Human Antibodies - Volume 32, issue 4

Authors: Hassan, Huda A. | Ahmed, Hind Sh. | Hassan, Dheefaf F.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Free radicals are small extremely reactive species that have unpaired electrons. Free radicals include subgroups of reactive species, which are all a product of regular cellular metabolism. Oxidative stress happens when the free radicals production exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant system in the body’s cells. OBJECTIVE: The current review clarifies the prospective role of antioxidants in the inhibition and healing of diseases. METHODS: Information on oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxidant species, and natural and synthetic antioxidants was obtained by searching electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct, …with articles published between 1987 and 2023 being included in this review. RESULTS: Free radicals exhibit a dual role in living systems. They are toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism that lead to oxidative injury and tissue disorders and act as signals to activate appropriate stress responses. Endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species are discussed in this review. Oxidative stress is a component of numerous diseases, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer. Although various small molecules assessed as antioxidants have shown therapeutic prospects in preclinical studies, clinical trial outcomes have been inadequate. Understanding the mechanisms through which antioxidants act, where, and when they are active may reveal a rational approach that leads to more tremendous pharmacological success. This review studies the associations between oxidative stress, redox signaling, and disease, the mechanisms through which oxidative stress can donate to pathology, the antioxidant defenses, the limits of their effectiveness, and antioxidant defenses that can be increased through physiological signaling, dietary constituents, and probable pharmaceutical interference. Prospective clinical applications of enzyme mimics and current progress in metal- and non-metal-based materials with enzyme-like activities and protection against chronic diseases have been discussed. CONCLUSION: This review discussed oxidative stress as one of the main causes of illnesses, as well as antioxidant systems and their defense mechanisms that can be useful in inhibiting these diseases. Thus, the positive and deleterious effects of antioxidant molecules used to lessen oxidative stress in numerous human diseases are discussed. The optimal level of vitamins and minerals is the amount that achieves the best feed benefit, best growth rate, and health, including immune efficiency, and provides sufficient amounts to the body. Show more

Keywords: Free radicals, reactive species, oxidative stress, enzymatic antioxidants, non-enzymatic antioxidants

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-240011

Citation: Human Antibodies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 151-167, 2024

Authors: Thomas, Sheena Mariam | Muruganantham, Jethendra Kumar | Veerabathiran, Ramakrishnan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a universal health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the genetic factors affecting TB susceptibility is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. Interleukin-10 (IL-10 ), a regulatory cytokine, may influence TB pathogenesis through genetic variations. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched to find studies on the relationship between IL-10  gene variants and tuberculosis. Relevant studies from 2016 to 2024 were identified through database searches. The selected case-control studies met the inclusion criteria. Software such as Review Manager was used to analyze quantitative data, with statistical significance set …at p < 0.05. We calculated odds ratios and their respective confidence intervals to evaluate the associations. RESULTS: Nine studies examined IL-10 gene polymorphisms (rs1800871 and rs1800872) in TB susceptibility. The present study did not show a notable association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms and TB among all genetic models (allelic, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, and recessive). The obtained p -value > 0.05 indicates an insignificant association between both gene polymorphisms of IL-10 . An OR-1.13; 95% CI-0.85, 1.50 was obtained for the SNP rs1800871, whereas an OR-1.02; 95% CI-0.75, 1.40 was obtained for the SNP rs1800872. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis revealed no significant association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms and TB susceptibility, suggesting that these variations may not significantly contribute to TB susceptibility. Further research with a larger sample size and diverse ethnicities is needed to explore additional genetic variations and their implications in TB pathogenesis. Show more

Keywords: Tuberculosis, IL-10 gene, polymorphisms, meta-analysis, susceptibility

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-240024

Citation: Human Antibodies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 169-179, 2024

Authors: Ahmadi, Yasin | Ahmadi, Hamid | Aghebati-Maleki, Leili

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Immunoassay methods typically involve the use of antibodies, which are either labeled with an enzyme to generate a detectable product or directly tagged with a radioactive or fluorescent substrate. METHODS: One approach to enhance the specificity of immuno-detection methods is by employing a combination of different antibodies, such as primary and secondary. RESULTS: However, relying solely on one antibody targeting another may not offer the highest level of precision for improving immunoassay specificity; A novel strategy for enhancing the specificity of immunoassay techniques involves directly targeting different epitopes of an antigen. …CONCLUSIONS: This approach entails utilizing sequential chain reactions facilitated by distinct enzymes bound to various antibodies, each directed at specific epitopes on the antigen. Such an innovative method holds promise for advancing the specificity of immunoassay methods. Show more

Keywords: Immunoassay, antibody, enzyme, chain reaction, specificity, sensitivity

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-240019

Citation: Human Antibodies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 181-186, 2024

Authors: Khadka, Sony | Regmi, Sanjib Mani | Subedi, Nuwadatta | Poudel, Arjun | Bhandari, Dhaka Ram | Karn, Mitesh | Pradhan, Shanti | Shrestha, Prabin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Information regarding seropositivity and vaccine efficacy among medical students is scarce. This study aims to detect the status of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies among the Sinopharm’s Vero Cell (BBIBP-CorV) vaccinated medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students of Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal from March through August 2022. The level of SARS-CoV-2 serum- neutralizing IgG antibody was measured and its relation with participants’ age and sex, duration of vaccination, and any comorbid condition was determined. RESULTS: A total of 110 medical students were …included in the final analysis, the majority being females (65.5%) and the mean age is 23.1 ± 3.2 years. Most of the students (96.4%) had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Among the 29 (26.36%) students who received a booster dose, the positivity rate was 100%. The mean IgG levels were 9.57 ± 9.58 μ g/ml and 2.91 ± 2.47 μ g/ml among students receiving an additional booster dose and among those not receiving it, respectively. In the cohort receiving a booster dose of the vaccine, the average value of neutralizing IgG antibodies was high. In contrast, the ones not receiving it, the titers were low and showed a declining trend. CONCLUSION: Though the dose strategy of the Sinopharm vaccine is effective, booster vaccination may be an important strategy to ensure protection among medical students, who are at high risk of COVID-19 due to constant patient exposure during their training. Further studies should assess vaccine efficacy among individuals who received other vaccines as well. Show more

Keywords: Medical students, neutralizing antibody, seropositive, sinopharm, vaccine

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-240029

Citation: Human Antibodies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 187-192, 2024

Authors: Abdulrhaman, Dhifaf | Fahad, Hayfaa | Khalil, Nawar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many studies have examined the role of inflammation in the development of diabetic neuropathy (DPN). OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the relation of the serum level of Transforming Growth Factor-β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy DPN. METHODS: In a case-control study, randomly selected 140 diabetic patients were included, the randomly selected patients were divided equally and matched into a case group who have diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic neuropathy-free patients as a control group. For both groups whole blood sample was examined to compare …for (TGF-β ), and (TNF-α ) levels determination by ELISA technique. RESULTS: The age of the study samples ranged from 25 to 80 years with a male ratio of 1.45:1 although the sex differences between both groups were not significant. The mean levels of (TNF-α ) and (TGF-β ) was significantly higher among cases group than that of controls group (254.86 ± 75.9 vs158.01 ± 50.600) for TNF-α and for TGF- β (312.85 ± 62.27 vs. 217.82 ± 52.95) respectively. Both TNF-α and TGF-β have high sensitivity and specificity in detection of DPN. The sensitivity of TNF-α was 95.7% and specificity of 61.4% area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.870 ± 0.029, while the sensitivity of TGF-β was 91.4%, and specificity of 67.1 with good area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.891 ± 0.026 (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: TNF-α and TGF -β are significantly elevated levels in patients with DPN, these cytokines could be used as indicators for the development of DPN. Show more

Keywords: Cytokines, Diabetic, Neuropathy, TGF-β, TNF-α

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-240031

Citation: Human Antibodies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 193-199, 2024

Authors: Hussein, Zahraa A. | Al-Ahmar, Saif D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A virus infection is a health threat with multiple transmission patterns across areas, It is evaluated using immune response markers IL-10 and IL-18, along with molecular and biochemical diagnostic methods for accurate diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: The association between liver damage and interleukin-10 and interleukin-18 levels in people with hepatitis A virus infection as indications of the risk of acute liver failure. METHODS: 110 samples were collected from Iraqi individuals from both sexes and different age groups ⩽ 1 to ⩾ 25, including 60 patients and 50 …healthy people. All samples were collected from a hospital in Diwaniyah city, and the infection was confirmed by antiHAV IgM titers and One-Step RT-PCR. ELISA was used to determine the levels of IL-10 and IL-18, while Biochemical tests measured for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total serum Bilirubin (TSB) in serum. RESULTS: In this study, IL-10 levels were higher in HAV patients (0.12 ± 0.06 ng/L) compared to controls (0.11 ± 0.04 ng/L), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.17). Conversely, IL-18 levels were significantly elevated in patients (1.41 ± 0.71) versus controls (0.58 ± 0.35) (p = 0.00). Biochemical tests showed significantly elevated levels in HAV patients: ALT (170.18 ± 117.67 vs. 21.25 ± 7.41), AST (183.05 ± 128.13 vs. 26.00 ± 7.69), ALP (607.68 ± 214.93 vs. 202.02 ± 121.35), and TSB (2.77 ± 2.5 vs. 0.55 ± 0.14) (all p < 0.001). These findings underscore the potential of IL-10 and IL-18 as biomarkers for HAV severity and highlight their role in liver injury. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the important roles of IL-10 and IL-18 in acute hepatitis A and reveals their impact on the immune response and liver damage. Elevated levels of IL-10, IL-18 and Biochemical tests are associated with disease severity, suggesting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve the management of HAV infection. Show more

Keywords: HAV, IL-10, IL-18, one step-PCR, ALF

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-240039

Citation: Human Antibodies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 201-211, 2024

Authors: Albarzanji, Zubaida Najat Mustafa | Wahid, Nuha Mumin | Shaker, Najlaa Bakir | Al-Bayati, Zaid Mohammed

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The advent of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented a substantial and urgent global public health issue. Biomarkers have the potential to be utilized for the identification of endothelium and/or alveolar epithelial damage in instances of COVID-19 infection. AIM OF THE STUDY: to evaluate the levels of Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) biomarkers in hospitalized patients who tested positive for COVID-19 infection using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with the virus specific Immunoglobulins; IgM, and IgG testing. This can help with improved clinical management and treatment programs. METHODS: …A case-control study that involved 90 hospitalized patients who tested positive for COVID-19 and 40 apparently healthy control patients, subjects in both groups underwent nasopharyngeal swabs for PCR and blood sample collection for evaluation of serum; IgM, IgG, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels. RESULTS: Males made up the vast majority of the patients (78.9%), with only a minor percentage of females (21.1%) P value 0.1641. Furthermore, every patient in this study had a minimum of one risk factor for COVID-19. The investigator’s results show that COVID-19 patients had higher amounts of endothelial cell adhesion indicators (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) with mean values of 126.27 ± 89.51 ng/mL and 109.74 ± 96.57 ng/mL respectively. While, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, were present at normal levels in the control group with difference P value 0.0028 and 0.0032 in comparison to the patient’s group respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The adhesive markers ICAM and VCAM play a crucial role in the development of COVID-19 and the strong endothelial activation and dysfunction linked to both acute and persistent immunological responses is shown by the substantial correlation found in COVID-19 patients between the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies and higher levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, RS-CoV-2, IgM/IgG antibody, ICAM-1, VCAM-1

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-240027

Citation: Human Antibodies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 213-220, 2024

Authors: Abdulzahra, Israa Saleem | Al-Dujaily, Saad Salih | Zabbon, Areej Abbas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Infertility is an inability to conceive after a reasonable period of time (12 months) without the use of contraception or due to a person’s incapacity to procreate, whether independently or with a spouse. Problems with the production and maturation of sperm are the most common causes of male infertility additionally; the motility is the major functional character that determines the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. Therefore the goal of this study is to get better certain sperm function parameters in vitro of asthenozoospermic patient. OBJECTIVE: The World Health Organization (WHO) and many studies considered the …infertility as a disease and so many couples complaining from unsuccessful assisted reproductive technologies (ART) procedures to overcome their problem. The goal of this study is to improve certain sperm function feature in vitro of asthenozoospermic semen patients by using combination of motility inducing namely; Maca, L-carnitine and Pentoxifylline that enhance the medium to improve certain sperm characters that might be utilized for ART centers. METHODOLOGY: Semen aliquots were collected from ninety patients with asthenozoospermia who participated in present study, the volume of semen samples with normal ejaculate when was ranged between 1.4-6ml and can be measured by using a measure pipette or conical graduated tube; Inclusion criteria was Asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia men, Infertile idiopathic men also, fertile normozoospermic men. While Exclusion criteria was Azoospermic men, Alcoholic, Patients under treatment with antibiotics and men with Varicocele. The samples split into two equal groups at random. Using Ham’s F12 medium, one portion served as the control group, and the other was the treatment group, which was mixing by combining the following ingredients, Maca powder extracts (Lepidium meyenii) (M) 1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml of L-Carnitine (LC), and 10 mg/ml of Pentoxifylline (PTX). The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. The descriptive statistics including frequency, range, mean and standard error, Data from treated and control groups were expressed as mean ± SEM and to compare value between experimental and control groups using Students t-test. Layering approach is used to investigate sperm parameters before and after in vitro activation. RESULTS: The information showed a very large (p < 0.001) increase in active sperm motility grade A, percentage of progressive motility with significant increase in morphologically normal sperm (MNS) with decreased in DNA fragmentation index after activation by layering technique with novel combination medium compared to Hams F12 medium and before activation. CONCLUSION: The present work stated that novel combination medium (LC, maca and PXT) have potential effects to improve sperm characters in male infertility factors and suggested to be used for sperm preparation and activation in ART programs. Show more

Keywords: L-carnitine, Pentoxifylline, maca powder, in vitro sperm preparation, DNA fragmentation index

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-240032

Citation: Human Antibodies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 221-227, 2024

Authors: Ahmed, Hind S. | Ahmed, Hiba S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The correlation between dyslipidemia and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 has been widely categorized. Dyslipidemia is one of the most dominant disorders among these patients. Systemic inflammation accompanied by cytokine storm hemostasis modifications and severe vasculitis have all been reported to occur among COVID-19 patients, and these may contribute to some severe complications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the possible relationship between dyslipidemia and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019. METHODS: This work encompassed 200 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (100 dyslipidemic and 100 normolipidemic) who were hospitalized at Baghdad …Teaching Hospital/ Medical City-Baghdad, Iraq, from October 2021 to October 2022; their ages ranged between 40 and 55. Eligible individuals had a positive nasal swab polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Every participant’s anthropometric and clinical features were measured. The study includes the measurements of glycemic, lipid profile, renal function test, D-dimer, C-reactive protein, serum ferritin, and interleukin-6 in dyslipidemic and normolipidemic groups. RESULTS: Considerable increase (p = 0.001) in glycemic and lipid levels in the dyslipidemic group compared to normolipidemic. Moreover, dyslipidemic patients have higher lipid indices (ratios) than the normolipidemic group. Significant increases (p = 0.001) in serum urea and creatinine levels were found among the dyslipidemic group compared to normolipidemic. There was a non-considerable decrease (p = 0.062) in serum total protein in the dyslipidemic group concerning the normolipidemic. In contrast, a considerable decrease (p = 0.045) in serum albumin was detected in the dyslipidemic group compared to normolipidemic. D-dimer, serum C-reactive protein, ferritin, and interleukin-6 were significantly increased (p = 0.001) in the dyslipidemic group compared to normolipidemic. CONCLUSION: Dyslipidemia potentially raises the severity of coronavirus disease 2019. There was a significant disturbance in renal function tests among coronavirus disease 2019 patients. The study found a significant and statistical difference in kidney functions between dyslipidemic and normolipidemic groups. The patients, especially the dyslipidemic ones, have experienced protein abnormalities and a significant inflammation rate reflected by higher C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, which is due to the severity of coronavirus disease 2019. It is possible to conduct more research with a larger sample size. The majority of people who have dyslipidemia need to be enlightened. Show more

Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019, C-reactive protein, dyslipidemia, ferritin, interleukin-6, renal function test

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-240033

Citation: Human Antibodies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 229-237, 2024