemmat | Choobineh, Alireza | Ghaem, Haleh | Faraji Kujerdi, Mehdi | Barazandeh, Ramin | Barazandeh, Himan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (UEMSDs) are highly prevalent among weavers. In Iran, little information is available regarding the prevalence of MSDs and their causal risk factors among hand-woven shoe workers. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of UEMSDs and to identify risk factors associated with UEMSDs symptoms among 586 Iranian hand-woven shoe workers. METHODS: The data were collected using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and by direct observation of working postures via the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) technique to determine ergonomic risks. RESULTS: The prevalence of MSDs symptoms was …high among the hand-woven shoe workers. The mean RULA grand score of 6.3 indicated that in most cases the workers’ postures at their workstations needs to be investigated and changed immediately to prevent musculoskeletal injuries. The highest prevalence rates of MSDs were observed in the shoulders, wrists and arms. The result of multiple logistic regression modeling showed that risk factors associated with UEMSD symptoms were job experience, daily working hours, job satisfaction, working posture, work pressure, and discomfort at workstation, as well as individual factors, such as age, gender, BMI, material status, working conditions, education level, and lack of regular sport/physical activities. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study emphasize that any interventional program in this industry has to focus on improving working conditions particularly by designing ergonomics-oriented workstations and hand tools. Show more

Keywords: Shoemaking, musculoskeletal disorders, RULA, posture, Iran

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203258

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 129-139, 2020

Authors: Ghiyasi, Samira | Nabizadeh, Hamed | Jazari, Milad Derakhshan | Soltanzadeh, Ahmad | Heidari, Hamidreza | Fardi, Ali | Movahed, Elham

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Various parameters can affect the performance of firefighters. Thermal stress in firefighters is one of the most important harmful factors, which causes impaired performance and subsequent occupational accidents. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of personal protective equipment (PPE) on thermal stress in firefighters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 30 firefighters. Heart rate, metabolism and temperature parameters were measured with and without using PPE in a simulated standard chamber. Then, the two indices of predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) were calculated. Data analysis was performed using …SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: The results showed that PPE-induced weight directly increased heart rate and indirectly led to an increase in metabolism and temperature as well as significant changes in PMV and PPD indices (p  < 0.001). In addition, our results showed that the effect of thermal resistance of clothing (Clo) on PMV and PPD indices was very high (p  < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings of the study indicated that heat stress in firefighters is influenced by PPE weight and thermal resistance of clothing. Therefore, cooling vests can be used to reduce the thermal stress induced by temperature rise resulted from metabolism, PPE weight and thermal resistance of clothing. Reduced thermal stress will lead to the cooling of body temperature to acceptable levels of PMV and PPD. Show more

Keywords: Predicted mean vote (pmv), predicted percentage dissatisfied (ppd), thermal comfort, wet-bulb globe temperature (wbgt), exposure, firefighters, thermal stress, personal protective equipment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203259

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 141-147, 2020

Authors: Gallagher, Kaitlin M. | Abbott, Laura | Callaghan, Jack P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Along with quantitative measures, pain symptoms may help inform early interventions to prevent prolonged standing induced low back pain (LBP); however, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative measures has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE: Determine the relationship between qualitative and quantitative measures of pain development during prolonged standing induced LBP development. METHODS: Thirty-five participants performed two-hours of standing. A visual analog scale (VAS) and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire were used to assess the participant’s LBP every 7.5-minutes. Participants were classified as a pain developer (PD) based on VAS scores or three consecutive pain symptom reports. …RESULTS: Pain symptom reports occurred 31.3 (±24.8) minutes earlier than the VAS reports. Eight participants (44%) were non-PDs with the VAS and PDs with the symptom method (p  = 0.0047). CONCLUSIONS: A subset of participants who were not categorized as LBP developers during prolonged standing using the VAS method still report LBP symptoms. The inclusion of pain symptom reporting could provide additional information for practitioners when identifying individuals who would benefit from early interventions for standing induced LBP. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal pain, lumbosacral region, ergonomics, visual analog scale. McGill Pain Questionnaire, pain symptoms, low back pain, prolonged standing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203260

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 149-155, 2020

Authors: Kim, Jun Sik | Jeong, Byung Yong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The philosophy of universal design contributes to providing age-friendly products and environments in the ageing society. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to establish the philosophy of universal safety and design to ensure the safety and health of product users and production workers. METHODS: The concept and principles of universal safety and design are developed based on the limitations of universal design and the necessity of a new philosophy. RESULTS: Requirements of physical support, flexibility, accessibility, ensuring safety and health, diversity and inclusion, and sustainability are proposed for implementing the universal safety …and design philosophy. Also, the guidelines for applying the universal safety and design philosophy are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The principles presented in this study can be applied to reduce incidents and ensure productivity in customers and production workers by helping them to work efficiently, comfortably, and safely. Show more

Keywords: Inclusion, sustainability, physical support, accessibility, safety and health, universal design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203261

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 157-164, 2020

Authors: Xin, Kuah Yan | Eusufzai, Sumaiya Zabin | Jamayet, Nafij Bin | Alam, Mohammad Khursheed

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Accidental occupational injuries increase the risk of communicable diseases like hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among dental personnel. Such occupational injuries affect healthcare quality by enhancing dissatisfaction and lack of motivation to work among dental personnel. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to assess knowledge and awareness regarding needle stick and sharp injury among dental personnel and compared the knowledge and awareness level about needle stick injuries between dental professionals and dental supporting staff working at the School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study …was conducted from March 2016 to March 2017. The total sample included 112 registered dental personnel including dental professionals (lecturers, dental officers, and postgraduate students) and dental supportive staff (including staff nurses and dental surgery assistant) who were selected from the School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia at Kelantan District of Malaysia. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: In our study 60.7% respondents answered correctly for all the statements regarding knowledge and 51.8% of the respondents answered correctly for the statements regarding awareness on needle stick and sharp injury. No significant difference of knowledge level has been observed between the dental professionals and dental supportive staff (p  < 0.819 ), whereas the awareness level was significantly different between these two groups (p  < 0.016 ). CONCLUSIONS: There is a difference regarding awareness level on needle stick and sharp injury between dental professionals and dental supportive staff in our study but no differences were found in knowledge level between two groups. Show more

Keywords: Occupational percutaneous injury, universal precaution, communicable disease, dental personnel, knowledge, awareness, needle stick and sharp injury

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203262

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 165-171, 2020

Authors: Segedi, Leonardo Correa | Saint-Martin, Daniel Rodrigues Ferreira | da Cruz, Carlos Janssen Gomes | Von Koenig Soares, Edgard M. K. | do Nascimento, Nayara Lima | da Silva, Lorrany Lima | Nogueira, Rosenkranz Maciel | Korre, Maria | Smith, Denise L. | Kales, Stefanos. N. | Molina, Guilherme E. | Porto, Luiz Guilherme Grossi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Minimum cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been recommended for firefighters due to job requirements. Thus, it is important to identify accurate and readily available methods to assess CRF in this population. Non-exercise CRF estimates (NEx-CRF) have been proposed but this approach requires validation in this population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of a NEx-CRF, as compared to a field maximum exercise test, among career military firefighters of both genders using a comprehensive agreement analysis. METHODS: We evaluated the accuracy of a NEx-CRF estimate compared to the Cooper 12 min running test among 702 males and 106 female …firefighters. RESULTS: Cooper and NEx-CRF tests yielded similar CRF in both genders (differences <1.8±4.7 ml/kg–1 .min–1 ; effect size <0.34). However, NEx-CRF underestimated Cooper-derived CRF among the fittest firefighters. NEx-CRF showed moderate to high sensitivity/specificity to detect fit or unfit firefighters (71.9% among men and 100% among women). Among men, the NEx-CRF method correctly identified most firefighters with less than 11 METs or greater than 13 METs, but showed lower precision to discriminate those with CRF between 11–13 METs. CONCLUSIONS: The NEx-CRF method to estimate firefighters’ CRF may be considered as an alternative method when an exercise-based method is not available or may be used to identify those who require more traditional testing (CRF 11–13 METs). Show more

Keywords: VO2max , aerobic capacity, aerobic power, Cooper 12 min running test, firefighters, cardiorespiratory fitness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203263

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 173-183, 2020

Authors: Nazari, Goris | MacDermid, Joy C. | Sinden, Kathryn | D’Amico, Robert

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSSs) remain the most frequently reported type of injuries sustained during fire-ground operations in firefighters. However, there is a paucity of reports concerning the prevalence estimates of MSSs among female firefighters and different fire services across Canada. OBJECTIVES: To assess the point prevalence of self-reported MSSs, stratified by age and sex in a cohort of active duty firefighters from across Canada, and to determine whether age, sex or length of service can be used to predict the likelihood of the number of MSSs sustained. METHODS: We recruited 390 firefighters (272 males, 118 females). …To identify the prevalence of self-reported rates of MSSs, firefighters were asked to complete a standardized 11-item questionnaire that asked, “Please indicate whether you have experienced pain in any body region within the last week”, with response options that included “Yes”, “No”, and “Head”, “Neck”, “Shoulder”, “Arm/Elbow/Hand”, “Back”, “Stomach/Abdomen”, “Upper Thigh”, “Knee”, “Lower Leg”, “Foot”, “Other, please specify”. RESULTS: Among the 390 full-time firefighters, 212 (54%) indicated to have experienced some type of MSSs within the last week. The most prevalent region-specific MSSs included, 123 (32%) in the back region, 92 (24%) in the shoulder region, 74 (19%) in the neck region and 70 (18%) in the knee region. In addition, women indicated a 1.6 times greater likelihood of sustaining ≥2 MSSs when controlling for individual differences in age and years of service. CONCLUSIONS: The point prevalence of MSSs in a cohort of full-time firefighters was 54% (55% males; 53% females). Women experienced a 1.4–1.6 times greater likelihood of sustaining MSSs when controlling for individual differences in age and years of service. Show more

Keywords: Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, sex, full-time, first line responder, firefighters

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203264

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 185-191, 2020

Authors: Pinto, Ofir Y. | Strawczynski, Michel | Rimmerman, Arie

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) assumes that persons with disabilities have similar rights, motivations to work and personal values as those without disabilities. OBJECTIVE: The article examines the corroboration between this assumption and real-life facts to better understand the importance of labor-oriented values in people with disabilities. METHODS: We tested the relationship between human values, employment and wages among Israelis with disabilities who cope with prejudice, negative attitudes and a lack of accessible workplaces in comparison to Israelis without disabilities. RESULTS: We found that the effect of …labor-oriented values on employment status is 70% higher among people with disabilities than among those without disabilities. Furthermore, persons with disabilities ranked power and achievement as important values related to employment, but these values were not included in the considerations of persons without disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the importance of labor-oriented values for people with disabilities to overcome challenges in the labor market. Our findings suggest that rehabilitation policies would benefit from identifying personal human values of people with disabilities at an early stage of their career. Show more

Keywords: CRPD, people with disabilities, work, human values

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203265

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 193-202, 2020

Authors: Taylor, Wendell C. | Das, Bhibha M. | Paxton, Raheem J. | Shegog, Ross | Suminski, Richard R. | Johnson, Stephanie R. | Akintola, Omotola A. | Hammad, Asmaa | Guidry, Monica K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: An increasing level of occupational stress is a major problem in the workplace that requires innovative approaches and strategies. An understudied research area pertains to the effects that physical activity performed during the workday can have on occupational stress. OBJECTIVE: To determine if and how an intervention that increases physical activity and reduces sedentary behavior affects workplace stress. The population of interest are employees at a large university medical center including support staff, healthcare professionals, physicians, and faculty members; the study design is longitudinal; the approach is the implementation of an innovative workplace program (i.e., the Booster …Break). METHODS: We present a logic model promoting physical activity and reducing sitting time during the workday as a feasible and practical strategy to cope with occupational stress. RESULTS: The logic model approach emphasizes that funding, partnerships, and incentives are inputs to implementing program activities such as Booster Break sessions, weekly meetings, social support, and personal self-monitoring. Short-term outcomes were categorized as psychosocial, goal setting, organizational, and social; intermediate outcomes were behavioral and psychosocial; and long-term outcomes were health status and physiological status. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first known effort to outline a comprehensive intervention based on changing physical activity and sedentary behavior during the workday and the concomitant effects on occupational stress. The findings of this study can be used to develop and implement interventions at workplaces to target increases in physical activity, decreases in sedentary time, and improvements in overall employee health. Show more

Keywords: Public health practice, mental health, evaluation, health promotion, interventions, workplace, logic model

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203266

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 203-213, 2020

Authors: Nazari, Goris | MacDermid, Joy C | Sinden, Kathryn | D’Amico, Robert | Brazil, Amanda | Carleton, Nicholas | Cramm, Heidi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Firefighters partake in and are exposed to a range of potentially traumatic events throughout their careers and the impact of such critical events could last a life time. Therefore, capturing such lifetime exposures is necessary for supporting firefighter health. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of critical incidents in firefighters across Canada and determine whether the number of critical events varied based on age, gender, years of service; and to integrate our prevalence estimates using meta-analysis with previous studies to provide a pooled estimate. METHODS: We recruited 464 firefighters. Firefighters were asked to complete a self-report …Critical Incident Inventory (CII) survey that included questions on exposure to critical events throughout their firefighting careers. Individual CII items were summarized as percentages, number of exposures, the total number and percentages of exposures to each of the six CII sub-scales. We also performed a multivariate enter regression analysis with the CII total score as dependant variable, and age, gender, years of service as independent variables, to estimate if the number of critical incidents among firefighters varied based on age, gender and years of service. RESULTS: Among the 390 full-time firefighters, 376 (96.4%) indicated exposure to some type of critical incident. More specifically, 351 (90%) reported a “respond to incident involving one or two deaths”, and 314 (81%) reported a “respond to incident involving multiple serious injuries”. Age, gender and years of service accounted for only 37.4% of the variance in the number of critical incidents among firefighters. In addition, our pooled estimate results of previous similar studies indicated an overall prevalence estimate of critical incident exposures was 93.40% (4 studies, 1725 of 1877 firefighters, 95% CI: 82.26 –99.30). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all (96.4%) firefighters were exposed to some form of critical event over the span of their entire firefighting careers. Age, gender and years of service accounted for one-third of the variance in the number of critical incident exposures among firefighters. Show more

Keywords: First line responder, age/gender, full-time, volunteer, meta-analysis, firefighters, critical incidents

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203267

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 215-222, 2020

Authors: Diener, Marissa L. | Wright, Cheryl A. | Taylor, Carly | D’Astous, Valerie | Lasrich, Lauren

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Compared with people with other disabilities, individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have the lowest rates of employment and switch jobs at a higher frequency. Thus, understanding how to support workplace success for people with ASD is important. OBJECTIVE: Grounded in an ecological conceptual model, this study explores the dual employment perspectives of adults with ASD and supervisors who worked with individuals with ASD. METHODS: Using participatory research methods, a purposive sample of ten adults with ASD (all verbal with high school diplomas) and ten supervisors participated in semi-structured interviews on employment experiences. Qualitative analyses …were used to identify themes. RESULTS: Four major themes emerged from an ecological framework to create a strong person-environment fit in the workplace: 1) building on interest/experiences/strengths/skills, 2) reducing social demands, 3) clear communication and expectations, and 4) ASD awareness for work environment. Comparisons between the two groups of participants showed substantive differences in expectations and accommodations. CONCLUSIONS: Supervisors, although eager to employ individuals with ASD, could benefit by employing an ecological model to successful employment. Results indicate that multiple lenses on the process of employment for those with ASD can lead to better outcomes in the workplace. Show more

Keywords: Occupational readiness, accommodations, strength-based, participatory research, ecological model, autism spectrum disorders, employment, workplace

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203268

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 223-237, 2020

Authors: Yiu, Xin Yi | Maguire, Andrea | Johnson, Marcelle | Wåhlin, Charlotte | Johnston, Venerina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Dental workers including dental health students experience a high incidence of neck/shoulder symptoms. However, research into interventions has been scarce and largely focused on tools and technological modifications. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the feasibility and benefits of a neck/shoulder exercise intervention on work posture and local symptoms in dental health students. METHODS: Twenty-three students participated in a 10-week resistance exercise program for 2 minutes daily, 5 days per week. Work posture (evaluated with the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment tool, RULA), muscle strength measures, self-rated symptom severity and function were collected. Feasibility of the intervention was …determined with six items scored on a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: The exercise intervention improved: work posture score by 1.88 (95% CI 1.05–2.70, p  < 0.01) points on the RULA; isometric maximal strength of neck flexor and extensor muscles by 17.2% (95% CI 6.9–27.6%, p  < 0.01) and 23.2% (95% CI 10.2–36.3%, p  < 0.01) respectively; and clinical performance (77%). Isometric strength of the shoulder muscles, and symptom severity at the neck/shoulder showed no improvement. Adherence to training was 77%. CONCLUSION: Ten weeks of exercise was feasible for dental health students, and likely beneficial with improvements in work posture and neck muscle strength. Show more

Keywords: Resistance training, students, dental, cohort studies, exercise intervention, work posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203269

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 239-249, 2020

Authors: Tremblay, Mathieu | Albert, Wayne J. | Lavallière, Martin | Belanger, Mathieu | Gallant, François | Cloutier, Frank | Johnson, Michel J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are over 12,000 professional truck drivers in the Canadian Maritime provinces, with the majority being in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Previous studies have focused on the health of Canadian and American truck drivers but the occupational health status of truck drivers in the Maritime Provinces remains undocumented. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to provide a general, occupational health and demographic characteristics description of professional truck drivers in the Maritimes. METHODS: One-hundred and four male truck drivers from the Canadian Maritime Provinces volunteered for this study. Nine occupational health indicators were …measured (seven were self-reported via questionnaire and two were physical measurements). Participants self-reported their age, years of truck driving experience and education. RESULTS: Only one-quarter of the current sample had no health conditions. In contrast, more than half were obese, one third had back problems, and one-sixth had a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The group comparison analysis showed that the group without health condition was younger and more educated than the group with multiple health conditions. For this study, age and low rate of education were associated with an increased number of health conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to health profiles of other populations of North American truck drivers, this study suggests that the majority of truck drivers in the Canadian Maritime Provinces have at least one poor indicator of occupational health. Show more

Keywords: Health indicators, truck driving experience, education, age, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203270

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 251-257, 2020

Authors: Khosravi, Zahra | Razeghi, Mohsen | Choobineh, Alireza | Ghaem, Haleh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is high among teachers. Poor posture when writing on whiteboards is considered among the important causes of these disorders. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate an electromechanical rolling whiteboard for educational environments as an ergonomic intervention. METHODS: Thirty university lecturers volunteered to take part in the study. Participants performed a 5-minute writing task on a regular board and on the newly modified whiteboard in random order. The comfort and effectiveness of the boards and the perceived physical effort and posture of the participants were evaluated and compared by applying …the verbal rating scale, Borg’s rating of physical exertion scale, and rapid entire body assessment, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 83.2% of participants reported the new whiteboard to be comfortable or more comfortable to use than the regular whiteboard, and 76.6% of them found the new whiteboard to be higher or much higher in effectiveness and usefulness in comparison with the regular whiteboard. The comfort and posture ratings revealed that exertion was significantly less and posture improved while writing on the new board as compared to its counterpart (p  < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The new whiteboard increased user comfort, reduced physical effort, and improved posture, hopefully leading to a decreased number of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Show more

Keywords: Teachers, ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders, postural analysis, REBA

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203271

Citation: Work, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 259-265, 2020