International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics - Volume 64, issue 1-4

Authors: Ji, Hongli | Jia, Junjun | Zhang, Chao | Tao, Chongcong | Yang, Lu | Qiu, Jinhao

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The glass-type electrodes based pH sensors suffer from the weakness of fragility and poor stability in acid/alkali solution. To overcome these disadvantages, a novel solid-state pH sensor based on a RuO2 –IrO2 H+ sensitive electrode via a polymeric precursor method was developed in this paper. The electrochemical performance of pH sensor was tested in different conditions. The experimental results showed that the sensitivity of the pH sensor could reach a high level of 52.0 mV/pH in a wide pH range of 2 ∼ 10. Furthermore, the response of pH sensor was fast and the response time remained less …than 2.2 s even under varying pH conditions. The experiment was repeated three times during a period of time, the potential difference of pH sensor was between ±0.3 mV and ±0.9 mV in different pH value solutions, demonstrating its good stability, repeatability, recyclability and small potential drift. The negligible interference of Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , to the proposed pH sensor was also proven experimentally. Show more

Keywords: Solid-state pH sensor, ruthenic oxide-iridium oxide, polymeric precursor method, micro-liquid film

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209420

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1047-1055, 2020

Authors: Liu, Dandan | Jing, Mingming | Li, Dewen | Liu, Chongzhi | Tang, Chunrui

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The accuracy of the existing dust measurement device comprising a straight pipe is not sufficiently high for low particle speeds. In this paper, a measuring pipe based on the Coanda effect is designed, an experimental model is established using Gambit 2.4, and a numerical simulation is performed using Fluent 6.3. In this way, speed nephograms at the middle section of the device pipe were obtained for different dust particle sizes. By comparing the velocity data of a devices comprising a straight tube, a venturi tube, or a Coanda tube, it was found that the velocity of the particles passing through …the Coanda tube was higher than that for the other tubes. Therefore, the probability of frictional collision within the Coanda tube increases, thereby increasing the inductive charge of the particles. By calculating the electrostatic induction of the particles using MATLAB, it was found that the charge carried by the particles in the improved device significantly increased (25% on average). It is concluded that these findings are of significance for designing the structure of novel dust concentration measurement devices. Show more

Keywords: Dust measurement, electrostatic induction, numerical simulation, data comparison, Coanda effect

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209421

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1057-1064, 2020

Authors: Zhang, Yinghong | Wang, Bin | Wei, Xiao | Qian, Zhenghua

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: It is always a challenge to quickly and effectively inspect the embedment depth of highway guardrail posts. This paper focuses on an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer (EMAT) array that can excites torsional mode (T-mode) guided waves and applies it to check the embedment depth of guardrail posts. First of all, we presented a torsional guided wave EMAT array that can be used to quickly inspect the embedment depth of guardrail posts. The working principle of the EMAT array was described in detail. Secondly, a torsional guided wave EMAT array composed of 12 racetrack coils and 24 permanent magnets was simulated to …verify the excitation and propagation process of torsional guided wave in a post. Then, a method for detecting the embedment depth of a post using the travel time of a torsional guided wave in the post was put forward. Finally, an experimental system was set up to carry out embedment depth detection experiments on posts with different depths buried in soil and concrete. Experiments have verified the feasibility of using the torsional guided wave EMAT array to inspect the embedment depth of the guardrail post. Show more

Keywords: Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) array, torsional mode guided wave, embedment depth inspection

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209422

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1065-1072, 2020

Authors: Song, Jing | Zhao, Yanzhen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Quantitative evaluation of surface cracks using detection signal is of great significance for accurate prediction of cracks in eddy current testing. It is very difficult to evaluate both the width and depth of small cracks. A quantitative evaluation method based on Bayesian network is proposed for estimating the width and depth of surface cracks in the ferromagnetic materials. First, the simulation model of eddy current testing (ECT) is established and verified by the experimental results. Then, the variation of induced voltage with crack size is studied. Four feature points of real and imaginary part of induced voltage of the receiver …coil are selected to characterize the crack size. Finally, a Bayesian network is applied to evaluate the crack size based on numerical simulation results. The evaluation results show that Bayesian network can accurately estimate the width and depth of small cracks. Show more

Keywords: Eddy current testing, surface crack, quantitative evaluation, Bayesian network

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209423

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1073-1079, 2020

Authors: Kosaka, Daigo | Kakishita, Kazuhiko | Nara, Takaaki

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to evaluate the thickness of the plating layer of vibrating samples using Eddy Current Testing (ECT). In almost previous research, the thickness is evaluated with the fixed liftoff, because the liftoff has an impact on detection signals of the ECT. In this paper, the plating thickness is evaluated in an environment in which the liftoff is greatly changed. A plating thickness evaluation with the Radial Basis Functions was proposed. The thickness of the test sample was evaluated while applying a vibration. It was confirmed that the evaluation result of the method, which uses detection …signals in a wide range of liftoffs as calibration signals, was less affected by the liftoff change than the evaluation result of a method which uses phase of detection signals. Show more

Keywords: Plating thickness, thin layer, thickness measurement, eddy current testing, radial basis function

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209424

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1081-1089, 2020

Authors: Yang, Zhihui | Liu, Ren | Xia, Bin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Due to the large transverse edge effect for U-shaped ironless permanent magnet synchronous linear motor affect the distribution of air gap magnetic field is large, it will reduce the no-load back electromotive force and thrust. This paper proposes a novel method to evaluate the effect of transverse edge effect based on Kriging surrogate model. By comparing the results of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element analysis of the air gap magnetic field of the motor, it can be seen transverse length of the motor, air gap height and thickness of the permanent magnet are the main influencing factors.

Keywords: Finite element analysis, U-shaped ironless permanent magnet synchronous linear motor, transverse edge effect

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209425

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1091-1101, 2020

Authors: Nagai, Hiroshi | Okuyama, Takeshi | Tanaka, Mami

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, an active tactile sensor system for measurement of Young’s modulus and viscosity is developed. For the active sensing, the sensor unit with the 8 bimorph piezoelectric array is bonded to the speaker that is driven by a square wave. The transient response from the sensor signal of each bimorph piezo cell is processed to reduce the noise. From the output, the first peak and the ratio of first peak to time of first peak are extracted as the indexes for the measurement of Young’s modulus and viscosity, respectively. It is confirmed that the first peak has a …clear correlation with the Young’s modulus, and that the ratio of first peak to time of first peak has a definite correlation with the viscosity. Further, the initial contact force affects the sensitivities of Young’s modulus and viscosity. Show more

Keywords: Tactile sensor, piezoelectric bimorph array, active sensing, measurement of Young’s modulus and viscosity

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209426

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1103-1110, 2020

Authors: Uchino, Daigo | Liu, Xiaojun | Kato, Hideaki | Narita, Takayoshi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ultra-compact electric vehicles has excellent environmental performance and are extremely convenient for short-distance travel. However, owing to cabin space limitations, it is difficult to mount power steering. Therefore, there is a need to increase the gear ratio of the rack and pinion to change steering angle because such vehicles need light torque to steer. However, increasing the gear ratio requires more rotations of the steering wheel. Our research group focused on developing a steer-by-wire system (SBWS) that freely controls the steering torque. Although we evaluated the burden when a driver rotates the steering wheel in one direction in a previous …study. This study assumed the actual steering operation in an SBWS. And then we evaluate muscle burden when a driver steers with continuous changing of the steering direction. Show more

Keywords: Steer-by-wire system, ultra-compact electric vehicle, self-aligning torque, surface electromyography (EMG), muscle burden on driver

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209427

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1111-1118, 2020

Authors: Song, Yun | Wu, Xinjun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Pulsed Eddy Current Testing (PECT) has been used to measure the wall thickness of ferromagnetic metallic component with thick insulation. However, for the non-ferromagnetic metallic component, there is still the problem to be solved. The main purpose of this study is to find an effective feature, to measure wall thinning of the non-ferromagnetic metallic component under the large liftoff, and further expand application of the PECT technology. Hence, the time to the last peak point (TLPP) is proposed based on the analytical predicted signals. Furthermore, the influence of the variable liftoff is studied, and the error caused by the liftoff …is within the acceptable range. Two sets of experiments are conducted to test the performance of the TLPP under various liftoffs. The results show that when the wall thickness is reduced by more than 40%, the measurement error based on the TLPP is within 11%. Show more

Keywords: Pulsed eddy current testing, LNG pipeline, non-ferrimagnet, liftoff, time to the last peak point

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209428

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1119-1126, 2020

Authors: Sirewal, Ghulam Jawad | Ayub, Muhammad | Kwon, Byung-il

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper proposes a permanent magnet assisted brushless wound rotor synchronous machine (PMa–BL–WRSM) design. The proposed machine has the advantage of a high starting torque compared to existing BL–WRSM topologies. Additionally, the average torque increases and the torque ripple is reduced when the permanent magnet assisted machine structure is used. PMa–BL–WRSM operates on the principle of brushless excitation using zero-sequence, third-harmonic current generation in the stator windings. The third harmonic component is harnessed to induce a voltage in the harmonic winding which is mounted on the rotor. As there is no flux generated from filed winding in the starting, the …starting torque of the machine is also zero. To overcome the problem, permanent magnets (PMs) are inserted in each field tooth to provide the initial source of flux on the rotor. Finite element analysis is performed with the PM–BL–WRSM, and the elicited results are compared with the basic machine structure. The proposed machine operation is verified using 2-D finite element analyses using the ANSYS Maxwell analysis tool. Show more

Keywords: Brushless excitation, harmonic winding, PM-assisted design, synchronous machine

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-209429

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 64, no. 1-4, pp. 1127-1134, 2020