International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics - Volume 59, issue 1

Authors: Yang, Bin | Li, Hongmei | Zhang, Ankang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Magneto-mechanical effect describes a phenomenon that mechanical stress changes the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials with the involvement of an external magnetic field. Mechanical stress and the external magnetic field are two key factors influencing the magneto-mechanical effect of ferromagnetic materials. Researches on influences of stress and coaxial magnetic field on the magneto-mechanical effect of ferromagnetic materials are adequate. However, few researches have been conducted to investigate the impacts of non-coaxial magnetic field on the magneto-mechanical effect of ferromagnetic materials. In order to explore the influences of stress and non-coaxial magnetic field on the magneto-mechanical effect, series of mechanical stresses combining …with different directions of magnetic fields were applied into a ferromagnetic carbon steel specimen in this paper. A structure-continuous specimen made of a ferromagnetic carbon steel was manufactured. A magnetic field stimulated by an electromagnet in turn applied into the specimen in four different directions to provide multidirectional non-coaxial magnetic fields. During each magnetizing process, series of elastic stresses were loaded into the specimen. After each loading process, the applied magnetic field was powered off, the specimen was removed from the loading machine, and the residual leakage magnetic field of the specimen was scanned. Finally, the distributions and intensities of the residual leakage magnetic fields resulted from different stresses and non-coaxial magnetic fields were compared, the influences of non-coaxial magnetic field on the magneto-mechanical effect of ferromagnetic carbon steel were concluded. Show more

Keywords: Non-coaxial DC magnetic field, magneto-mechanical effect, stress

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171138

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 247-254, 2019

Authors: Karthaus, Jan | Elfgen, Silas | Leuning, Nora | Hameyer, Kay

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Mechanical stress of diverse origin alters the magnetic properties of the core material of electrical machines during operation and, as a result, the magnetic flux path and particularly iron loss. In this paper, based on mechanical stress-dependent magnetic characterisation of non-oriented electrical steel sheet, the behaviour of the specific iron loss and its components are determined and modelled for compressive and tensile stress using stress-dependent iron loss seperation. An approach is presented to model the hysteresis loss component without dc measurements. Here, the focus is set on high frequencies and magnetic flux densities. As a result, a high sensitivity of …the components particularly to mechanical compressive stress can be observed and modelled. Show more

Keywords: Iron loss in electrical machines, parameter seperation, magnetomechanical effect

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171020

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 255-261, 2019

Authors: Xue, Xiaomin | Sun, Qing | Wu, Xiaohong | Zhou, Jiangwu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Ferroelectric materials have been used in numerous applications as ultrasonic and sonar transducers etc. due to their distinct ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. Their characteristic loops measured from experiment demonstrate generally nonlinear hysteresis, and the hysteresis is also easily to be deteriorated to offset or asymmetry by some inevitable reasons like electric fatigue. The aforementioned complexities aggravate the modeling difficulty and no doubt impede the utilization potentiality of ferroelectric materials. In view of this, the paper is set out to present an appropriate model that can comprehensively describe a wide class of characteristic loops in consideration the deteriorated circumstance aroused by …fatigue factor. Finally experimental data is utilized here for validating the superiority of the proposed method to conventional one. Show more

Keywords: Ferroelectric materials, Hysteresis loops, Butterfly loops, Electric fatigue, Comprehensive modeling

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171245

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 263-270, 2019

Authors: Luo, Yajun | Qu, Yuandong | Zhang, Yahong | Xu, Minglong | Xie, Shilin | Zhang, Xinong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A bilateral piezoelectric stack actuator (BPSA) is introduced, and its actuated property is also analyzed. Usually, a piezoelectric stack can only undertake significant compressive loads but cannot tolerate tension, while this new actuator is able to generate obvious bilateral actuated outputs. The actuated principle of the new actuator is analyzed firstly. The linear and nonlinear models are also built up. The latter is to analyze the piezoelectric hysteresis based on the classical Preisach model. Moreover, the effect of the preload on the actuator is considered. By comparison with the experiment results, the Preisach model is valid for the present actuator.

Keywords: Bilateral piezoelectric stack actuator, Preisach model, piezoelectric hysteresis, preload

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171251

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 271-280, 2019

Authors: Chen, Yuansheng | Qiu, Jinhao | Guo, Jiahao | Ying, Zhanfeng

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Piezoelectric stack actuators have been widely applied in mirco- or nano-positioning systems, but its hysteresis nonlinearity limits the performance. A driving power supply with charge feedback control was proposed to compensate the hysteresis of piezoelectric stack actuators. The drive circuit controlled by PWM waves was implemented in printed circuit board. A real-time controller was designed to acquire the voltage signals, calculate the charge on piezoelectric stack actuator and generate the PWM waves for drive circuit. Experimental results show that the proposed power supply with charge feedback control can effectively compensate the hysteresis and improve the positioning accuracy.

Keywords: Hysteresis compensation, driving power supply, piezoelectric stack actuators

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171220

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 281-290, 2019

Authors: Zhu, Zhiwen | Liu, Fang | Sheng, Hui | Xu, Jia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A kind of giant magnetostrictive-piezoelectric composite actuator is proposed in this paper, and its magneto-mechanical-electric coupled dynamic characteristics and control are studied. New differential terms are introduced to describe the hysteretic phenomena of giant magnetostrictive materials. The coupled dynamic model of the giant magnetostrictive-piezoelectric composite actuator is developed, and its nonlinear dynamic response is obtained. Finally, the optimal control is proposed to improve the drive accuracy, and its effects are proved by experiments. The results of numerical simulation and experiments show that stochastic disturbance plays an important influence on the system’s dynamic response; stochastic optimal control can improve the actuator’s …accuracy in strong stochastic disturbance. The results of this study are helpful for the optimal design and improvement of giant magnetostrictive-piezoelectric composite actuators. Show more

Keywords: Giant magnetostrictive material, piezoelectric ceramics, actuator, stochastic optimal control

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171191

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 291-298, 2019

Authors: Ji, Hongli | Qiu, Jinhao | Wu, Yipeng | Zhang, Chao

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To overcome the drawbacks in the active and passive control systems, a low-powered semi-active approach based on synchronized switch damping techniques using piezoelectric materials have been developed. The synchronized switch damping (SSD) method, which consists in a nonlinear processing of the voltage on a piezoelectric actuator by switch control, is used to shift the phase and amplify the amplitude of the generated voltage on the piezoelectric element, which is helpful to enhance the energy conversion and control performance. In this paper, several new SSD control methods developed by the authors, including SSD control based on negative capacitance (SSDNC), and unsymmetrical …SSD, are introduced. Moreover, two examples of application of SSD methods in aerospace engineering are given. Finally, the future directions of research in semi-active control are also summarized. Show more

Keywords: Vibration control, semi-active, synchronized switch damping, piezoelectric element

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171155

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 299-307, 2019

Authors: Shao, Yan | Xu, Minglong | Song, Siyang | Tian, Zheng | Shao, Shubao

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Inertial piezoelectric rotary actuators have been driving interests of researchers major in precision machining and precision positioning. It has great significances to model inertial driving principle more accurately and design rotary actuators with simpler structure and higher resolution. In this paper, an inertial rotary actuator with one piezoelectric element is proposed. The theoretical development and experiments of the actuator are presented. The verification of developed model proves that the model has great potentials on designing and optimizing the stick-slip rotary actuators. The experimental test of the actuator shows that stepping characteristic depends greatly on the input voltage parameters and the …frictional force. This designed rotary actuator achieves the minimum resolution of 0.58 μrad with simple configuration. Show more

Keywords: Micropositioning, piezoelectric materials, rotary actuator, stick-slip principle

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171159

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 309-316, 2019

Authors: Shao, Shubao | Song, Siyang | Liu, Kaiyuan | Xu, Minglong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A novel piezo-driven rotary inchworm actuator which features with simple structure and large output torque is presented. To simplify the structure of the actuator and hence to improve its assembly accuracy, a multi-functional mechanism that has both driving and clamping capabilities was designed. The mechanical property of the multi-functional mechanism is analyzed in detail and its working principle is also described. A prototype of the proposed actuator is fabricated and several performance tests are implemented. The experimental results show that the actuator can achieve the maximum output torque of 112 Nmm and the maximum rotational speed of 43.5 mrad/s under the driving …frequency of 300 Hz. Show more

Keywords: Piezo-driven, rotary inchworm actuator, simple structure, high output torque

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171177

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 317-325, 2019

Authors: Ido, Yasushi | Iwamoto, Yuhiro | Li, Yan-Hom | Chen, Ching-Yao

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Behaviors of a magnetic microchain which is an oscillating motion of micrometer-size magnetic particles’ cluster caused by an external magnetic field were investigated numerically. The hybrid simulation code which was based on the lattice Boltzmann method, the immersed boundary method and the discrete particle method was developed. The behaviors of a magnetic microchain depends on the number of magnetic particles in the magnetic microchain, frequency of external alternating magnetic field and the strength of applied magnetic field. Three types of behaviors, i.e., rigid rotational oscillation, rotational oscillation with deforming into S shape and splitting into several chains, depends on the …number of magnetic particles. Show more

Keywords: Magnetic microchain, magnetic particle, alternating magnetic field, numerical simulation

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171119

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 327-333, 2019

Authors: Itahashi, Yuta | Hirano, Ryutaro | Sawada, Tatsuo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study reports magnetic-fluid flow in a square duct under DC, AC, and DC+AC magnetic fields. We measure the pressure drop under application of different magnetic fields to the flow. Under all magnetic fields, flow resistance increased by forming a cluster, causing the pressure drop and friction factor to also increase. From an FFT analysis of the pressure drop, we obtained different power spectra for AC and DC+AC magnetic fields.

Keywords: Magnetic fluid, oscillating magnetic fields, pressure drop, square duct

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171105

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 335-340, 2019

Authors: Fukumoto, Takashi | Tanaka, Yuya | Sawada, Tatsuo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper reports the experimental studies on a magneto-rheological (MR) fluid under AC magnetic fields. Magnetic clusters in the MR fluid are formed along the magnetic fields. The ultrasonic propagation velocity changes owing to the presence of clustering structures in the MR fluid. We investigated clustering structures by measuring this change in the ultrasonic propagation velocity. The results indicate that magnetic clusters in the MR fluid depend on the elapsed time, intensity, frequency, and angle of the AC magnetic fields.

Keywords: Magnetic fluid, ultrasonic wave, AC magnetic field, anisotropy

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171174

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 341-347, 2019

Authors: Tian, Tongfei | Nakano, Masami

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Isotropic and anisotropic silicone rubber-based magnetorheological (MR) elastomers with various concentrations of silicone oil were fabricated, and their dynamic viscoelastic properties were measured. The tested results showed that the silicone oil played an important role in the MR elastomers. The sample with a higher concentration of silicone oil had lower zero-field storage modulus and larger storage modulus increasing rate. For the MR elastomer without silicone oil, the anisotropic sample showed higher storage modulus increasing rate than its isotropic counterpart. However, for the MR elastomers with 15% weight fraction of silicone oil, the isotropic sample dominated in the storage modulus increasing …rate. Show more

Keywords: Magnetorheological (MR) elastomer, silicone rubber, silicone oil, dynamic viscoelasticity, storage modulus

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171162

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 349-355, 2019

Authors: Dong, Longlei | Zhao, Ruigang | Luo, Baomin | Han, Yi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To optimise the working performance of magnetorheological damper, a new parallel gap magnetorheological damper is designed. The validity of the structural design is verified and guided by establishing a mathematical model of a parallel gap magnetorheological damper. The damper is designed using a check valve structure, which greatly reduces the installation space, reduces the transfer linkage, and improves the reliability of the damper. The newly-designed damper has many advantages, such as high efficiency, high sensitivity, no precipitation, good heat dissipation, greater damping force, and so on. The experimental and theoretical analysis results show that the performance of the parallel gap …magnetorheological damper is excellent. Show more

Keywords: Parallel gap, magnetorheological fluids, damper, one-piece structure

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171132

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 357-366, 2019

Authors: Han, Yi | Dong, Longlei | Hao, Caifeng

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Considering the particular demands for a large damping force in special vehicles, a new design for a parallel disc slotted magnetorheological damper is presented. In this damping generator, the direction of liquid flow between disc gaps is completely perpendicular to the magnetic flux direction, and the gaps can be cascaded to enhance the damping effect, thereby introducing a larger damping force based on the magnetorheological effect. In this paper, the damping characteristics of the new damper design are experimentally analysed first. Based on the experimental results, a dynamic model for the damper is constructed. The mathematical model is obtained by …combining the Bingham model and the Herschel-Bulkley model, and accurately and clearly describes the characteristics of magnetorheological fluid. For parameter identification, two methods are utilized: a trial-and-error method and a recursive least squares method. Analysis shows that both methods have drawbacks. Lastly, a new method is proposed for combining the trial-and-error method with recursive least squares method. By comparing the theoretical curves obtained from the experimental curves and combined methodology, the results show that the combined methodology exhibits the highest accuracy as well as efficiency. The mathematical model established in this paper can accurately describe the characteristics of damping force. This model lays down the theoretical foundations for application and research on new parallel disk slotted magnetorheological dampers. Show more

Keywords: Magnetorheological damper, damping characteristics, mathematical model, parameters identification

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171146

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 367-376, 2019

Authors: Liedtke, Lukas | Gueltig, Marcel | Kohl, Manfred

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A miniature-scale device for harvesting of vibrational energy is presented, which is based on the inverse magnetic shape memory effect caused by stress-induced reorientation of magnetic moments. The active material is a bulk NiMnGa sample of 1 mm × 2.5 mm × 4.5 mm. A new harvester design is developed consisting of a moving magnetic circuit of mass M mounted on a spring to convert external vibrations to the active material. Thus, the deformation of the NiMnGa sample can be adjusted by tailoring the design parameters (mass M , sample dimensions, spring constant, etc.) for a given vibration source. The design and …performance of first prototypes are presented showing an output power of 1.5 μW during a single load cycle at an optimum biasing magnetic field of 0.35 T. Show more

Keywords: Vibrational energy harvesting, ferromagnetic shape memory alloy, magneto strain, NiMnGa

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-171038

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 377-383, 2019