International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics - Volume 23, issue 3-4

Article Type: Editorial

Abstract: Guest-editorial to the Second INABIO Symposium 2005 special issue

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-743

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 145-145, 2006

Authors: Ponsonnet, L. | Tréheux, D. | Lissac, M. | Jaffrezic, N. | Grosgogeat, B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloys exhibit special mechanical properties known as shape memory effect and superelasticity. The first effect relates to the fact that after deformation at low temperature, the material regains its original shape after heating. The second effect denotes an unusual flexibility of the material that is far greater than the flexibility of common metallic materials. These properties can be put to excellent use in various biomedical applications, such as orthodontic wires, orthopaedic implants for …osteosynthesis, stents for various applications, bone substitution materials and experimental systems for scoliosis correction. The purpose of the present review is to analyze in vitro NiTi biocompatibility compared to other titanium alloys. The problem of Ni's possible toxicity is discussed. Corrosion properties in an oral environment are investigated. The effect of surface chemical composition and surface roughness on cell adhesion, morphology and proliferation is shown as an example. Sterilization is taken into account and its influence on roughness and mechanical properties, chemical composition, wettability and bacterial adhesion inhibition is evaluated. The conclusion is that NiTi is at least as biocompatible as conventional titanium due to the TiO_{2} oxide layer, and that only in special chemical conditions can Ni diffuse out of the NiTi material. Show more

Keywords: Corrosion, biocompatibility, alloys (NiTi), orthodontic wires

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-733

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 147-151, 2006

Authors: Koyama, Keiichi | Ishikawa, Fumihiro | Watanabe, Kazuo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper, we review our recent results on magnetic refrigerants MnAs_{1-x} Sb_{x} and MnFeAs_{0.5} P_{0.5} by powder X-ray diffraction measurements in fields up to 5 T and in the temperature range from 8 to 320 K. MnAs shows a first-ordered structural transition with the volume expansion of 2.1% accompanied by a metamagnetic transition, but MnAs_{0.9} Sb_{0.1} exhibits an isostructural transition with the …volume expansion of 1.1%. The cell volume of MnFeAs_{0.5} P_{0.5} slightly (−0.4%) and continuously decreases with increasing a magnetic field through the metamagnetic transition. Show more

Keywords: High field X-ray diffraction, field-induced phase transition, magnetovolume effect, magnetic refrigerant

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-734

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 153-163, 2006

Authors: Matichard, Fabrice | Gaudiller, Luc

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study deals with the modeling of multibody smart structures including distributed piezoelectric actuators and sensors. The hybrid modal-nodal (HMN) modeling method proposed for modal active control is based on a modal modeling of structural behavior and a nodal modeling of piezoelectric behavior independent of each other. The electromechanical coupling modeling is validated by applying it to a clamped-free smart beam model. The accuracy of the HMN method is shown by comparison with other modeling methods …and experiment. Then, a hub-beam application including electromechanical couplings as well as mechanical couplings between rigid body modes and flexible modes is described. The corresponding modeling, the experiment and the comparison of the results are presented. This application demonstrates that the HMN method provides an appropriate and efficient solution for the predictive modeling and control of multibody smart structures with complex assemblies and geometries. Show more

Keywords: Multi-body flexible structures, smart structure, modal feedback control, piezoelectricity, electromechanical couplings, rigid-body flexible mode couplings

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-735

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 165-175, 2006

Authors: Yang, Seung-Man | Han, Jae-Hung | Lee, In

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Recently, morphing concepts for UAV or MAV have been significant issues in aerospace engineering. Morphing wing concept, a biomimetic technology in aerospace engineering, has been realized by various methods including changes of wing's cross-section, plan form, and spar position. This paper investigates a morphing wing with variable camber using SMA actuators. The test model is a symmetric wing structure composed of two tapered graphite/epoxy composite plates and a steel body. Shape memory alloy (SMA) is attracting …much attention as actuators for controlling the shape of structures because of high recovery force and large deformation. Four pairs of the SMA wire actuators are attached on the bottom surfaces of the wings in the chord-wise direction. SMA actuators produce enough deformation to cause significant improvement the static and dynamic characteristics of the wing model. Lift and drag forces, most important static aerodynamic characteristics, were measured at various angles of attack. Lift of the wing was increased without increasing drag forces when electric current was applied to the SMA actuators. Dynamic vibration signals were measured by FBG sensor at the root of the wing. The FBG sensor was successfully applied to the monitoring of the aeroelastic unstable phenomena at various angles of attack. At flutter speed, limit cycle oscillation with constant frequency occurred. It was also observed that the vibration energy is concentrated on the flutter mode and increased with the increase of the airflow speed. The effects of the angle of attack on aeroelastic characteristics of the wing were investigated. The amplitude of the limit cycle oscillation was significantly reduced at the flutter velocity when SMA actuators were activated. Show more

Keywords: Morphing wing, composite, biomimetic, SMA, FBG sensor

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-736

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 177-186, 2006

Authors: Danion, Anne | Disdier, Jean | Guillard, Chantal | Abdelmalek, Fethi | Jaffrezic-Renault, Nicole

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A TiO_{2} -coated optical fiber photoreactor was built and studied in order to optimize different parameters before the development of a multi-optical fiber reactor. The physico-chemical properties of the TiO_{2} film prepared by a sol-gel method on an optical fiber were first determined. A thickness of about 30 nm per layer and a roughness of 2 nm were estimated by ESEM and AFM, respectively. The refractive index of the TiO_{2} coating …was determined by a simulation method. Then, the influences of the film thickness, coating length and coating volume on the light transmission within the fiber were investigated. The intensity of transmitted light was found to decrease exponentially as the volume of TiO_{2} increased. Afterward, the dependence of the photocatalytic degradation of hydroxybutanedioic acid on the incident light intensity, the TiO_{2} coating thickness and the coating volume was studied and modelized. The photocatalytic degradation was found to be stabilized above a TiO_{2} volume of 200 μ m^{3} for a fiber of 1 mm and 100 μ m^{3} for a fiber of 0.6 mm. Finally, a multi-fiber reactor was built and its degradation rate of hydroxybutanedioic acid was compared to that obtained in a single optical fiber reactor. Show more

Keywords: Optical fiber reactor, titanium dioxide, photocatalysis, sol-gel, hydroxybutanedioic acid

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-737

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 187-201, 2006

Authors: Miyata, Kaoru | Tanaka, Mami | Nishizawa, Tatsuo | Chonan, Seiji

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper is a study on the development of a wearable sensor system for reading Braille. The study is intended to develop a compact tactile sensor system which uses a PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) film as the sensory receptor. The sensor is mounted onto a fingertip and moved over Braille manually to obtain the sensor output. Since the unsteady movements yield variations in the waveforms, a robust recognition system is required. The recognition system consists of three …components as follows. First, the signal inputted to the system is divided into individual signals regardless of the variations in the waveforms. Next, those signals are transformed into effective feature vectors in order to suppress the variations. Finally, those vectors are classified and the results are obtained. In the process, minimum-distance classifiers and neural classifiers are used. For the investigation of experimental verification, test signals are inputted to the recognition system and the performance of the system is evaluated. The obtained results show that the wearable sensor with the recognition system is effective to recognize Braille. Show more

Keywords: Braille, recognition system, tactile sensor, PVDF film, measurement, signal processing

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-738

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 203-215, 2006

Authors: Tanaka, Yoshihiro | Tanaka, Mami | Chonan, Seiji

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The purpose of this study is the development of a sensor system using the pyroelectric effect of a PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) film for measuring tactile warmth. Tactile warmth on fabrics is compared with PVDF sensor output. At first, warmth on each sample is collected through the questionnaire based on the paired comparison semantic differential method. Furthermore, human motion for the evaluation of tactile warmth and contact pressure applied to an object are investigated. Next, a sensor …using a PVDF film as the sensory receptor is fabricated. The surface of the sensor is heated through temperature control. Then, the sensor is moved and contacted with a measurement object in order to collect pyroelectric output voltage. For the means of driving the sensor system, trajectory control of the contact pressure is introduced on the basis of the results of the examination of human motion. Finally, the measurement using the sensor system is carried out on the samples. Comparison with the results shows that the PVDF sensor system is applicable for the evaluation of tactile warmth. Show more

Keywords: Measurement, sensor, tactile sensation, PVDF film, tactile warmth

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-739

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 217-228, 2006

Authors: Dzyadevych, Sergei V. | Arkhypova, Valentyna N. | Martelet, Claude | Jaffrezic-Renault, Nicole | Chovelon, Jean-Marc | El'skaya and, Anna V. | Soldatkin, Alexey P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper describes authors' achievements in the development, investigation, and application of cholinesterase biosensors based on ISFETs. Various biosensors for determination of concentrations of different toxic substances (organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides, hypochlorite, glycoalkaloids) were designed on the basis of reversible and/or irreversible enzyme inhibition effects. The main analytical characteristics of the biosensors developed have been studied under different conditions and optimal experimental protocols for toxic substances determination have been proposed. …Most of these biosensors show a high reproducibility and a good operational and storage stability. A quite good correlation with results obtained through routinely used standard methods as HPLC has been shown. Show more

Keywords: ISFETs, cholinesterases, inhibition, pesticides, glycoalkaloids

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-740

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 229-244, 2006

Authors: Tereshina, E.A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this work the results of the systematic study of the hydrogen effect on Curie temperature (T_{C} ) and spin-reorientation temperature (T_{SR} ) in Er_{2} Fe_{14} B were reported. It was established that the hydrogenation leads to an increase of T_{ C} and T_{SR} . The magnetization of Er_{2} Fe_{14} BH_{x} (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2.5) compounds measured in the magnetic …field of 0.05 T applied along the c-axis has been shown to rise substantially with temperature growth near the magnetic phase transition region. The longitudinal magnetostriction of Er_{2} Fe_{14} BH_{x} also increases at the spin-reorientation temperature. Er_{2} Fe_{14} B compound and its hydrides were potential candidates for application as working elements of various thermomagnetic sensors. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-741

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 245-250, 2006

Authors: Inoue, Keisuke | Iwata, Keisuke | Morishita, Tadao | Tonegawa, Akira | Salvia, Michelle | Nishi, Yoshitake

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: To strengthen the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) to be applied for Europe supersonic airplane, electron beam (EB) irradiation was homogeneously performed. The EB irradiation of 0.3 MGy enhanced the tensile fracture stress from 153 ± 12 to 167 ± 1 MPa and also improved the fracture strain from 3.6 ± 0.4 to 5.6 ± 0.3%. Thus, the EB-enhancement of fracture strain should be a dominant factor to enhance the fracture stress of CFRP, resulting in …increasing fracture toughness by EB irradiation. Although EB-strengthening of CFRP was partly affected by EB-strengthening of carbon fiber and fiber pullout related to interfacial friction and compressive stress, the EB induced ductility enhancement of polymer probably dominated the EB-strengthening of CFRP. Show more

Keywords: CFRP, electron beam irradiation, s-s curve, tensile test, fracture stress, fracture strain

DOI: 10.3233/JAE-2006-742

Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 251-256, 2006