Analytical Cellular Pathology - Volume 35, issue 5-6

Authors: Ardeshirpour, Yasaman | Gandjbakhche, Amir H. | Najafizadeh, Laleh

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: In vivo optical imaging is being conducted in a variety of medical applications, including optical breast cancer imaging, functional brain imaging, endoscopy, exercise medicine, and monitoring the photodynamic therapy and progress of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In the past three decades, in vivo diffuse optical breast cancer imaging has shown promising results in cancer detection, and monitoring the progress of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The use of near infrared spectroscopy for functional brain imaging has been growing rapidly. In fluorescence imaging, the difference between autofluorescence of cancer lesions compared to normal tissues were used in endoscopy to distinguish malignant lesions from normal tissue or …inflammation and in determining the boarders of cancer lesions in surgery. Recent advances in drugs targeting specific tumor receptors, such as AntiBodies (MAB), has created a new demand for developing non-invasive in vivo imaging techniques for detection of cancer biomarkers, and for monitoring their down regulations during therapy. Targeted treatments, combined with new imaging techniques, are expected to potentially result in new imaging and treatment paradigms in cancer therapy. Similar approaches can potentially be applied for the characterization of other disease-related biomarkers. In this chapter, we provide a review of diffuse optical and fluorescence imaging techniques with their application in functional brain imaging and cancer diagnosis. Show more

Keywords: Diffuse optical imaging, near infrared spectroscopy, functional brain imaging, fluorescence imaging, targeted fluorescent probe, Affibody, cancer treatment, cancer diagnostics, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

DOI: 10.3233/ACP-2012-0058

Citation: Analytical Cellular Pathology, vol. 35, no. 5-6, pp. 317-337, 2012

Authors: Levenson, Richard | Beechem, Joseph | McNamara, George

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Spectral imaging methods are attracting increased interest from researchers and practitioners in basic science, pre-clinical and clinical arenas. A combination of better labeling reagents and better optics creates opportunities to detect and measure multiple parameters at the molecular and cellular level. These tools can provide valuable insights into the basic mechanisms of life, and yield diagnostic and prognostic information for clinical applications. There are many multispectral technologies available, each with its own advantages and limitations. This chapter will present an overview of the rationale for spectral imaging, and discuss the hardware, software and sample labeling strategies that can optimize its …usefulness in clinical settings. Show more

Keywords: Image analysis, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, machine-vision, multispectral imaging, oncology, pathology, personalized medicine, segmentation

DOI: 10.3233/ACP-2012-0062

Citation: Analytical Cellular Pathology, vol. 35, no. 5-6, pp. 339-361, 2012

Authors: Coffman, Frederick D. | Cohen, Stanley

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: Biological organisms and their component organs, tissues and cells have unique electrical impedance properties. Impedance properties often change with changes in structure, composition, and metabolism, and can be indicative of the onset and progression of disease states. Over the past 100 years, instruments and analytical methods have been developed to measure the impedance properties of biological specimens and to utilize these measurements in both clinical and basic science settings. This chapter will review the applications of impedance measurements in the biomedical sciences, from whole body analysis to impedance measurements of single cells and cell monolayers, and how cellular impedance measuring …instruments can now be used in high throughput screening applications. Show more

Keywords: Bioimpedance, body mass index, tumor detection, cell-based assays, apoptosis, high throughput screening

DOI: 10.3233/ACP-2012-0070

Citation: Analytical Cellular Pathology, vol. 35, no. 5-6, pp. 363-374, 2012

Authors: Bravaccini, Sara | Amadori, Andrea | Scarpi, Emanuela | Tumedei, Maria Maddalena | Zoli, Wainer | Silvestrini, Rosella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Telomerase, a fundamental marker of neoplastic transformation, is widely expressed in both premalignant intraepithelial lesions and in most malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. We determined telomerase activity (TA) in uterine cervix by Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) in a series of 62 cases, 44 with benign diseases (inflammation and/or metaplasia and/or acanthosis) and 18 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). No significant differences in TA were observed between benign lesions (median AEU value 36, range 0–119) and CIN (median AEU value 30, range 0–65). Conversely, TA was significantly higher in subjects who showed CIN evolution (65 range 45–119) than in disease-free …individuals (34 range 0–95, ρ = 0.017) and in 1 patient with a CIN2 lesion who relapsed after 5 years. Our results suggest that TA of the uterine cervix is capable of predicting CIN evolution or relapse, thus indicating its potential usefulness as a prognostic marker in clinical surveillance programs. Show more

Keywords: Cervical dysplasia, telomerase activity, clinical outcome

DOI: 10.3233/ACP-2012-0066

Citation: Analytical Cellular Pathology, vol. 35, no. 5-6, pp. 377-380, 2012

Authors: Azar, Jimmy C. | Busch, Christer | Carlbom, Ingrid B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Whole-slide imaging of tissue microarrays (TMAs) holds the promise of automated image analysis of a large number of histopathological samples from a single slide. This demands high-throughput image processing to enable analysis of these tissue samples for diagnosis of cancer and other conditions. In this paper, we present a completely automated method for the accurate detection and localization of tissue cores that is based on geometric restoration of the core shapes without placing any assumptions on grid geometry. The method relies on hierarchical clustering in conjunction with the Davies-Bouldin index for cluster validation in order to estimate the number of …cores in the image wherefrom we estimate the core radius and refine this estimate using morphological granulometry. The final stage of the algorithm reconstructs circular discs from core sections such that these discs cover the entire region of each core regardless of the precise shape of the core. The results show that the proposed method is able to reconstruct core locations without any evidence of localization. Furthermore, the algorithm is more efficient than existing methods based on the Hough transform for circle detection. The algorithm's simplicity, accuracy, and computational efficiency allow for automated high-throughput analysis of microarray images. Show more

Keywords: Tissue microarrays (TMAs), whole-slide scanning, core detection, hierarchical clustering, Davies-Bouldin index, morphological granulometry, morphological opening/closing, convex hull

DOI: 10.3233/ACP-2012-0067

Citation: Analytical Cellular Pathology, vol. 35, no. 5-6, pp. 381-393, 2012

Authors: Wang, Xingwei | Chen, Xiaodong | Li, Yuhua | Liu, Hong | Li, Shibo | Zhang, Roy R. | Zheng, Bin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests provide promising molecular imaging biomarkers to more accurately and reliably detect and diagnose cancers and genetic disorders. Since current manual FISH signal analysis is low-efficient and inconsistent, which limits its clinical utility, developing automated FISH image scanning systems and computer-aided detection (CAD) schemes has been attracting research interests. To acquire high-resolution FISH images in a multi-spectral scanning mode, a huge amount of image data with the stack of the multiple three-dimensional (3-D) image slices is generated from a single specimen. Automated preprocessing these scanned images to eliminate the non-useful and redundant data is important …to make the automated FISH tests acceptable in clinical applications. In this study, a dual-detector fluorescence image scanning system was applied to scan four specimen slides with FISH-probed chromosome X. A CAD scheme was developed to detect analyzable interphase cells and map the multiple imaging slices recorded FISH-probed signals into the 2-D projection images. CAD scheme was then applied to each projection image to detect analyzable interphase cells using an adaptive multiple-threshold algorithm, identify FISH-probed signals using a top-hat transform, and compute the ratios between the normal and abnormal cells. To assess CAD performance, the FISH-probed signals were also independently visually detected by an observer. The Kappa coefficients for agreement between CAD and observer ranged from 0.69 to 1.0 in detecting/counting FISH signal spots in four testing samples. The study demonstrated the feasibility of automated FISH signal analysis that applying a CAD scheme to the automated generated 2-D projection images. Show more

Keywords: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), automated FISH signal analysis, computer-aided detection (CAD), molecular imaging biomarker

DOI: 10.3233/ACP-2012-0068

Citation: Analytical Cellular Pathology, vol. 35, no. 5-6, pp. 395-405, 2012

Authors: Bautista, Pinky A. | Yagi, Yukako

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In this paper we proposed a multispectral enhancement scheme in which the spectral colors of the stained tissue-structure of interest and its background can be independently modified by the user to further improve their visualization and color discrimination. The colors of the background objects are modified by transforming their N-band spectra through an NxN transformation matrix, which is derived by mapping the representative samples of their original spectra to the spectra of their target colors using least mean square method. On the other hand, the color of the tissue structure of interest is modified by modulating the transformed spectra with …the sum of the pixel's spectral residual-errors at specific bands weighted through an NxN weighting matrix; the spectral error is derived by taking the difference between the pixel's original spectrum and its reconstructed spectrum using the first M dominant principal component vectors in principal component analysis. Promising results were obtained on the visualization of the collagen fiber and the non-collagen tissue structures, e.g., nuclei, cytoplasm and red blood cells (RBC), in a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained image. Show more

Keywords: Multispectral, enhancement, visualization, multispectral, detection, histopathology

DOI: 10.3233/ACP-2012-0069

Citation: Analytical Cellular Pathology, vol. 35, no. 5-6, pp. 407-420, 2012

Article Type: Other

Citation: Analytical Cellular Pathology, vol. 35, no. 5-6, pp. 421-424, 2012