Work - Volume 42, issue 2

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1437

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 151-151, 2012

Authors: Fischer, Steven L. | Marshall, Matthew M. | Woodcock, Kathryn

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: Increasing evidence suggests that one in four sign language interpreters (SLIs) may experience symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) severe enough to modify their activities. This systematic review examined published research on SLIs and the development of MSD pathology, seeking to identify injury pathways to MSDs and work-related factors with the largest impact in targeted MSD-reduction intervention. Methods: Embase and Medline electronic databases were searched from their inception until March 2009, finding 23 eligible …peer-reviewed papers related to MSD pathology in SLIs, including narrative reviews, intervention studies, and qualitative and quantitative research. Results: Three factors were shown to have limited support as increasing the risk for MSD pathology in SLI: increased mechanical exposure, stress, and speaker's pace (a contributor to movement rate). Overall, the published literature was rated medium to low quality, with limited statistical methods and power, often lacking description of how dependent variables were measured, and how risk of biasing or confounding was minimized. Conclusions: A conceptual model was developed to integrate the multi-factorial elements of MSD pathology development among SLIs. However, to strengthen development of evidence-based practice and policy-driven initiatives, higher-quality research is warranted to examine MSD pathology amongst SLIs. Show more

Keywords: Physical risk factors, cognitive risk factors, evidence-synthesis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1342

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 173-184, 2012

Authors: Saldana, Pablo S. | Pomeranz, Jamie L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: To perform a comprehensive literature review pertaining to cystic fibrosis (CF) and employment. Methods: We performed extensive searches of the Pub Med and the EBSCOhost electronic databases to discover articles pertaining to CF and employment. Results: Nine journal articles published between 1979 and 2009 pertaining to CF and employment aspects were reviewed and analyzed. Strengths and limitations of the studies are discussed and recommendations for future research are provided. …Conclusions: There is limited psychosocial research in the area of CF and its employment aspects. The findings from this literature review indicate that maintaining employment depends on multiple variables. Further research on CF and employment is necessary to improve vocational outcomes. Understanding the interplay of CF and employment informs the rehabilitation knowledge base and is essential in order for professionals involved in employment outcomes such as rehabilitation counselors to deliver vocational services. Show more

Keywords: Chronic illness, employment, vocational rehabilitation, work disability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1353

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 185-193, 2012

Authors: Bergman, Peter N. | Ahlberg, Gunnel | Johansson, Gun | Stoetzer, Ulrich | Åborg, Carl | Hallsten, Lennart | Lundberg, Ingvar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: The Job Demand Control model presents combinations of working conditions that may facilitate learning, the active learning hypothesis, or have detrimental effects on health, the strain hypothesis. To test the active learning hypothesis, this study analysed the effects of job demands and job control on general problem-solving strategies. Participants: A population-based sample of 4,636 individuals (55% women, 45% men) with the same job characteristics measured at two times with a three year time …lag was used. Methods: Main effects of demands, skill discretion, task authority and control, and the combined effects of demands and control were analysed in logistic regressions, on four outcomes representing general problem-solving strategies. Results: Those reporting high on skill discretion, task authority and control, as well as those reporting high demand/high control and low demand/high control job characteristics were more likely to state using problem solving strategies. Conclusions: Results suggest that working conditions including high levels of control may affect how individuals cope with problems and that workplace characteristics may affect behaviour in the non-work domain. Show more

Keywords: Work characteristics, longitudinal, spill-over, learning

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1340

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 195-203, 2012

Authors: Zoer, Ilona | de Graaf, Lucinda | Kuijer, P. Paul F.M. | Prinzie, Peter | Hoozemans, Marco J.M. | Frings-Dresen, Monique H.W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: To determine whether employees with disabilities were initially assigned to jobs with work demands that matched their work capacities. Participants: Forty-six employees with various physical, mental, sensory and multiple disabilities working in a sheltered workshop. Methods: Physical and psychosocial work capacities were assessed post-offer and pre-placement using the Ergo-Kit and Melba. Work demands of the jobs were determined by workplace assessments with TRAC and Melba and were compared with the work …capacities. Results: Of the 46 employees, 25 employees were not physically overloaded. When physical overload occurred, it was most often due to regular lifting. All employees were physically underloaded on six or more work activities, most often due to finger dexterity and manipulation. Almost all employees (n=43) showed psychosocial overload or underload on one or more psychosocial characteristics. Psychosocial overload was most often due to endurance (long-term work performance), while psychosocial underload was most often due to speaking and writing. Conclusion: Despite the assessment of work capacities at job placement, underload and overload occurred on both physical activities and psychosocial characteristics. Assessing both work capacities and work demands before job placement is recommended. At job placement more attention should be paid to overloading due to lifting and long-term work performance. Show more

Keywords: Work capacity evaluation, physical, psychosocial, task performance, sheltered workshop

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1343

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 205-214, 2012

Authors: Choi, Sang D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this survey study was to identify trade-specific ergonomic issues, and discuss practical solutions to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and injuries in the construction industry. Method: Thirty-two construction firms in the Midwestern United States completed the final survey questionnaire. Twelve different construction skilled trades participated included: general contractor, road, heavy and highway, concrete, electrical, carpentry, landscaping, plumbing, roofing, steel erection, street lighting/traffic signal, and utility construction. …Total workforce of the participating companies numbered 11,118 employees. Result: More than 90% of the participants in the survey had a written safety program; however, the majority of the firms did not have a trade-specific ergonomic intervention. The survey revealed that construction constructors perceived safety (worker well-being) as a high priority in their company. This study suggested that construction skilled-trade jobs the construction worker to employ trade-specific hand tools and working body positions that may contribute to different types of WMSD risks, body parts injured, and injury sources. Possible practical construction trade-specific ergonomic solutions might be considered includinge: selection of ergonomic hand tools, reduction of weight of construction materials, and promotion of wellness exercises. onclusion: This paper may imply that need for more trade-specific ergonomics program elements to help alleviate the work-related musculoskeletal problems in the construction field. Show more

Keywords: Occupation, construction, risk factors, musculoskeletal disorders, prevention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1344

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 215-222, 2012

Authors: Carlan, N.A. | Kramer, D.M. | Bigelow, P. | Wells, R. | Garritano, E. | Vi, P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: A six-year study is exploring the most effective ways to disseminate ideas to reduce musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the construction sector. The sector was targeted because MSDs account for 35% of all lost time injuries. This paper reports on the organization of the construction sector, and maps potential pathways of communication, including social networks, to set the stage for future dissemination. Participants: The managers, health and safety specialists, union health and safety representatives, …and 28 workers from small, medium and large construction companies participated. Methods: Over a three-year period, data were collected from 47 qualitative interviews. Questions were guided by the PARIHS (Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services) knowledge-transfer conceptual framework and adapted for the construction sector. Findings: The construction sector is a complex and dynamic sector, with non-linear reporting relationships, and divided and diluted responsibilities. Four networks were identified that can potentially facilitate the dissemination of new knowledge: worksite-project networks; union networks; apprenticeship program networks; and networks established by the Construction Safety Association/Infrastructure Health and Safety Association. Conclusions: Flexible and multi-directional lines of communication must be used in this complex environment. This has implications for the future choice of knowledge transfer strategies. Show more

Keywords: Diffusion of innovations, construction sector, musculoskeletal disorders, communication paths

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1345

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 223-232, 2012

Authors: Kyi, Min Trevor | Fischer, Jodi Ann | Penner, Jaclyn | Read, Jennifer A. | Backman, Catherine L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of time of day and job type on performance of three functional capacity evaluation measures in healthy (asymptomatic) adults. It was queried whether or not a healthy population of adults would demonstrate a change in physical performance ability, when re-tested at the end of their work day. Setting: A convenience sample of 50 healthy adults (19–62 years, 66% male) was used from six work sites in an …urban area. Design: Same day pre-test and post-test testing was performed, implementing use of three commonly used functional capacity tests: Jamar dynamometer grip strength test, Turning sub-test of the Complete Minnesota Dexterity Test, and the 50-foot walk test. Methods: The study compared morning and afternoon test scores, and using t-tests, assessed the effect of job type (sedentary, light, medium, heavy) on performance using ANOVA. Results: All three measures improved from morning to afternoon; differences were statistically significant for 50-foot walk (mean=0.2 sec, p=0.02) and manual dexterity (mean=5 sec, p< 0.001). Job type had a significant effect on dexterity. Conclusions: Late day performance did not show any significant decline in this sample of healthy adults, and in fact tended to improve or stay relatively stable. Therefore, clinicians who perform functional capacity evaluations should consider alternative explanations for late-day functional declines observed in injured patients. These findings, combined with other test results, may assist clinicians with disability determination. Show more

Keywords: Disability, functional capacity evaluation, occupational therapy, vocational rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1346

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 233-239, 2012

Authors: Larsson, Helena | Tegern, Matthias | Harms-Ringdahl, Karin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: The study describes and analyses the influence of a comprehensive intervention on premature discharges (i.e. the military training cannot be completed). Participants: 862 male soldiers from three military units were included. Methods: The intervention included a screening protocol with a questionnaire and physical tests for musculoskeletal complaints or injuries and functional limitations and, where needed, treatment, early rehabilitation and individually-adjusted physical training. The intervention also included organisation-based …training in ergonomics and exercise physiology for officers plus enhanced teamwork between officers and physiotherapist. Not all the soldiers underwent the intervention as planned. Results: The discharge rate was lower in all three units after either of the intervention programmes comparing premature discharge figures with before-implementation study figures. However, significantly fewer soldiers were discharged from the group who underwent the intervention as planned 6.1% compared to the group with the less intensive intervention, 13.1% (p=0.002). Conclusions: The results indicate that the comprehensive intervention programme can reduce the number of premature discharges from the Swedish Armed Forces. The differences between the groups indicate that the effectiveness was greater when the intervention was fully implemented with regard to intensity. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal complaints or injury, risk factors, screening

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1347

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 241-251, 2012

Authors: Morgan, Marie Vazquez | Allison, Steve | Duhon, Damian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective:Functional Capacity Evaluations (FCEs) have been utilized by healthcare professionals for over twenty years to provide an objective assessment of an individual's ability to safely perform functional work activities. Biomechanical observations have been established as a reliable method of determining safe maximal performance levels during dynamic lift testing in FCEs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate heart rate (HR) responses between participants in two performance levels (biomechanical safe-maximal and sub-maximal) …and to attempt to establish a minimum threshold for HR changes that should be expected during specific functional testing protocols within FCEs. Participants: Participants included 500 men and women aged 20 to 85 years whom were injured on the job. Methods: Variables measured included resting HR, pre-test HR, peak-HR, and resting blood pressure. Percent HR change was calculated for the safe-maximal and sub-maximal performance level groups. Results: Statistically significant differences (p=0.0000000306) were found in HR change from pre-test to peak HR between performance level groups. Conclusions: Statistically significant differences were found in percent change in pre-test to peak HR, between the safe-maximal and sub-maximal performance level groups. This study provides the foundation for further research in establishing appropriate minimum expected changes in HR during FCE testing allowing clinicians to make more confident judgments relative to performance level. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, cardiovascular response, dynamic lift capacity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1348

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 253-257, 2012

Authors: O'Sullivan, Deirdre | Strauser, David R. | Wong, Alex W. K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the differences in levels of work personality for persons with psychiatric disabilities compared to persons with other types of disabilities. Participants: Seventy one adults eligible to receive Vocational Rehabilitation services participated; 30 reported a physical disability, 26 reported a psychiatric disability, and 15 reported a learning disability. Methods: Eligible participants were recruited through VR offices and volunteered to participate. Results: Results indicate that persons …with psychiatric disabilities scored significantly lower on the Work Task and Social Skills subscales of the Developmental Work Personality Scale (DWPS) when compared to individuals with physical disabilities, but scored higher than individuals with physical and learning disabilities on the Role Model subscale. Conclusions: The results of this study provide some initial clarity regarding developmental work personality differences among three broad categories of disability. Recommendations for future research are provided. Show more

Keywords: Developmental process, work outcomes, work personality, disability categories

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1349

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 259-267, 2012

Authors: Burger, Christian | Schade, Volker | Lindner, Christina | Radlinger, Lorenz | Elfering, Achim

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objectives: This study examined the effects of stochastic resonance whole-body vibration training on work-related musculoskeletal symptoms and accidents. Participants: Participants were white and blue-collar employees of a Swiss metal manufacturer (N=38), and participation was voluntary. Methods: The study was designed as a switching-replications longitudinal trial with randomized group allocation. The randomized controlled cross-over design consisted of two groups each given four weeks of exercise and no intervention …during a second four-week period. Outcome was measured on a daily basis with questionnaires. Three components constituted musculoskeletal symptoms: musculoskeletal pain, related function limitations and musculoskeletal well-being. Accidents were assessed by ratings for balance and daily near-accidents. For statistical analysis, a mixed model was calculated. Results: At the end of the training period musculoskeletal pain and related function limitation were significantly reduced, whereas musculoskeletal well-being had significantly increased. For function limitation and musculoskeletal well-being, change over time was linear. There was no effect on balance or near-accidents. Conclusions: Stochastic resonance whole-body vibration was found to be effective in the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms. It is well suited for the use in a work environment since it requires very little effort in terms of infrastructure, time and investment from participants. Show more

Keywords: Randomized controlled crossover trial, musculoskeletal health, occupational low back pain, intervention study

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1350

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 269-278, 2012

Authors: Pal, Suchitra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Objective: The aims of this pilot study were to identify and examine job control, working long hours and their impact on work and family conflict (WFC) among four Indian doctors and nurses. Participants: The four participants had previously worked in the west and were now working in India. Methods: Employing a grounded theory approach data were analyzed using several coding procedures geared toward model development. Results: For these four Indian doctors and nurses, job control was found to be …grounded in two factors: type of work group control and a lack of control in the work environment. Conclusions: Working long hours is seen to be possible due to a culture accepting of working long hours, a supportive family system, and other arrangements at home. Show more

Keywords: Grounded theory, job control, working hours

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1351

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 279-288, 2012

Authors: Sett, Moumita | Sahu, Subhashis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Work-related problems, many of which could be prevented with proper ergonomic techniques are particularly common in developing countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the work stress and the development of the work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) of workers employed in the jute mills of India. Participants: About 219 male workers engaged in different departments of three jute industries in 24-Parganas (North) and Hooghly districts of West Bengal, India volunteered for this study. …Methods: Questionnaires along with direct observation of work postures were conducted. Physical parameters such as body weight, height; physiological parameters like heart rate response, blood pressure and psycho-physiological parameters such as perceived exertion rating were studied during different tasks performed by them. Results: It was observed that the 'hacklers' are mostly stressed. Analyses of working postures (OWAS) suggested that their adopted awkward postures were very stressful. A large number of hacklers (92.5% suffer from intense pain in different body parts as compared to workers in other departments of the jute industries. Workers report that the pain even lasts many hours after work. Conclusions: Since most of the workers perform repetitive tasks, so both the workplace as well as the work-rest schedule must be reorganized. Show more

Keywords: Jute hacklers, repetitive tasks, postural analysis, discomfort, job rotation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1352

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 289-297, 2012

Authors: Books, Gregory J. | Klemm, Kurt

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Back pain has been reported by a majority of dental practitioners for decades. Efforts to relieve pain have focused on postural modification, exercise, and equipment designed to facilitate "neutral" posture, but there has been no significant reduction in reported rates of pain. By focusing on static muscle activity and muscle overuse rather than posture, the authors describe the theory behind an innovative approach for the development of an ergonomic intervention. Objective: Demonstrate that posture …is not the problem. Participants: none. Methods: Critical analysis of existing literature in dentistry and in other more advanced fields. Results: Application of current research outside of dentistry. Conclusions: Elimination of Static Muscle Activity rather than modification of posture is the critical issue in preventing pain, fatigue, and injury. Show more

Keywords: Sustained muscle activity, anterior support, trigger point

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1354

Citation: Work, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 299-306, 2012