Work - Volume 77, issue 3

Authors: Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-246002

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 719-720, 2024

Authors: Inge, Katherine J. | Wehman, Paul | Avellone, Lauren | Broda, Michael | McDonough, Jennifer

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Customized employment (CE) is recognized in the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (2014) as a strategy for promoting competitive integrated employment. However, the existing body of evidence supporting CE is mainly descriptive rather than experimental research. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the impact of CE on the employment outcomes, hours worked per week, and wages of transition-age youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities. METHOD: The outcomes of transition-age youth participating in a CE intervention were compared to those receiving treatment-as-usual using a randomized controlled trial design. RESULTS: Participants receiving CE were significantly more likely …to secure competitive integrated employment than controls who received treatment-as-usual. Participants in the intervention and control conditions earned similar wages. Participants in the control condition worked more hours per week than those in CE. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study demonstrate the effectiveness of CE to assist transition-age youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities in obtaining competitive integrated employment, but future research is needed to examine factors impacting weekly hours and wages of participants in CE. Show more

Keywords: Customized employment, competitive integrated employment, intellectual and developmental disability, transition-age youth

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-246003

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 721-729, 2024

Authors: Phillips, Jennifer

Article Type: Other

Abstract: Weight bias and weight stigma is present in healthcare settings negatively affecting people with obesity. Healthcare professionals should be aware of how their potential bias and stigma may be impacting clients with obesity. With obesity projected to rise among the world, the healthcare environment needs to be more accepting and accommodating.

Keywords: Weight bias, weight stigma, healthcare, obesity, discrimination

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-246004

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 731-733, 2024

Authors: Chitapi, Unity M. | van Niekerk, Lana | Blank, Alison

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Globally, persons with disabilities are faced with unemployment and reduced income opportunities. Barriers to employment tend to be severe for women with disabilities who occupy marginalized positions in labor markets. ‘Livelihood occupations’ are conceptualized for this review to denote everyday activities that are done for subsistence and survival, and to broaden presentations of activities normally termed ‘work’, ‘employment’, ‘job’ or ‘productivity’ that people do to earn money and non-monetary gain. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review, undertaken as part of a broader interpretive phenomenological analysis of livelihood occupations of women with disabilities, maps research on the subject of livelihood …occupations for women with disabilities. METHODS: The Arksey and O’Malley framework and PRISMA extension for scoping reviews were utilized to guide the five stage scoping strategy used to screen and select sources. Data from selected sources were synthesized using deductive qualitative content analysis to fit experiential components into equity categories determined a-priori from the Equitable Total Rewards model, to determine if these experiences connote equity or lack thereof. RESULTS: Nineteen sources, mainly from high income countries, are identified. Aspects of benefit and career inequity were largely evident in the experiences of the women across all sources. CONCLUSION: There is considerable lack of research on experiences of livelihood occupations in low and middle income countries contexts justifying further research. Women with disabilities report experiencing inability to realize career goals and occupational choice. Show more

Keywords: Work, narratives, disabled persons, work, employment, equity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220348

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 735-753, 2024

Authors: Garcia-Torres, Mariana | Condon, Olivia | Harris, Sarah Parker | Gould, Robert | Harniss, Mark

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal law that protects individuals with disabilities from discrimination in all areas of public life. The ADA contributes to equal opportunity across policy areas, including the interconnected domains of higher education and employment. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, emerging research has begun to document the disparities in impact on people with disabilities, among other marginalized groups. However, no research to date has reviewed and synthesized literature that addresses disability discrimination related to COVID-19 that has implications for application of the ADA. OBJECTIVE: This rapid evidence …review aims to increase understanding about how COVID-19 has resulted in challenges for people with disabilities in the domains of employment and higher education that may be resolved through application of the ADA. METHODS: Keyword searches were conducted in five electronic databases. Title, abstract, and full text screening was conducted followed by a thematic analysis of key ADA themes. RESULTS: Twelve final articles were included in this review, eight categorized within higher education and four within employment. In relation to the ADA and COVID-19, five studies revealed findings related to web accessibility, eight related to effective communication, and four related to reasonable accommodations. CONCLUSION: The findings provide a broad overview of the current research on how COVID-19 has affected accessibility, communications and accommodations in employment and higher education and identify gaps in the literature within these policy domains. Show more

Keywords: Disability, rapid review, pandemic, employment, higher education, public policy, ADA

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230070

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 755-767, 2024

Authors: Niazi, Aiman | Memon, Mumtaz Ali | Sarwar, Naukhez | Obaid, Asfia | Mirza, Muhammad Zeeshan | Amjad, Kainaat

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work intensification can lead to both work-related and non-work-related outcomes that positively and negatively affect the employee, organization, and job in question. The criticality of this phenomena necessitates conducting a systematic review to capture the essence of the extant literature. OBJECTIVE: This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on work intensification from 1989 to 2022. It reviews the conceptualization of the construct, explores the factors influencing work intensification, identifies its outcomes, moderators, and mediators, and provides a review of the theories that have been used to support the phenomena of work intensification. …METHODS: The systematic review employed the PRISMA approach to screen 2823 records from the Web of Science database and extract 74 quantitative studies for final examination. RESULTS: Firstly, work intensification has primarily been conceptualized through various constructs such as workload, long work hours, and time pressure. Secondly, there are well-established positive and negative outcomes associated with work intensification, either directly or through mediators. Thirdly, both the conservation of resource theory and the job-demands resource theory are widely utilized to support models related to work intensification. CONCLUSION: The study urges practitioners to enhance their efforts in effectively managing employees’ intensified work demands, particularly in relation to work overload, working hours, and time pressure. By addressing these factors, organizations can minimize negative outcomes and promote positive consequences. Show more

Keywords: Work intensification, work overload, time pressure, long work hours

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230193

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 769-787, 2024

Authors: Doğan, Semanur | Bayram, Gulay Aras

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Changes in the sleep-wake cycle in shift workers can cause many health problems. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between daytime sleepiness and sleep quality on balance, physical activity level, fatigue and quality of life in shift and non-shift workers. METHOD: A total of 58 employees, 29 shifts and 29 non-shifts, were included in the study. Data were collected using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Tandem Posture Test, the One-Foot Stand Test, the Ten-Step Tandem Walking Test, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, the Fatigue …Severity Scale, and the Nottingham Health Profile. RESULTS: Individuals working in shifts had higher fatigue severity and daytime sleepiness levels (p  < 0.05), while physical activity levels and sleep quality were lower than those working without shifts (p  < 0.05). It was determined that as the daytime sleepiness of individuals working in shifts and non-shifts increased, their quality of life decreased (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to the data obtained from the study, individuals working in shifts compared to individuals working without shifts experienced higher levels of daytime sleepiness and fatigue severity level while sleep quality and physical activity level were lower. Show more

Keywords: Balance, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, shift work, worker, quality of life

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220700

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 789-797, 2024

Authors: Verburgh, Marjolein | Verdonk, Petra | Muntinga, Maaike | van Valkengoed, Irene | Hulshof, Carel | Nieuwenhuijsen, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In the Netherlands, the fact that midlife women constitute a considerable segment of the working population is relatively new. Generally paid work contributes to midlife women’s wellbeing, but they also report health challenges, such as work-related fatigue and the menopause. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to understand how midlife women themselves perceive their health, wellbeing, and functioning in relation to paid work. METHODS: In this exploratory qualitative study, 28 women participated in five ethnically homogeneous focus group discussions (FGDs). De FGDs were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed using MAXQDA. …RESULTS: We identified exhaustion as central to our analysis. During midlife, exhaustion seems to occur once a certain limit has been reached, both physically and mentally, with women feeling to have reached the end of their rope. Besides obvious physiological challenges, we identified two major themes in which we discuss challenges both in paid work and private life: (1) work environment and working conditions , and (2) burdens in private life . Participants took various measures to manage and try to reduce exhaustion, including finding a new job or negotiating different job tasks, and reducing work hours. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the extent to which women experience exhaustion is associated with challenges in both paid work and private life. The underlying processes do not seem to reflect individual problems, but reflect a complex set of factors at the structural level. Nevertheless, women take several individual measures to reduce their exhaustion, including reducing their participation in paid work. Show more

Keywords: Women, work, middle aged, menopause, mental health, qualitative research

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220567

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 799-809, 2024

Authors: van der Laan, Tallie M.J. | Postema, Sietke G. | Alkozai, Siawash A. | van der Sluis, Corry K. | Reneman, Michiel F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs) may be more common in individuals with brachial plexus injury (BPI), whose physical work demands exceed their functional capacity (FC). OBJECTIVES: (a) To assess the concurrent validity of five methods for measuring upper extremity work demands and the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT). (b) To explore the relations between MSCs, physical work demands, and FC in individuals with BPI. METHODS: This study had a descriptive correlational design. Physical work demands of 16 individuals with BPI (12 males, 6 one-handed workers) were assessed during work using five assessment methods and the DOT. Spearman …correlation coefficients between work demand methods were determined. FC was assessed using the functional capacity evaluation one-handed (FCE-OH). A questionnaire was used to examine MSCs. The relationship between MSCs, physical work demands and FC was analyzed visually, using Spearman correlation coefficients, and by comparing FCE-OH results to FCE reference values. RESULTS: Spearman correlation coefficients for the DOT and four out of five assessment methods for determining work demands on upper extremities were significant and moderate (four combinations: r  = 0.65–0.79) to strong (five combinations: r  = 0.81–0.94). Correlations of the fifth method with the other methods were weak to fair. No significant relationships were found between MSCs, physical work demands and FCE-OH results. CONCLUSION: The relationships between MSCs, physical work demands, and FC are evidently complex and require further investigation. In this small sample the concurrent validity of the DOT and four methods for determining work demands on upper extremities was moderate to good. Show more

Keywords: Work capacity evaluation, pain, upper extremity, work performance, workload, ergonomic assessments

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220680

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 811-825, 2024

Authors: Hensing, Gunnel | Blom, Sara | Björkman, Ida | Bertilsson, Monica | Martinsson, Johan | Wängnerud, Lena | Löve, Jesper

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Gender differences in attitudes towards depression gives reason to believe that sociocultural gender norms play a role in other areas. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to test (i) if the likelihood to think that sick leave with depression symptoms is not reasonable varies between women and men, and (ii) if the likelihood to think sick leave is not reasonable varies depending on the gender of the individual with depression symptoms. METHODS: A study population of 3147 participants responded to a web-survey with a written case briefly describing a man or woman with symptoms of depression. Respondents …were asked if they thought it is reasonable that the person was sick listed for two weeks. Logistic regression was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: After controlling for age, education, self-rated health, and respondent’s own experience of sickness absence the adjusted OR was 1.45 (95% CI 1.25–1.67) for men being less likely to think sick-leave was reasonable. Gender difference decreased when adjusting for negative attitudes towards depression (adjusted OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.44). No difference was found between how women and men thought about sick leave in relation to the gender of the case described in the vignette. CONCLUSION: Men were more likely to think that sick leave was not reasonable with decreased OR after adjustment for negative attitudes towards depression. Gender norms might be part of the explanation for differences but are challenging to test. This study contributes to a bourgeoning research field on gendered attitudes and sick leave, in terms of theoretical reasoning and methodological choice. Show more

Keywords: Social stigma, gender, depression, social norms, attitudes, sick leave

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230119

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 827-838, 2024

Authors: van Meijeren-Pont, Winke | van Velzen, Judith M. | Volker, Gerard | Arwert, Henk J. | Meesters, Jorit J.L. | de Kloet, Arend J. | van Bennekom, Coen A.M. | Vliet Vlieland, Thea P.M. | Tamminga, Sietske J. | Oosterveer, Daniëlla M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Knowledge on long-term participation is scarce for patients with paid employment at the time of stroke. OBJECTIVE: Describe the characteristics and the course of participation (paid employment and overall participation) in patients who did and did not remain in paid employment. METHODS: Patients with paid employment at the time of stroke completed questions on work up to 30 months after starting rehabilitation, and the Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (USER-P, Frequency, Restrictions and Satisfaction scales) up to 24 months. Baseline characteristics of patients with and without paid employment at 30 months were compared using …Fisher’s Exact Tests and Mann-Whitney U Tests. USER-P scores over time were analysed using Linear Mixed Models. RESULTS: Of the 170 included patients (median age 54.2 interquartile range 11.2 years; 40% women) 50.6% reported paid employment at 30 months. Those returning to work reported at baseline more working hours, better quality of life and communication, were more often self-employed and in an office job. The USER-P scores did not change statistically significantly over time. CONCLUSION: About half of the stroke patients remained in paid employment. Optimizing interventions for returning to work and achieving meaningful participation outside of employment seem desirable. Show more

Keywords: Return to work, rehabilitation, vocational rehabilitation, community participation, personal satisfaction, international classification of functioning, disability and health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230037

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 839-850, 2024

Authors: Durmaz, Vildan | Yazgan, Ebru | Delice, Elif Kiliç | Çelem, Beste Pelin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The recent growth of the aviation industry, which poses significant environmental challenges, has heightened the pressure on the sustainability of airports. Airport sustainability requires a holistic approach that encompasses economic, social, environmental, and operational aspects. In this regard, the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Agenda provides a roadmap for the aviation industry. However, despite recognizing the importance of SDGs, aviation authorities and airports often fail to effectively integrate them into their activities and annual reports. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the significance of SDGs for airports and select the airport that prioritizes SDGs the …most using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodologies. METHODS: This study introduces a novel approach that integrates Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) methods, which are MCDM techniques, to enhance airport sustainability. The SWARA method is employed to evaluate and assign weights to the SDGs in the context of airports. RESULTS: SDG 8 holds the highest level of significance among the goals concerning airports, while SDG 14 falls outside the scope of airport sustainability aspects. Then, five international airports that have been designated as green airports by aviation authorities and assessment organizations are selected, and the optimal alternative is determined using the WASPAS method, considering the weights obtained through SWARA. CONCLUSION: Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is the top choice due to its successful implementations and reports aligning with the SDGs. Show more

Keywords: SDGs, airports, ergonomics, SWARA, WASPAS, MCDM

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220385

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 851-864, 2024

Authors: Rodríguez-Herrera, Carolina | Villalobos-Molina, Victoria | Barría-Emparán, Tamara | Guillén-Jiménez, Varinnia | Mardones-Carpanetti, Felipe

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a change of pedagogical strategies from on-campus to “online” modality (synchronous and asynchronous learning) and may influence the health of university students, including their mental workload. OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between mental workload, perception of musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD), and the level of physical activity of Masters’s students’ online learning due to the pandemic. METHOD: This was a pilot descriptive study with a cross-sectional, quantitative, non-experimental study design. The sample consisted of 20 students. To collect the data, the participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, NASA-Task Load …Index, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. RESULTS: The students presented mental workload at medium (45%) and high (55%) levels, with time demands as the most prevalent dimension. In addition, 80% of the students reported experiencing MSD in the last seven days, with the most frequent areas being the neck and lower back. Regarding the level of physical activity, five students had a low level (25%), five students had a medium level (25%), and ten students had a high level (50%) of activity. CONCLUSION: Most of the students (95%) conduct their master's degree along with maintaining a full-time job. Therefore, the adaptive requirements according to “time demands” is a negative factor because of its contribution to mental workload. Especially in addition to students’ perception of musculoskeletal discomfort, organizational aspects would be fundamental to prevent physical and mental health risks. Show more

Keywords: Mental health, students, pain perception, questionnaire, online teaching

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220249

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 865-872, 2024

Authors: Oveisi, Elahe | Khanlari, Payam | Ebrahimzadeh-Afrouzi, Mahdi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Numerous people use computer mice for long hours, especially in offices. Mouse users reported various pains and discomfort. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to assess three types of most common mice (vertical, traditional, flat) in Iran in terms of their effects on carpal tunnel syndrome, hand discomfort, and usability. METHODS: The Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome questionnaire, the Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire (CHDQ), System Usability Scale (SUS), and Workplace Ergonomic Risk Assessment (WERA) scores were used to assess vertical, traditional, and flat mice. In addition, the participant’s hand position was analyzed by observation method. RESULTS: …Most participants had medium carpal tunnel syndrome severity; however, flat mouse users had a higher score, and the difference between mice was insignificant (p  > 0.05). Most mouse users felt discomfort in their small and ring fingers, and the type of mouse significantly affected thumb discomfort level. More flat users felt Pain in the different parts of their hands. The flat mouse has the least SUS score. There was a significant difference between the three mice regarding SUS scores (p  < 0.05). WERA mean values were acceptable for numerous mice. Adopting neutral wrist postures was more common among vertical, flat, and traditional mouse users, respectively; however, the flat mouse users tended to bend their fingers. CONCLUSION: There are differences between vertical and traditional flat mice in terms of ergonomic indicators. Although more studies are needed, it seems that vertical mice are better in some indicators. Show more

Keywords: Wrist injury, usability testing, carpal tunnel syndrome, musculoskeletal disease, computer, satisfaction, risk assessments

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220492

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 873-882, 2024

Authors: Barzegar, Akbar | Pouya, Amin Babaei | Hashemian, Amir Hossein | Nadri, Farshad | Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen | Omidian, Ali

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Several heat indices have been developed in industrial health, but each has its limitations. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to determine the validity and applicability of a temperature-humidity index, named Humidex compared with the Standard Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index (ISO 7243). METHOD: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the summer of 2019, in a tile factory in the west of Iran. 59 measurements were performed in 8 different workstations. Environmental parameters including natural wet bulb temperature (Tnw ), dry bulb temperature (Ta ), globe bulb temperature (Tg ), and heat stress (WBGT) …were measured. Humidex was calculated according to an equation. SPSS software (version 16) was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There was a high correlation between Humidex and WBGT in the estimation of heat stress (R=0.912, P<0.001). The Kappa Coefficient between Humidex and WBGT was 0.298, P=0.001. CONCLUSION: Humidex is highly correlated with WBGT. Humidex can be used instead of the WBGT index, especially in hot and humid environments. Show more

Keywords: Thermal, heat stress, comfort, climate changes, Humidex, global warming

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220514

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 883-889, 2024

Authors: Çolak, Muhteber | Gökdemir, Özden | Özçakar, Nilgün

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Violence is common in emergency departments and is also increasing in primary care settings. It is important to research the factors that cause violence to prevent incidents. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency, causes, and effects of violence in the workplace of primary care physicians in a province in Turkey. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 303 family physicians working in Family Health Centers. The subjects completed a questionnaire consisting of questions designed to elicit healthcare professionals’ perspectives on violence. The analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 software, with …p  < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: The participants’ mean age was 48.05±6.11. The majority (82%) stated that they had been subjected to violence throughout their professional life. Although the rate of exposure to violence was 56.4% in the previous year, they did not report these incidents to the appropriate authorities. The main reason for failing to report violent acts was “not caring” (40.1%). Respondents who believed “violent incidents should be reported” were under 50 years old (p  = 0.045). The impact of violence on their lives was expressed as “losing interest in their profession” (40.8%). The most commonly cited cause of violence was “educational problems” (74.9%). CONCLUSION: Violence is prevalent in primary healthcare settings. It is suggested that there can be numerous reasons for violence, primarily a lack of education, and its effects, such as professional disengagement, are notable. Measures should be implemented to provide physicians with safe working conditions and reduce the risk of violence. Show more

Keywords: Family medicine, healthcare worker, family health centers, violence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220619

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 891-899, 2024

Authors: Öztürk, Yaşar | Yazgan, Ebru | Delice, Elif Kılıç

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Aircraft maintenance technicians (AMTs) have the most difficulty in terms of total workload criteria working in line maintenance. This is a very important problem for the Aircraft Maintenance Organization. A systematic and scientific approach is required for its solution. OBJECTIVE: This study proposes a new Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) based approach to evaluating the total workloads of AMTs to identify the most challenging AMT tasks in the aircraft maintenance organization. METHODS: A new hybrid MCDM approach is proposed by integrating the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity (TOPSIS) …methods to compare AMTs on the basis of workloads according to license categories. The hybrid method proposed in this study evaluates the total workload under three main titles: mental, physical, and environmental workload. RESULTS: Focusing on AMTs working in line maintenance of an aircraft maintenance organization, this study revealed that the most important workload criteria determined by the DEMATEL method are lower back strain, upper back strain, time pressure, and air temperature criteria. The results of the TOPSIS method showed that the license categories of AMTs are sorted according to the workloads as follows: A, B2, B1, and B1 + B2. The AMTs holding a “Category A” license have fewer workloads than the other categories. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study reveal some measures that might allow authorities to minimize the workload of AMTs. In addition, the study contributes to the literature because there are few studies that systematically analyze total workloads by using MCDM methods. Show more

Keywords: Aircraft maintenance technician, workload, ergonomic, MCDM, DEMATEL, TOPSIS

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220633

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 901-918, 2024

Authors: Martins, Lilian D.T.B. | Fernandes, Ana Paula | Cavalcanti, Alessandra | Barcelos, Joyce L.M. | Dutra, Fabiana C.M.S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: School servants are professionals involved with cleaning and feeding activities in schools. Exposed to conditions of physical and psychosocial overload at work, they may face situations of morbidity and functional restrictions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate personal and work characteristics and work ability index (WAI) of school servants in Brazil and test the mediating effect of WAI in the duration of sickness absence. METHODS: 163 Brazilian school servants participated in this cross-sectional study, that including the self-completion of a sociodemographic questionnaire, information about the Work Environment, the Protocol of Psychosocial Risks at Work’s Evaluation, and the Work …Ability Index. Also was collected, in a secondary health database, information about sickness absence. A linear regression model was constructed to identify the predictors of the duration of absence, followed by the analysis of mediation with the Path Analysis method. RESULTS: The study found that the WAI partially mediates the relation of the personal characteristics and the work conditions with the duration of absence of the school servants. The predictors included the organizational aspects of work, mental exhaustion, physical damage, health self-evaluation, availability of personal protective equipment, and the need to assume inadequate postures at work. These predictors explained 33% of the duration of absence and 53% of the WAI of these workers. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that inadequate working conditions and low WAI impact in the sickness absence, increasing by 33% the length of time off work of school servants. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, sick leave, work capacity evaluation, mediation analysis, working conditions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220642

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 919-931, 2024

Authors: Cao, Shiya

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The workplace accommodation process is often affected by ineffective and inefficient communications and information exchanges among disabled employees and other stakeholders. Information systems (IS) can play a key role in facilitating a more effective and efficient accommodation process since IS has been shown to facilitate business processes and effect positive organizational changes. OBJECTIVE: Since there is little to no research that exists on IS use to facilitate the workplace accommodation process, this paper, as a critical first step, examines how IS have been used in the accommodation process. METHODS: Thirty-six interviews were …conducted with disabled employees from various organizations. Open, axial, and selective coding were part of the analysis. Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis was used to identify different levels of IS use based on participants’ descriptions. RESULTS: An IS used in the workplace accommodation process consists of electronic request form, accommodation checklist, special budget, specific role, ancillary service, formal policy and procedure. There are different levels of IS use in the current accommodation process. The high-level IS use often results in a better accommodation performance than the low-level IS use, including high efficiency, high effectiveness, and low emotional tolls. Nevertheless, the high-level IS use often uses a specific, inflexible template as well as disregards human elements in the accommodation process. CONCLUSION: This work provides implications that future IS design should raise awareness of disability and accommodation, account for individual differences, involve multiple stakeholder inputs, as well as address the fundamental social issues in the accommodation process. Show more

Keywords: Work rehabilitation, technology, disability management, job satisfaction, computing, organizational design and management

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220716

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 933-947, 2024

Authors: Johansen, Thomas | Øyeflaten, Irene | Eriksen, Hege R. | Lyby, Peter S. | Dittrich, Winand H. | Holsen, Inge | Jakobsen, Hanne | Jensen, Chris

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is need for more knowledge about the relationship between work and cognitive functioning in sick-listed individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether the degree of work participation is relevant for recovery of cognitive functioning in sick-listed individuals. METHODS: 177 occupational rehabilitation participants and 70 controls participated in a non-randomised, longitudinal study. Participants completed computerised cognitive tests targeting sustained attention and working memory at start and end of rehabilitation and 3 and 12 months after rehabilitation. The change score performance in attention and memory between start and end, start and 3 months and 12 months was …compared in individuals on sick leave 100–75%, 74–40% and 39–0% (three sick leave groups) of the time in the year after rehabilitation, and a control group not being on sick leave. Fixed effect analysis of covariance adjusting for education and work ability was used. RESULTS: The sick leave group 100–75% had significantly lower score on work ability compared to the other groups at baseline. The main findings indicated that the sick leave group 39–0% improved significantly more in sustained attention compared to the sick leave group 100–75% between start and end of rehabilitation and from start of rehabilitation to 3 and 12 months after. CONCLUSION: The degree of work participation seems relevant to recovery of the cognitive function sustained attention in sick-listed individuals. These findings encourage work rehabilitation clinicians, work consultants and employers to develop RTW plans which take into account that graded employment influence cognitive functioning. Show more

Keywords: Attention, cognition, employment, return to work, sickness absence

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230027

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 949-961, 2024

Authors: Al Iman, Budiman | Tjahjono, Heru Kurnianto | Qamari, Ika Nurul

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Because of the continually changing nature of work, workplace spirituality (WPS) has drawn more attention in recent years from studies, organizations, and both public and private sectors. Organizations strive to enhance employee well-being and general job satisfaction while developing a feeling of community inside the workplace through fostering WPS. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to assess the literature on WPS in an attempt to provide a broader perspective on the impact of spirituality in the workplace to strengthen and comprehend how an individual or collective spirituality is integrated and manifested in the workplace. METHODS: The literature …was reviewed between 1994–2022 (including articles published online in 2023) and the deductive method was used. RESULTS: As a new and significant contribution to knowledge in this study, maintaining a work environment of otherworldliness can help to advance work commitment (sympathy, mindfulness, significant work). Human resources practices should consider including care contemplation as an individual development program that results in increased empathy for others to support care and sympathy in the workplace. WPS centers around the humanistic idea of representatives in the work environment regarding how they experience a feeling of association, which means satisfaction and arrangement with the working environment. There are three ways to look at WPS: individual, authoritative, and intuitive. CONCLUSION: This study has a significant contribution to knowledge enhancement and development. Such an approach to the development of a spirituality program within an organization can make a positive contribution to the improvement of business achievement and competitive gain. This model has some implications for organizational management where an internal spirituality program is desired. Future and additional research on model assessment under the same topic is strongly recommended. Show more

Keywords: Workplace environment, working conditions, human resources, organizational behavior, empathy, self-compassion, mindfulness, spiritualities

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230028

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 963-973, 2024

Authors: Li, Changhao | Li, Xinyu | Zhang, Zengli

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The involvement of Perchloroethylene (PCE) in the development of autoimmune diseases has been reported. However, few studies investigated immunotoxicity in PCE-exposed workers. OBJECTIVE: To study changes in the oxidative stress and cytokine profile of young female dry-cleaning workers exposed to PCE. METHODS: Thirty-eight exposed workers and 38 unexposed controls were recruited. All the participants were young nonsmoker females. Individual interviews were conducted by a physician. Blood samples were collected and hematological tests were performed by an automated Coulter Counter. Plasma PCE levels were determined using gas chromatography/flame ionization detection. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Catalase …(CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using the colorimetric method. The levels of plasma cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were measured by commercially kits. RESULTS: The levels of plasma PCE averaged 561±96 ng/ml in the exposed group compared with 1.3±0.5 ng/ml in the controls. The hematological tests failed to find abnormalities in the exposed workers. Exposed workers presented significantly increased plasma levels of MDA, SOD and CAT. There were no significant differences between the two groups for level of plasma TAC. Significantly increased plasma IL-1β and TNF-α and decreased IL-2 and IL-8 levels were seen in the exposed workers. There were no significant differences between the two groups for IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION: PCE exposure resulted in changed cytokine profile in dry-cleaning workers, suggesting the potential immunotoxicity of PCE at low exposure levels. Show more

Keywords: Perchloroethylene, occupational, immunotoxicity, health check, low dose, oxidative stress

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230080

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 975-979, 2024

Authors: Kutsuna, Ichiro | Hoshino, Aiko | Morisugi, Ami | Mori, Yukari | Shirato, Aki | Takeda, Mirai | isaji, Hikari | Suwa, Mami

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Return-to-work (RTW) programs are provided as rehabilitation for people who have taken sick leave from work because of mental health problems. However, methods to present this information to workplaces objectively remain limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to conduct an exploratory investigation of the relationship between duration of sick leave and time variation of words used in RTW programs for depression from textual data collected from electronic medical records as a new evaluation indicator. METHODS: The study subjects were those who had taken sick leave because of major depressive or adjustment disorder and had participated in …an RTW program. The study data comprised demographic characteristics and texts. Textual data were collected from electronic medical records and classified based on the SOAP note. Thereafter, the textual data were quantified into category scores based on a standard text analysis dictionary. A generalized linear mixed model was used for the statistical analysis, with the score for each category (emotional, social, cognitive, perceptual, biological, motivational, relativity, and informal) as the dependent variable and the duration of sick leave, time, and interaction between the duration of sick leave and time as the independent variables. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: In total, 42 participants were included in the analysis. The results revealed a significant interaction between the social (p  = 0.001) and emotional (p  = 0.002) categories. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a relationship between word changes in electronic medical records and the duration of sick leave. Show more

Keywords: Electronic medical records, employee, mental health, rehabilitation, text mining

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230083

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 981-991, 2024

Authors: Sener, Perihan | Onal, Ozkan | Akpinar, Seyma Eskil | Altinbas, Kursat

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mobbing in the workplace is a critical problem affecting healthcare workers’ psychological health and performance. However, there is a lack of data on the relationship between mobbing and depression and a lack of regulations to create a decent working environment. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the frequency of exposure to mobbing and the depression levels that may be related to mobbing among the employees of the Anesthesiology and Reanimation Clinic. METHODS: In this multi-center cross-sectional study, employees were evaluated with Leymann’s Inventory of Psychological Terror scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. …RESULTS: Of the participants, 86.2% stated that they were exposed to mobbing. The presence of mobbing was also associated with the presence of psychological and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The frequency of mobbing was relatively high among Anesthesiology and Reanimation clinic employees. Mobbing exposure was found to be associated with a high level of depression. Institutional and legal precautions should be taken, and awareness of mobbing should be increased to eliminate mobbing and its consequences on healthcare workers. Show more

Keywords: Workplace incivility, bullying/mobbing, depression, anxiety, healthcare workers, common mental disorders, occupational stresses, behavioral symptoms

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230098

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 993-1004, 2024

Authors: Mirza, Muhammad Zeeshan | Memon, Mumtaz Ali | Javaid, Muhammad Umair | Arshad, Rameen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Contemporary literature raises serious questions about the inclusion of negatively worded items in the safety climate scale. Despite these reservations, limited efforts have been made to address this shortcoming. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to adapt and empirically validate the ten-items group-level safety climate scale with the purpose of replacing negatively worded items with positively worded ones after a thorough validation process. The present study is one of the first to propose an empirically validated group-level safety climate scale that uses positive items to measure the safety climate construct. METHODS: Study 1 …was conducted using a sample of 135 participants. Study 2 used a time-lagged approach to validate the scale, with a sample of 173 production workers from six oil and gas organizations in Malaysia. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used to test the hypothesized relationships. RESULTS: In Study 1, the results of the exploratory factor analysis showed good reliability for the revised scale. In Study 2, the results of the PLS-SEM analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between safety climate and safety behaviors, thereby validating the revised and translated scale of safety climate. CONCLUSION: The revised safety climate scale will not only improve data quality, but it will also increase response rates. Additionally, the revised scale will assist managers in understanding the true perceptions of safety climate in their organization, regardless of the cultural context in which the scale is used. Show more

Keywords: Safety, behavior rating scale, group behavior, occupational safety, oil and gas industry, safety management

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230150

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 1005-1016, 2024

Authors: Asghari, Mehdi | Gorji, Rahim | Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah | Kohansal, Behieh | Abbasinia, Marzieh | Goudarzi, Forough

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational hearing loss is one of the most common work-related diseases with various risk factors and considerable negative impacts on both physical and mental well-being of affected workers. Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) has a complex interaction with personal, environmental and occupational factors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a risk model for ONIHL in workers by identifying risk factors and their interactions. METHODS: The subjects were 605 males in an industrial factory in Arak, Iran. The study took place between 2022 and 2023. The sociodemographic and occupational characteristics were collected by a health technician …using questionnaires and medical records. Hearing status was assessed using audiometry by a qualified audiologist. Hearing loss was analyzed by univariate logistic analysis including age, smoking, medical history, type of occupation, and some workplace hazards. The risk model was generated by logistic regression. RESULTS: Hearing loss in the participants was 44.13% (n  = 267). In univariate logistic analysis, age (OR: 2.93,95% CI: 1.848–4.656), smoking (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.224–2.655), work experience (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.016–1.107), previous exposure to noise (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.112–2.312) or vibration (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.150–2.475) and type of occupation (OR: 2.126, 95% CI: 1.055–4.285) were associated with an increased risk of ONIHL (P  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was found that vibration exposure, work experience, previous noise exposure, type of occupation as well as age and smoking significantly affected the likelihood of developing ONIHL. This risk model could help management to prevent ONIHL and enhance application-oriented research on the condition. Show more

Keywords: Hearing disorder, risk factors, noise, work, vibration, smoking

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230181

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 1017-1022, 2024

Authors: da Silva, Claudiele C.M. | Beretta, Victor S. | Gil, Fernanda S. | Delfino, Leandro D. | Leite, Enrique G.F. | Ferrari, Gerson | Tebar, William R. | Christofaro, Diego G.D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: People with long work hours, as evidenced by teachers, were more likely to present health problems that impact their quality of life (QoL). The reduced physical activity (PA) level or higher sedentary behavior in public school teachers was related to obesity. Although PA seems to improve the QoL in other professions, assessing whether the PA level could influence the relationship between workload and QoL in public school teachers is necessary. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the high workload was related to worse QoL in teachers considered less active and more active. METHODS: Two …hundred forty-three teachers from public schools participated in this study. The domains of QoL and PA levels were assessed by SF-36 and Baecke questionnaires, respectively. Workload perception was assessed by a Likert scale. Binary logistic regression analyzed the association between high workload and QoL domains in teachers considering the PA level in a model adjusted by confounding factors (i.e., sex, age, and socioeconomic condition). RESULTS: Heavy workload was associated with less chances of having better physical limitation domain of both less and more physically active teachers. Less active teachers with heavy workloads were 53%, 61%, and 56% less likely to have better vitality, social functioning, and mental health, respectively. No such associations were observed in the more physically active teachers. CONCLUSION: Less active teachers with a heavy workload demonstrate lower QoL. Although the PA practice eliminated this relationship, both active and less active teachers with a heavy workload demonstrated lower QoL in physical limitation domain. Show more

Keywords: Teaching, physical activity, exercise, quality of life, mental health, adults, workload

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230187

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 1023-1029, 2024

Authors: Chidambaram, Vigneswaran | Gopalsamy, Madhan Mohan | Kanchan, Brajesh Kumar | Mouleeswaran, Senthilkumar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Small-scale industries (SSI) are the global economy’s backbone since most industrial workers are connected. Most of these workers are contractual and temporary without appropriate training. Also, the SSI does not have a standard workplace with an appropriate layout and infrastructure, as they manage with minimum resources. Therefore, the work hazards, i.e., musculoskeletal disorders and fatigue, often go unnoticed as holistic postural risk methodology is still scarce for identifying the awkward postures in SSI. OBJECTIVE: The present study proposes a novel holistic methodology to track and mitigate awkward postural risks in human-physical activities in SSI. To determine the …effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a case study is presented in the South Indian Pump industry, wherein a critical workstation with a complex ergonomic work environment is employed. METHODS: An ergonomic evaluation was conducted empirically and numerically in the workplaces using Digital Human Models. In numerical evaluation, three virtual workspaces have been created to redesign the identified crucial workstation, focusing on ergonomics and workflow. RESULTS: The results obtained from the case study are encouraging for to use of the novel methodology in SSI. The case study reports that the proposed design significantly reduced the REBA score and WISHA lifting index by 6 and 1.20, respectively, without significant investment. CONCLUSION: The proposed methodology could encourage research to identify awkward posture in SSI. Show more

Keywords: Manufacturing industry, posture, muscle fatigue, evidence-based facility design, evaluation methodology, computer simulation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-230210

Citation: Work, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 1031-1045, 2024