Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Kjellberg, Katarina | Palm, Peter | Josephson, Malin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Checkout cashier work consists of handling a large number of items during a work shift, which implies repetitive movements of the shoulders, arms and hands/wrists, and a high work rate. The work is associated with a high prevalence of disorders in the neck and upper extremity. The concept of workstyle explains how ergonomic and psychosocial factors interact in the development of work-related upper extremity disorders. The aim of the project was to develop an instrument for the occupational health services to be used in the efforts to prevent upper extremity disorders in checkout cashier work. The instrument is based on …the workstyle concept and is intended to be used as a tool to identify high-risk workstyle and needs for interventions, such as training and education. The instrument, BAsIK, consists of four parts; a questionnaire about workstyle, an observation protocol for work technique, a checklist about the design of the checkout and a questionnaire about work organization. The instrument was developed by selecting workstyle items developed for office work and adapting them to checkout cashier work, discussions with researchers and ergonomists, focus-group interviews with cashiers, observations of video recordings of cashiers, and studies of existing guidelines and checklists. Show more

Keywords: participative ergonomics, psychosocial factors, upper extremity disorders, workplace design, organization

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0223-663

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 663-668, 2012

Authors: Levanon, Yafa | Gefen, Amit | Lerman, Yehuda | Givon, Uri | Ratzon, Navah Z.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Typing is associated with musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs), caused by multiple risk factors. Although a wide variety of ergonomic intervention programs were conducted to reduce risk factors and MSC’s, only few of them were found evidence based. This study aimed to test the efficacy of a workplace intervention in reducing MSC’s among computer workers. 66 computer workers were assigned randomly to one of three intervention programs: ergonomic intervention including biofeedback, intervention without biofeedback and control group without intervention. The efficacy was tested by advanced assessment including; pain location and severity, posture at work, upper extremity 3D kinematics, muscle activity and psychosocial …status. Working hypothesis; significant score differences will be found between the study groups which underwent ergonomic intervention and the control group on the following measures: pain complaints, upper extremity kinematics, muscle activity and psychosocial status. Significant differences were found between pre and post intervention and between research groups and the control group in pain, posture and motion. The ergonomic intervention with biofeedback had no unique contribution in comparison to other interventions. In conclusion; the proposed intervention program was found efficient for reducing pain among computer workers. Show more

Keywords: upper extremity work-related disorders, computer work, ergonomic intervention, surface EMG biofeedback

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0224-669

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 669-675, 2012

Authors: Filgueiras, Ernesto | Rebelo, Francisco | da Silva, Moreira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Generally, the studies assess the upper limbs postures during the work with Visual Display Terminal – VDT through the measurement of the angles formed by the segments or through the relation with the pre-defined anatomical postures (e.g., flexion, extension, abduction). However, few studies were found in the literature which had focused in the measurement of the upper limbs support during a real situation of work with VDT and in the definition of analysis categories for this kind of behavior. The main objective of this study was to measure, in a real situation and using a systematic observation method through video …analysis, the main kinds of support for the upper limbs. The analysis was done considering 480 work hours of 30 office workers. Data were collected using a methodology proposed by Rebelo, Filgueiras & Soares [1] and related with the work organization and workspace conditions, the participants had: a) minimum of eight hours daily of work; b) similar activities, characterized as office work; c) same furniture and equipment; and, d) computers with the same hardware, software and peripherals. Results were analyzed 46554 dynamic events, considering only the fourteen Interaction Categories – ICs, for upper limps support. In this way, percentage was computed, considering the total number of occurrence, for the Right arm is: arm support (0.06%); forearm support (31,8%); elbow support (31,92%); hand support (7,41%); multiple supports (12,32%) and without support 16,41%- For the Left arm the results is: forearm support (0,11%); arm support (53,69%); elbow support (8,70%); hand support (7,97%); multiple supports (8,43%) e without support (21,11%). This systemic and ecological approach was obtained through a method which enables experimental Biomechanics and Physiology methods to develop more efficient functional requirements and recommendations for the work with VDTs. Show more

Keywords: Upper limbs support, Human interaction, Systematic observation of work in a systemic and ecological approach, Ergonomics methods of analysis, Video-analysis technics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0225-676

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 676-682, 2012

Authors: Saldanhar, Maria Christine Werba | de Almeida, Juliana Donato

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The current article presents the process of situated modeling in the drawing workshop for bobbin lace developed and implemented in the Núcleo de Produção Artesanal Rendeiras da Vila, in Ponta Negra, Natal-Brasil. The workshop aimed to rescue the domain over the product in the production of bobbin lace through capacitation of both experienced and novice craftswomen. The modeling of the drawing workshop was grounded on the sociotechnical construction and in the concepts of anthropotechnology and also social technology. The modelling required an intense process of social construction involving the members of GREPE-UFRN (Group of extension and Research in Ergonomics) and …the lacemakers od the community. The domain of drawing the lace has enabled the expression of the craftswomen creativity, increasing the amount of works and the sustainable development,thus reducing the risks of extinction of such art in the Village of Ponta Negra. Show more

Keywords: situated modelling, Sociotechnical Construction, Drawing workshop, Bobbin lace, Artisan production

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0226-683

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 683-689, 2012

Authors: Custódio, RAR | Silva, CES | Brandão, JGT

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents the Ergonomic Work Analysis method in a Brazilian Dentist’s office. Through the study, the constraints and the strategies in avoiding them were identified. It was found that dentists hardly use the position most indicated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Federation Dentaire Internacionale (FDI) for both the patient and the dentist, which is respectively supine and 9 o’clock, due to the limited space and layout. Five types of treatments performed by the professional have been studied. The frequency and duration of actions in these treatments were accounted for and the standard positions adopted were …identified. The AET was found to be a very suitable method to grasp the dentist’s activity and build a point of view of the profession, which is characterized as: stressful, perfectionist and restrictive. Time management is presented as an important strategy to control the tension arising from performing the treatments. Show more

Keywords: dentist, EWA, MSDs, ergonomics, dentistry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0227-690

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 690-697, 2012

Authors: Simões, Raoni Rocha | Figueiredo, Vitor Guilherme Carneiro

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The internationalization of labor is a prominent feature of the economy today, but is accompanied by adverse effects on operator health. In general, musculoskeletal diseases are the first to appear in this context. The open observations activity and interviews with operators and the hierarchy have been made to discover the organizational constraints. Other interviews were also conducted to account for the determinants of activity outside of work. The use of video has allowed the registration of work cycles, which helped to describe and quantify the postures and gestures to establish a possible link between musculoskeletal diseases and work activity. The …collected data were processed using software Actogram Kronos. To understand the process of origin of these diseases, the analysis of the socioeconomic context is also essential because they in part determine the organization of certain companies. The objective of this paper was to discuss the activities of operators of blistering in both work and outside work. The goal is to determine the constraints presents in these two spheres of activity, that may increase the risk of developing musculoskeletal diseases and to define their interaction. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics work analysis, physical workload, repetitive strain injury, musculoskeletal disease, psychosocial factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0228-698

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 698-702, 2012

Authors: Vergara, Lizandra Garcia Lupi | Pansera, Thaís Regina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The incidence of workers suffering from occupational injuries has alerted health professionals and entrepreneurs. Enterprises are looking for improvements in production systems by investments in quality, technological innovations and in human resources that are capable and committed to the objectives and targets of the enterprise. This research was developed in a pig slaughter-house in the city of Ipiranga-SC, in the labor of boning shoulder of the pig, because this is the activity that presents more registers of complaints of pain and also probability of development of occupational diseases with cause in the enterprise.Tools of Ergonomics Analysis of Work were used, …from interviews with workers to the application of LEST method in the activity analyzed. The necessity of immediate intervention in the work station was shown in the results, because of the high risk of prejudice to the health of the workers. Improvement actions must be done to satisfy the ergonomics requirements of NR 17 standard, attending the enterprise interests in the occupational diseases prevention. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, LEST method, safety, health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0229-703

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 703-709, 2012

Authors: Escalona, Evelin | Hernández, Maylem | Yanes E, Lucia | Yanes, Laura | Yanes, Leopoldo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective was to analyze the work activity and identify risk factors that could account for musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremities, shoulder and neck of workers of a transport values company in Venezuela. The methods used were: collective interview, tasks observation, evaluation of posture with RULA method and evaluation of repetitive motions with the OCRA method. Five workstations were evaluated. Main problem perceived by workers was: exposure to chemical and biological hazards when handling paper money and coins; inadequate chairs and close supervision. The postures level risk was 1 or 2 for the RULA scale. Only two workstations showed …ligth and medium risk level by OCRA method. Conclusion: The factors identified that could explain the musculoskeletal changes were: wrist repetitive flexion and extension, shoulder elevation, lifting weight above shoulder height, elbow repetitive flexion and extension, neck flexion, extended work journey, work overload, high responsibility and strict supervision by a video camera. Show more

Keywords: activity, postures, repetitive movements, transportation of values

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0230-710

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 710-713, 2012

Authors: Zhou, Yong | Mu, HaiYing | Jiang, Jianjun | Zhang, Li

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Currently, there is a trend in nuclear power plants (NPPs) toward introducing digital and computer technologies into main control rooms (MCRs). Safe generation of electric power in NPPs requires reliable performance of cognitive tasks such as fault detection, diagnosis, and response planning. The digitalization of MCRs has dramatically changed the whole operating environment, and the ways operators interact with the plant systems. If the design and implementation of the digital technology is incompatible with operators’ cognitive characteristics, it may have negative effects on operators’ cognitive reliability. Firstly, on the basis of three essential prerequisites for successful cognitive tasks, a causal …model is constructed to reveal the typical human performance issues arising from digitalization. The cognitive mechanisms which they impact cognitive reliability are analyzed in detail. Then, Bayesian inference is used to quantify and prioritize the influences of these factors. It suggests that interface management and unbalanced workload distribution have more significant impacts on operators’ cognitive reliability. Show more

Keywords: digital main control room, cognitive reliability, human factors issues, human errors, bayesian network

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0231-714

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 714-721, 2012

Authors: Reiman, Teemu | Rollenhagen, Carl

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The specific goal of the study is to look how tensions, competing values and trade-offs manifest in the management of nuclear power plants. Second goal is to inspect how existing frameworks, such as Competing Values Framework, can be used to model the tensions. Empirical data consists of thirty interviews that were conducted as part of a NKS study on safety culture in the Nordic nuclear branch. Eight trade-offs are identified based on a grounded theory based analysis of the interview data. The competing values and potential tensions involved in the trade-offs are discussed.

Keywords: nuclear safety, safety management, competing values, trade-offs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0232-722

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 722-729, 2012

Authors: De la Garza, Cecilia | Labarthe, Jean-Paul | Graglia, Louis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to highlight how ergonomics contributes to risk analysis and risk management in a design project for a new reactor, the French EPR (European Pressurized Reactor). An iterative ergonomics design process has been conducted over the last 10 years through a Human Factors Engineering program at the French energy company EDF. A parallel has been drawn between a risk management process and this ergonomics process based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publications such as ISO/IEC Guide 73, ISO Guide 51, etc. The contribution of ergonomics to risk analysis is illustrated by an example: the …automatic diagnosis, which is a very important technical device for safety. Five main types of risk have been identified via ergonomic analyses during the different design stages. Counter-measures have been implemented and their efficacy tested within the scope of new campaigns to assess human factors. However, the management of risks in such a design project requires the participation both of the different design entities involved in the project and of other experts in aspects of risk management, such as human reliability. The organization of collaborative participation remains a challenge to be addressed. Show more

Keywords: risk management, design, human reliability, nuclear power plant

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0233-730

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 730-736, 2012

Authors: Couix, Stanislas | Darses, Françoise | De-La-Garza, Cecilia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It is widely recognised that ergonomists must contribute during needs analysis. However, few studies have investigated the specific contributions of ergonomists at this stage of the design process. In this study, this contribution is studied through the requirement document produced by the design team. For each requirement, the source (i.e. who formulated the requirement), justification (why the requirement is needed), type (functional, interaction, operational, physical, organizational), and scope (entire system or part thereof) were analysed. Results indicate that the various actors are complementary and work collectively to define the various dimensions of the system. With end-users, the ergonomist worked on …the global aspects of the system: function, conditions of use and organizational dimension. Alone, he defined the global interaction of the system. The various functions derived from the global function were defined in collaboration with engineers. However, while engineers contributed to defining how these functions would work, as well as their technical conditions of use, the ergonomist focused on their purpose, and, with end-users, on their organizational aspects. Finally, results suggest that neither the ergonomist’s specific knowledge in ergonomics, nor work analysis were sufficient to derive his requirements; both are mandatory. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, design, needs analysis, requirements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0234-737

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 737-744, 2012

Authors: Alhadeff, Cynthia Mossé | da Silva, Rosana Fernandes | Reis, Márcia Sales dos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study presents the challenge involved in the negotiation and construction of a standard process in a major petroleum company that has the purpose of guiding the implementation of ergonomic studies in the development of projects, systemising the implementation of ergonomics design. The standard was created by a multi-disciplinary working group consisting of specialists in ergonomics, who work in a number of different areas of the company. The objective was to guide “how to” undertake ergonomics in all projects, taking into consideration the development of the ergonomic appraisals of work. It also established that all the process, in each project …phase, should be accompanied by a specialist in ergonomics. This process as an innovation in the conception of projects in this company, signals a change of culture, and, for this reason requires broad dissemination throughout the several company leadership levels, and training of professionals in projects of ergonomics design. An implementation plan was also prepared and approved by the corporate governance, complementing the proposed challenge. In this way, this major oil company will implement new procedures of ergonomics design to promote health, safety, and wellbeing of the workforce, besides improving the performance and reliability of its systems and processes. Show more

Keywords: projects, ergonomics design, standard procedure, multi-disciplinary, reliability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0235-745

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 745-751, 2012

Authors: Robb, Martin | Miller, Gerald

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Oil and Gas Exploration and Production activities are carried out in hazardous environments in many parts of the world. Recent events in the Gulf of Mexico highlight those risks and underline the importance of considering human factors during facility design. Ergonomic factors such as machinery design, facility and accommodation layout and the organization of work activities have been systematically considered over the past twenty years on a limited number of offshore facility design projects to a) minimize the occupational risks to personnel, b) support operations and maintenance tasks and c) improve personnel wellbeing. During this period, several regulators and industry …bodies such as the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), the UK’s Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Oil and Gas Producers (OGP), and Norway’s Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) have developed specific HFE design standards and guidance documents for the application of Human Factors Engineering (HFE) to the design and operation of Oil and Gas projects. However, despite the existence of these guidance and recommended design practise documents, and documented proof of their value in enhancing crew safety and efficiency, HFE is still not well understood across the industry and application across projects is inconsistent. This paper summarizes the key Oil and Gas industry bodies’ HFE guidance documents, identifies recurring themes and current trends in the use of these standards, provides examples of where and how these HFE standards have been used on past major offshore facility design projects, and suggests criteria for selecting the appropriate HFE strategy and tasks for future major oil and gas projects. It also provides a short history of the application of HFE to the offshore industry, beginning with the use of ASTM F 1166 to a major operator’s Deepwater Gulf of Mexico facility in 1990 and the application of HFE to diverse world regions. This latter point highlights the need to consider user populations when selecting HFE design criteria, an aspect strongly emphasized in current industry guidance. Show more

Keywords: oil and gas, facilities design, regulations, energy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0236-752

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 752-762, 2012

Authors: Menegon, Fabrício Augusto | da Silva Rodrigues, Daniela | Fontes, Andréa Regina Martins | Menegon, Nilton Luiz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the role of ergonomics in design process using the dialogue developed by designers, implementers and users in an oil refinery. It was possible to identify the need of minimizing the postural constraints, risk of accidents, mechanical shocks and to enlarge safety perception in the access and permanency of the users at the workspace. It has been determined and validated by workers and managers to implement different deadlines depending on programming, viability and execution time for the improvements proposed. In a long-term: it was proposed the substitution of the ladders with time planning according to the …maintenance program of the tanks; in a short-time: it was suggested the expansion of the existing platforms, implementation of a walkway connection provided with guardrails between the upper access of the side ladder and the repositioning of radar set and aerial aiming at the usage by workers at the workstation of the new platform. It was also elaborated eight typologies of intervention, according to the request, type of tank, material stored, and its setting place. The design process arises from ergonomics workplace analysis that presents concepts for solutions which was a mediator tool to be settled between users and implementers. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics workplace analysis, work activity, social process of design, design and use, process industry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0237-763

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 763-769, 2012

Authors: Passero, Carolina Reich Marcon | Ogasawara, ÉRika Lye | Baú, Lucy Mara Silva | Buso, Sandro Artur | Bianchi, Marcos Cesar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomic Design is the adaptation of working conditions to human limitations and skills in the physical design phase of a new installation, a new working system, or new products or tools. Based on this concept, the purpose of this work was to analyze the implementation of ergonomic design at the new industrial units of an oil refinery, using the method of Ergonomic Workplace Assessment. This study was conducted by a multidisciplinary team composed of operation, maintenance and industrial safety technicians, ergonomists, designers and engineers. The analysis involved 6 production units, 1 industrial wastewater treatment unit, and 3 utilities units, all …in the design detailing phase, for which 455 ergonomic requirements were identified. An analysis and characterization of the requirements identified for 5 of the production units, involving a total of 246 items, indicated that 62% were related to difficult access and blockage operations, while 15% were related to difficulties in the circulation of employees inside the units. Based on these data, it was found that the ergonomic requirements identified in the design detailing phase of an industrial unit involve physical ergonomics, and that it is very difficult to identify requirements related to organizational or cognitive ergonomics. Show more

Keywords: Designs, Petrochemistry, Ergonomic Workplace Assessment, Electronic Template

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0238-770

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 770-773, 2012

Authors: Steffan, Isabella Tiziana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The article presents a complex work of which the author has been asked by the Municipality of Milan an its Service Company (AEM, now A2A) to apply Ergonomics to evaluate a product designed for asking information and emergency, with particular attention to vulnerable city users.

Keywords: emergency system, help point, municipality of Milan, ergonomic evaluation, redesign

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0239-774

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 774-777, 2012

Authors: Santos, Y | Porto, F | Marques, L | Tomaz, A | Toledo, R | Lucena, N

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomics is the study of a workplace and the worker. Its aim is to better adapt the workplace to man by preserving the body for short and long term work. This helps to adjust and improve functionality, thus preserving the body for short and long term work. It was through the observation of SAMU's (Mobile Emergency Unit) professional's helpers that the interest to evaluate these individuals arose. In addition, the aim of this research is to investigate the work ability of health professionals that work for SAMU/JP. The population was composed of 97 health professionals who currently work for SAMU/JP. …A sociodemographic questionnaire was used as data collection instrument and it was validated by the index of the Work Ability (WAI). The research took place in 2010, in the headquarters of SAMU, in the city of João Pessoa, state of Paraíba – Brazil. The data analysis was carried out by simple descriptive statistics followed by comparison of the results with the pertinent literature. The quantity of daily sleeping hours, the levels of satisfaction in the job and the number of diagnosed diseases were among the most worrying factors. In spite of this, the health professionals obtained a work ability average considered to be “good”. Show more

Keywords: health professionals, work ability, SAMU

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0240-778

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 778-782, 2012

Authors: Mendes, Davidson Passos | de Souza Moraes, Geraldo Fabiano | de Lima Mendes, Juliana Cristina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Our objective in this study, the analysis of potential fields of risk management in nursing work in psychiatric care to adolescents and children, while settings that go from the relationship between technical and organizational determinants of work activity and the skills of operators. It was established focus on the work process of the TECHNICAL AND NURSING ASSISTANTS to seek for response elements in an attempt to understand the health-disease process experienced by these workers. It was used for analysis and data collection, through the method of Ergonomic Work Analysis (EWA), fifteen workers of nursing staff – T&NA, between effectives and …contractors, and the strategies of action and regulation of these workers in relation to the interface that they deal with. The results show that the workers are exposed to all charges in an intense and specific way, causing physical and mental wear, as it approaches the psychological distress, exposure to the psychic pressure, not only through contact with the object of work, but the complexity of these relationships that are involved in nursing staff. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, nursing, occupational risk, work process

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0241-783

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 783-789, 2012

Authors: Munoz, Maria Isabel | Bouldi, Nadia | Barcellini, Flore | Nascimento, Adelaide

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This communication deals with the involvement of ergonomists in a research-action design process of a software platform in radiotherapy. The goal of the design project is to enhance patient safety by designing a workflow software that supports cooperation between professionals producing treatment in radiotherapy. The general framework of our approach is the ergonomics management of a design process, which is based in activity analysis and grounded in participatory design. Two fields are concerned by the present action: a design environment which is a participatory design process that involves software designers, caregivers as future users and ergonomists; and a reference real …work setting in radiotherapy. Observations, semi-structured interviews and participatory workshops allow the characterization of activity in radiotherapy dealing with uses of cooperative tools, sources of variability and non-ruled strategies to manage the variability of the situations. This production of knowledge about work searches to enhance the articulation between technocentric and anthropocentric approaches, and helps in clarifying design requirements. An issue of this research-action is to develop a framework to define the parameters of the workflow tool, and the conditions of its deployment. Show more

Keywords: patient safety, radiotherapy care, CSCW, design, participatory process

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0242-790

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 790-796, 2012

Authors: Fonseca, Bernardo Bastos | Aguilera, Maria Victoria Cabrera | Vidal, Mario Cesar Rodríguez

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, we analyzed two laboratories of liquid chromatography (LC), separation technique of mixtures and identification of its components, in order to identify projectual gaps relating to the environment and the working station. The methodology used was the ergonomic analysis with interactional and participatory techniques applied during the activity performance. This work incorporated and adapted the concept developed by Alexander (1979) - pattern languages - passing from architectural projects to workstations project and physical arrangement of the work environment. The adaptation of the concept resulted in a list of recommendations, requirements and concepts that have brought design solutions for …the problematic aspects observed in the ergonomic analysis. The employed methodology, strongly supported in ergonomics principles, and in interactional and participatory techniques, contributed to achieve our gold that is what we now call Conceptual Standards. The patterns go beyond of a usual model of book a of ergonomics specification, once incorporating the viewpoint of the end user, it is also a set of best project practices and of project management in conception ergonomics. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, good project practices, conceptual design patterns, project, workstations

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0243-797

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 797-803, 2012

Authors: Rodríguez, Claudia Isabel Rojas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This work describes the experience of application of a procedural initiative, which aimed to identify and address technical assistance needs progressively in therapy and rehabilitation activities. The proposal theoretical axes are the basics of participatory ergonomics and interdisciplinary work, was raised with the intention of addressing important issues for the entire design process including: perception, attention, memory and human being comfort, and the interrelationships that create objects in the context in which they are used. This project was done in collaboration with leading institutes for the rehabilitation of Colombia: Cirec and Roosevelt, through two investigative stages: a first ethnographic stage, …during which were observed one hundred forty four (144) procedures of rehabilitation and therapy to build a bank of assistive technology needs, justified on the project observation variables. And a second stage of action research in which they were designed elements that facilitate the implementation of rehabilitation procedures efficiently. Currently being developed experiential situations in different hospitals to examine the reliability of the proposed solutions. Show more

Keywords: Execution, Need, Therapy, Rehabilitation, Ergonomics participatory, Design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0244-804

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 804-808, 2012

Authors: Turja, Johanna | Kaleva, Simo | Kivistö, Marketta | Seitsamo, Jorma

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of the controlled longitudinal study was to determine the effect of a tailored early support intervention method on workers’ workplace ergonomics. The main areas of the early support intervention were training, guidance and support for supervisors in finding weak signals of impaired ergonomics. Supervisors were also trained to bring up these weak signals in discussion with employees and to make necessary changes at the workplace The data consisted of 301 intervention subjects and 235 control subjects working in the field of commerce. The questionnaires were carried out in 2008 and in 2010, and the response rates among …both groups were 45%. We used multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance (MANOVA) to test the difference in the groups at two points of time. The main result was that in the areas of work environment, the interaction between group and time was statistically significant (p=0.0004). The work environment improved in the intervention group, but deteriorated in the control. Working methods improved due to the interventions, but physical load factors increased over time in both groups. According to the study, tailored early support intervention has a generally beneficial impact on workers’ workplace ergonomics in the areas of work methods, work environment and accident factors. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, work ability, weak signals, work environment, health promotion

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0245-809

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 809-811, 2012

Authors: Elford, Wendy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ergonomics literature has often identified concerns about the difficulty of gaining support for ergonomics interventions. There appears to be a shift from the view that ergonomics issues can be made to be simple, towards a wider appreciation of the complexity of ergonomics problems in the real world. A framework from knowledge management – the Cynefin Framework – is recommended as providing a way of re-perceiving situations where ergonomics problems may be present or have already been identified. The framework uses multiple ontologies and indicates appropriate courses of investigation and action for each of four domains – the simple, the complex, …the complicated and the chaotic. This paper presents evidence of the need for a multi-ontology approach and shows how the Cynefin Framework can be applied to ergonomics. Show more

Keywords: Complex, complicated, system, interdisciplinary

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0246-812

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 812-817, 2012

Authors: Jones, Wendy | Haslam, Roger | Haslam, Cheryl

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Employed individuals from a range of jobs (n=18) were interviewed using a repertory grid technique, to explore the criteria they used to distinguish between different jobs. The concepts of ‘a good job’ and ‘a job good for health’ were also discussed. Interactions with others and the job itself were the most commonly used criteria and were also the most common features of a ‘good job’. Pay and security were mentioned frequently but were less important when comparing jobs and when defining a ‘good job’. Physical activity was rarely associated by interviewees with a ‘good job’ but was frequently associated with …a ‘job good for health’. A comprehensive definition of a ‘good job’ needs to take all these factors into account. Show more

Keywords: job quality, good job, repertory grid, health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0247-818

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 818-821, 2012

Authors: Carusi, Alessandra | Mont’Alvão, Cláudia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Graphic representation of clickable areas in computer interfaces should allow mental representations that facilitate system´s navigation during the cognitive process. If it doesn´t happen users can feel lost. When thinking about websites designed to children with both entertainment and educational intention these systems must stimulates this kind of users. As many other activities for children nowadays, many system are commonly used as support for contents explored in school, as a complement. The design of theses educational systems must have the compromise to allow these users navigate and feel capable to explore every part of these interfaces. This paper is focusing …the results of Ticese and Pedactice methods and shows the importance of these results as an exploratory phase in a bigger research that evaluates interfaces with children. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected related to structuring the user’s mental model, influenced by the graphic representation of hypertext areas in a children’s educational site. Show more

Keywords: educational site, navigation, design, graphic representation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0248-822

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 822-826, 2012

Authors: Hashim, Adila Md | Dawal, Siti Zawiahmd Md | Yusoff, Nukman

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The objective of this study is to compare the evaluation of postural analysis between a self-report questionnaire and physical assessments methods for students aged 13 to 15 years old in school workshop. 336 students were volunteered as participants to fill in the questionnaire and being observed in the workshop. Total of 104 positions were selected and analyzed while students performing their tasks. Questionnaire data was examined to specify the prevalence of postural stress symptoms. The relationship of postural stress by physical assessment methods (RULA and REBA methods) was defined to identify the risk level of students’ working posture. From the …results, comparison of four factors categorized from total of 22 questions among ages, the mean values were lower for 13 years old students meaning that they were faced higher posture problems while using the workstation. The obtained results from both physical assessment methods and questionnaire analysis have identified 13 years old students faced higher risk exposure. Analysis results emphasized the fact that self-reports questionnaire method has almost accurate as postural evaluation methods to identify physical risks in workplace. The result also shows that an intervention is needed to overcome the posture problems. Show more

Keywords: working posture, self-reported questionnaire, physical assessment method, school workshop, student

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0249-827

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 827-831, 2012

Authors: de Porto Alegre Muniz, Maria Isabella | de Moraes, Anamaria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This project is about the usability of Learning Management Systems (LMS), focusing on the specific case of the open source system Moodle. Specifically, this project is about communication and collaboration tools that are used by teachers on the system. This study investigates whether usability problems hamper the use teachers make of these tools. Focused interviews were conducted with professionals working in distance education and the answers of the respondents were subjected to techniques of content analysis in order to obtain data for developing the tools needed to prove the hypothesis.

Keywords: usability, human computer interaction, distance education, learning management systems, content analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0250-832

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 832-837, 2012

Authors: Harris, C. | Straker, L. | Smith, A. | Pollock, C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Children’s computer exposure is rapidly growing. Several studies have suggested children using computers may be at risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms. General models and theories relating to the causality of negative musculoskeletal outcomes in adult workers demonstrated relationships between workplace factors and musculoskeletal outcomes. When examining children’s computer exposure it is evident that their use is different. Even though risk factors may be similar, due to the nature of children and their computer environments, the potential risk factors and thus a proposed model of causal relationships between exposure and outcomes may differ. Objective: To develop a model of factors influencing …computer exposure and musculoskeletal symptoms in children. Methods: 1351 children (or their parents for Year 1 children) in school Years 1, 6, 9 and 11 (ages ~ 6,11,14,16 years) from 10 schools in Western Australia were surveyed on a range of user characteristics, computer exposure and musculoskeletal symptoms. Results: Potential risk factors for childrens’ computer exposure and musculoskeletal outcomes were multivariable. Factors such as age, gender, somatic complaints, flow, computer anxiety, computer, TV and physical activity exposure, and SES were related to computer exposure and children’s reports of musculoskeletal symptoms. Significance: Developing a child-related computer exposure model to understand relationships between potential risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms will assist academics, teachers and parents to develop a better understanding of the risk factors for children’s computer exposure. Show more

Keywords: children, computers, ergonomics, models, musculoskeletal outcomes

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0251-838

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 838-845, 2012

Authors: Hughes, Erin E. | Johnson, Peter W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Studies have shown that increased computer use among adults in occupational settings is associated with the development of cumulative trauma disorders; however, the need to address how adult-sized mice and keyboards are affecting children is becoming increasingly important as both access to and use of computers is increasing among today’s youth. To address the potential mismatch that exists between child stature and computer input device size and activation force, we have applied existing, age-specific, anthropometric data to elements of device design, including mouse size (length, width, height, switch location), and mouse-button activation forces. Trends supported the development of smaller computer …input devices with lower activation forces for smaller statured individuals including children. Distinct and consistent trends in size delineations were seen across gender and age groups—trends that correlate well with grades and schooling in the United States education system . Three to four mouse sizes would be recommended: a mouse sized for adult and high school males; one for adult and high school females and junior high males; one for elementary school children, aged 6 to 10 years; and possibly a mouse for the smallest users who are less than six years old. Show more

Keywords: design, mouse, keyboard, stature, standards

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0252-846

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 846-850, 2012

Authors: Ciccarelli, Marina | Portsmouth, Linda | Harris, Courtenay | Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Introduction of notebook computers in many schools has become integral to learning. This has increased students’ screen-based exposure and the potential risks to physical and visual health. Unhealthy computing behaviours include frequent and long durations of exposure; awkward postures due to inappropriate furniture and workstation layout, and ignoring computer-related discomfort. Objective: Describe the framework for a planned school-based health promotion program to encourage healthy computing behaviours among middle school students. Methods: This planned program uses a community- based participatory research approach. Students in Year 7 in 2011 at a co-educational middle school, their parents, and teachers have been recruited. …Baseline data was collected on students’ knowledge of computer ergonomics, current notebook exposure, and attitudes towards healthy computing behaviours; and teachers’ and self-perceived competence to promote healthy notebook use among students, and what education they wanted. The health promotion program is being developed by an inter-professional team in collaboration with students, teachers and parents to embed concepts of ergonomics education in relevant school activities and school culture. End of year changes in reported and observed student computing behaviours will be used to determine the effectiveness of the program. Significance: Building a body of evidence regarding physical health benefits to students from this school-based ergonomics program can guide policy development on the healthy use of computers within children’s educational environments. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, schools, notebooks, community-based research

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0253-851

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 851-856, 2012

Authors: Paraizo, Claudia | de Moraes, Anamaria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Abstract This research deals with the influence of the computer use in schools related to the children posture, in an ergonomic point of view. The research tries to identify probable causes for the children early postural constraints, relating it to the sedentary behavior and the lack of an ergonomic project in schools. The survey involved 186 children, between 8 and 12 years old, students of a private school in Rio de Janeiro – Brasil. An historical and theoretical school furniture research was conducted as well as a survey with the students and teachers, computer postural evaluation, ergonomic evaluation (RULA …method), and observations in the computer classroom. The research dealt with the student´s perception with respect to the furniture utilized by him in the classroom during the use of the computer, his body complaint, the time he spent working on the school computer and the possibility of the existence of sedentariness. Also deals with the teachers´ perception and knowledge regarding ergonomics with reference to schoolroom furniture and its Regulatory Norms (RN). The purpose of the research work is to highlight the importance of this knowledge, having in view the possibility of the teachers´ collaboration in the ergonomic adaptation of the classroom environment and in their conscientious opinion during the purchasing of this furniture. A questionnaire was utilized and its results showed some discontent on the part of the teachers with relation to the schoolroom furniture as well as the teachers´ scant knowledge of Ergonomics. We conclude with a survey that despite the children had constraints in postural assessments and school furniture needs a major ergonomic action, the time that children use the computer at school is small compared with the time of use at home and therefore insufficient to be the main cause of quantified commitments, thus the study of computer use at home as a development and continuity of this research. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, computer, child, school furniture, postural constraints

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0254-857

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 857-862, 2012

Authors: Tran, T. | Ciccarelli, M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Australian children as young as five years are using computers in the home and school environments with increased frequency and longer duration as they age. Consequently, they may be exposed to risk factors for the development of physical health problems described in studies of adult computer users. To date schools have focused on providing children with the latest computer technologies; with far less attention given to appropriate workstations, ergonomics education and incorporating safe computing practices. By better understanding children’s attitudes and knowledge, a directional approach to the development of an ergonomics education program may be established using a health …promotion framework to encourage healthy computing behaviors. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify children’s knowledge of, and attitudes towards healthy computing. Method: A cross-sectional inferential study of 537 Australian school children (aged 9 to 11 years) from Catholic Education Schools across Western Australia was conducted. Multiple logistic regression analyses identified that children’s beliefs and attitudes about the negative health effects of computers were found to be most associated with unhealthy computing behaviors. Results: Children lacked sufficient knowledge about the importance of postural and task variation, but had sufficient knowledge about adjusting workstation furniture specific to healthy computer use. Show more

Keywords: children, computer ergonomics, knowledge, attitudes, behaviors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0255-863

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 863-868, 2012

Authors: Zlamanski, R. | Ciccarelli, M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Information and communication technologies (ICT), including computers, are becoming commonplace tools for learning by school children in Australia and around the world. Teachers are responsible for integrating ICT into the school learning environment; however, they may not recognize how and when ICT use may compromise their students’ physical health. Children’s exposure to physical harm through the unhealthy use of ICT may have liability implications for the education sector. Objectives: To determine (i) whether teachers consider it their responsibility to promote healthy ICT use among their students; (ii) teachers’ self-perceived competence to do so; and (iii) what teachers perceive are …the barriers and enablers to promoting healthy ICT use among their students. Method: An online survey was developed for the study. All Catholic Education school principals in Western Australia (n=157) were sent an email link to the survey for distribution to teachers at their respective schools. Over the three week survey period, 95 teachers completed the survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data and summarize participants’ responses. Results: Fifty-five percent of teachers agreed they were concerned about their students’ physical health when using ICT. Only 19% of teachers reported they frequently or always provided their students with information on how to use computers in their class in a way, so as to promote physical health. Teachers identified barriers to promoting healthy computing use among students including; insufficient time (47%), non-adjustable furniture (46%), and insufficient knowledge (41%). Male teachers reported more confidence in their ability to promote healthy ICT use among students than female teachers. Conclusion: Just over half of the teachers in this study were concerned for the physical health of their students when using ICT in the classroom. Respondents identified barriers that limit their ability to promote healthy practices to their students. Designing and implementing school-based computer ergonomics education programmes may assist teachers fulfil their duty of care in regard to the physical health and well-being of their students. Show more

Keywords: ICT, ergonomics, school children, teacher education

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0256-869

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 869-875, 2012

Authors: Gonçalves, Maria Antónia | Arezes, Pedro M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: During the last decades of the previous century, school desks with a tilt top have disappeared. The chairs have been designed for sitting upright, with the hip, knees and ankles all at right angles. However, the erect posture cannot be maintained for more than one or two minutes, after which it will result in fatigue, discomfort or poor posture. The main aim of project is to identify the type of furniture that most effectively contribute to adequate neck and back postures of the school children, by carrying out a postural analysis of a sample of school pupils when using three …different types of furniture. The postures adopted by school pupils were monitored by video during several activities, such as reading, writing and painting tasks, copying from a blackboard and listening the teacher. Additionally, the characteristics of the adopted postures were assessed by registering the head tilt, flexion of the neck, trunk and hips position. All these aspects were classified and the results were recorded for future analysis. The obtained results seem to point out that the use of a school desk with a tilted table surface resulted in a reduction in trunk and neck flexion, preserving the natural lordosis in the lumbar and cervical regions. Accordingly, it can be concluded that there are alternatives to consider in the furniture design in order to eliminate tensions and, consequently, to improve children’s wellbeing. Show more

Keywords: ergonomics, schoolchildren, furniture, design, posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0257-876

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 876-880, 2012

Authors: Omari, Sana | Woodcock, Andree

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The physical school environment has been shown to be important in helping children fulfill their academic potential and in providing appropriate working conditions for staff. However, few tools have been developed that enable multi stakeholder consultation which takes into account the opinions of young students. In Saudi Arabia there has been widespread investment in schools, but few guidelines have been provided to assist design or continuous evaluation. A Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) method was developed and used to evaluate three international primary schools in Saudi Arabia. The methods identified weaknesses in the three schools and differences in responses from the …three groups consulted (children, teachers and parents). Conclusions drawn from the study are that greater efforts need to be made to draw together research about how school facilities can support teaching and learning, increase effectiveness and levels of satisfaction. POE, when used in conjunction with checklists could be used as a means of driving up standards of educational facilities Show more

Keywords: Educational ergonomics, schools

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0258-881

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 881-887, 2012

Authors: Ely, Vera Helenamoro Bins | Dorneles, Vanessa | Ramos, Flávia Martini | Luiz, Mariana Morais

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper presents one Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) done in a child care institution in the city of Florianópolis, in south of Brazil. The objective of this work is to analyze the environment’s performance of the child care center considering the well-being of all of its users, with the mainly focus in the teacher’s work. For this analyze, was used a multi methods approach, using consecrated evaluations in the area of environmental psychology and ergonomic. The methods used were: Exploratory Visit, Walkthrough, Questionnaires, Observations, Ergonomic Analyze and Poem of Wishes. The methodological procedures used enabled the identification of the main problems …that committed the interaction between environment, user and task, which in addition to serve as an argument to the recommendations done to the analyzed Institution, form a repertory that can serve as a base to future projects in institutions with the same character. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomic, Children’s Environment, Post-Occupancy Evaluation, Environmental Psychology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0259-888

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 888-895, 2012

Authors: Burov, Oleksandr | Tsarik, Oleksandra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It is described the method to study students’ stability to perform learning tasks under impact of internal and external factors that includes special tests of performance (cognitive, perceptual, strength and mobility of neural processes, selfassessment, questionnaires) and measurement of physiological parameters in parallel (EEG and/or REG, heart rate, blood pressure). It was confirmed high self-descriptiveness of fluctuation structure of test tasks performance in relation to the physiological “cost” of performance and subjective assessment of mood and capacity. It was revealed a high relationship both rate and accuracy indices of test performance with parameters of speed and density of solar wind …that has individual dependence on lag between those parameters with time and had more significant meaning comparing to over-week education workload. Show more

Keywords: psychophysiology, external factors, measurement, learning, performance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0260-896

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 896-899, 2012

Authors: De Paula, A.J.F. | Silva, J.C.P. | Paschoarelli, L.C. | Fujii, J.B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This descriptive study of cross sectional has focused on analyzing the school material weight transported by students associated with children and adolescents overweight in primary and secondary schools. Participants 339 students of both genders, aged 10-19 years. 243 students carrying and average load of 12.65% of his body weight. 53 students were overweight with a BMI of 20,00 to 35,6. 20 overweight students carrying backpacks more than 10% of his body weight. 21% of the students rated complained of back and shoulder pain. This data is very important in the preventive aspects for the individuals studied, as well as others …with the same anthropometric characteristics and the same demand. Show more

Keywords: school backpack, ergonomics, BMI, back pain, posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0261-900

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 900-906, 2012

Authors: Reis, P. | Moro, A.R. | Da Silva, J. | Paschoarelli, L. | Nunes Sobrinho, F. | Peres, L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study aimed to assess the student-furniture interface from anthropometric parameters of the sitting posture. The sample was composed of 887 students from two public schools in the State of Parana - Brazil, which attended children from 7 to 17 years of age. The data collection used anthropometric measures of the sitting position, a questionnaire containing a human body diagram for indication of discomfort areas and photographic records to verify postural and ergonomic inadequacies in classroom. The following anthropometric variables were measured: popliteal height, sacro-popliteal length, hip width, lumbar support height, and elbow and thigh height. Percentiles 5 and 95 …of anthropometric variables showed differences statistically significant, with variation coefficient greater than 30%. In relation to body discomfort, the highest occurrences were recorded for ankle, knees and shoulder joints as well as for spine and buttocks. It was concluded that children use school furniture that does not meet their anthropometric standards, which favored the adoption of incorrect postures and contributed to the emergence of musculoskeletal problems that can interfere with their educational process. Show more

Keywords: Seating posture, Discomfort, School furniture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0262-907

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 907-914, 2012

Authors: Zanuncio, Sharinna Venturim | Mafra, Simone Caldas Tavares | Rebelo, Francisco | Filgueiras, Ernesto

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It is believed that health and safety of workers should be worked with children and early teenagers, the perspective that adults are more aware of these issues by providing them with health and quality of life in their daily lives, this is want the ERGOSHOW. The choice of media means for transmitting content of Ergonomics, Health and Safety (OSH) is justified because of the great popularity of computer games are among the public of the study, thereby providing a greater assimilation of the content worked. Therefore, the aim of this study was to work with OSH issues related to children …between 08 and 12 years old, city of, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. To achieve this we used the software ERGOSHOW, quizzes, and lecture. One can see that the use of multimedia tools in the learning, especially when considering the reports of mothers according to the different behavior of children after the development of activities, such as parents in correcting posture in relation to computer use. Show more

Keywords: Health and safety at work, multimedia, ERGOSHOW, children, educational software

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0263-915

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 915-921, 2012

Authors: Moreira, RFC | Akagi, FH | Wun, PYL | Moriguchi, CS | Sato, TO

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the short term effects of an exercise program on abdominal and back muscles resistance and hamstring flexibility among schoolchildren. Fifty eight healthy schoolchildren were divided into two groups: experimental (15 males and 14 females; mean age 12.2(1.8 years) and control (14 males and 15 females; mean age 11.9(2.1 years). The intervention was performed twice a week, on nonconsecutive days, during six weeks. The duration of each session was fifty minutes and they were composed by warming up aerobic exercises, isotonic and isometric abdominal and back muscle exercises and hamstring stretching. The intervention …effects were evaluated through Kraus-Weber test (abdominal resistance), modified Biering-Sørensen test (back muscle resistance) and sit and reach test (hamstring flexibility). Data were analyzed by mixed-design two-way ANOVA, with one between-subjects and one within-subject (time) factors. The alpha level was set at P≤0.05. The experimental group improved back muscles resistance and hamstring flexibility, but not abdominal muscles resistance. There was a significant interaction between groups and time for back muscles resistance (P=0.018) and for hamstring flexibility (P=0.017). The 6-week training period showed positive results in improving back muscles resistance and hamstring flexibility of schoolchildren. Show more

Keywords: early prevention, intervention, back pain, student

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0264-922

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 922-928, 2012

Authors: Sharan, Deepak | Ajeesh, P.S. | Jose, Jerrish A. | Debnath, Sukrit | Manjula, M

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The use of backpack increased substantially among the school children. Studies have shown that carrying a backpack cause to develop different symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders among the carrier of the backpack. In India there are fewer studies available in literature which explains the musculoskeletal discomfort among the school children. This study aimed at to find out the prevalence of different musculoskeletal problems among the school children. In a retrospective study data were collected for twenty two students. The main diagnostic criteria were pressure mark (redness or swelling) over neck and shoulder corresponding to the straps of the backpack, stooping posture …while carrying the back pack, pain or stiffness in the neck, upper back and shoulders predominantly while carrying the back pack and absence of these symptoms during school holidays. Results revealed that pain in the upper back (40%), neck (27%) and shoulder (20%) were most prevalent body regions followed by forearm and wrist pain (7%) and low back (6%). Results further revealed that all the students participated in this study have a pressure mark over shoulder. 54.55% of the children were diagnosed with myofascial pain and rest with thoracic outlet syndrome. Show more

Keywords: retrospective analysis, subjective pain questionnaire, pressure mark over shoulder

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0265-929

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 929-932, 2012

Authors: Cavalcante, S.R. | Vilela, R.A.V.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This descriptive study about children and adolescents artistic labor verifies the applicable legislation, in Brazil, regarding the participation of children and adolescents in the entertainment industry and in advertising campaigns, as well as the judicial processes about the theme known by the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice up to October, 2010. The results permit to conclude that, due to the lack of specific regulation and general rule of child labor prohibition, the restrictions that tend to protect the health and security of children and adolescents that act in the artistic niche (television, advertising, fashion, movies etc.) have been, in Brazil, …at subjective criteria of the judges and, in many cases, in the hands of producers themselves. Brief considerations on how other countries regulate the theme are also presented (the USA, Portugal and Argentina). Show more

Keywords: artistic child labor, child work, adolescent work, performing arts, entertainment industry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0266-933

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 933-940, 2012

Authors: Ahram, Tareq Z. | Karwowski, Waldemar | Soares, Marcelo M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Systems engineering (SE) professionals strive to develop new techniques to enhance the value of contributions to multidisciplinary smart product design teams. Products and services designers challenge themselves to search beyond the traditional design concept of addressing the physical, social, and cognitive factors. This paper covers the application of embedded user-centered systems engineering design practices into work processes based on the ISO 13407 framework [20] to support smart systems and services design and development. As practitioners collaborate to investigate alternative smart product designs, they concentrate on creating valuable products which will enhance positive interaction. This paper capitalizes on the need to …follow a user-centered SE approach to smart products design [4, 22]. Products and systems intelligence should embrace a positive approach to user-centered design while improving our understanding of usable value-adding, experience and extending our knowledge of what inspires others to design enjoyable services and products. Show more

Keywords: Smart Products, service systems, Systems Engineering, Embedded Systems

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0267-941

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 941-948, 2012

Authors: Sørensen, Lene Bjerg | Broberg, Ole

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper reports on a case study within an engineering consultancy firm, where engineering designers and ergonomists were working together on the design of a new hospital sterile processing plant. The objective of the paper is to gain a better understanding of the premises for integrating ergonomics into engineering design processes and how different factors either promote or limit the integration. Based on a grounded theory approach a model illustrating these factors is developed and different hypotheses about how these factors either promote and/or limit the integration of ergonomics into design processes is presented along with the model.

Keywords: engineering design processes, organizational design, explorative case study

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0268-949

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 949-955, 2012

Authors: Mochimaru, Masaaki | Takahashi, Miwako | Hatakenaka, Nobuko | Horiuchi, Hitoshi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Customer satisfaction was surveyed for 6 product categories (consumer electronics, daily commodities, home equipment, information systems, cars, and health appliances) by questionnaires based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Analyzing weight of evaluation factors, the 6 product categories were reorganized into 4 categories, those were related to 4 aspects in daily living that formed by two axes: home living - mobility life and healthy life - active communication. It was found that consumers were attracted by the actual user test by public institutes for all product categories. The certification based on the design process standard established by authorities, such as EQUID …was the second best attractor for consumers. Show more

Keywords: customer satisfaction, analytic hierarchy process, ergonomic quality in design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0269-956

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 956-959, 2012

Authors: de A. Campos, Lívia F. | de L. Lanutti, Jamille N. | Paschoarelli, Luis Carlos

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In addition to technical quality, increasing emphasis is being placed on the importance of elements such as the appearance and meaning of products. To be successful, therefore, attention must be paid to the aesthetic and symbolic functions of objects as well as to reliability and physical quality. Study of the interfaces of these functions may provide a theoretical basis for the ergonomic design of products. The objective of this review is to attempt to establish the nature of these interfaces.

Keywords: ergonomic design, emotion, practical function, aesthetic function, symbolic function

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0270-960

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 960-963, 2012

Authors: Rodriguez, Martin Antonio | Lopez, Luis Fernando

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper is an approach of how Kaizen (Continuous Improvement) and Ergonomics could be implemented in the field of work. The Toyota’s Team Members are the owners of this job, applying tools and techniques to improve work conditions using the Kaizen Philosophy in a QCC Activity (Quality Control Circle).

Keywords: Kaizen, Ergonomics, Toyota, Argentina

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0271-964

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 964-967, 2012

Authors: Almeida e Silva, Caio Márcio | Okimoto, Maria Lúcia R L. | Tanure, Raffaela Leane zenni

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This article deals with the use of a protocol for analysis of similar methodological analysis related to user experience. For both, were selected articles recounting experiments in the area. They were analyze based on the similar analysis protocol and finally, synthesized and associated.

Keywords: Design, similar methodological, user experience

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0272-968

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 968-975, 2012