Work - Volume 76, issue 1

Authors: Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-236008

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 1-2, 2023

Authors: Jain, Vedushi M. | Parihar, Soumya Raj Singh | Acharya, Shruthi | Acharya, Shashidhar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The risk of exposure to COVID-19 infection through droplets/aerosol in dental clinics has renewed focus on the utility and possible adverse effects of using personal protective equipment (PPE) on dentists. OBJECTIVE: To obtain information from a cross-section of dentists regarding their PPE usage and to evaluate the possible risk factors that can influence their work efficiency. METHODS: A 31-item cross-sectional survey with a structured multiple-choice questionnaire was designed. Social media and emails were used to circulate the questionnaire among dental professionals worldwide. A total of 317 respondents returned the completed forms. RESULTS: A …total of 184 (55%) participants reported getting soaking wet while wearing PPE at the end of the working hours (approximately eight hours of working). Many respondents (n  = 286, 90%) reported that the use of PPE resulted in reduced visibility of the operating field. The majority of respondents (84%) felt that their overall work efficiency had reduced after using PPE. Binary logistic regression had shown that two significant factors that were associated with reduced work efficiency included, pre-existing systemic illness and getting soaking wet from wearing a PPE. CONCLUSION: Definite protocols should be introduced that mandate the doffing of PPE for every patient, in a separate well-ventilated area where the skin can recuperate from the heat and pressure points caused by the PPE. Dentists should take greater care in choosing the appropriate PPE to prevent exacerbation of pre-existing illnesses, which may reduce their work efficiency. Show more

Keywords: Aerosols, healthcare workers, questionnaire, dental clinic, SARS-Cov-2

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220083

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 3-10, 2023

Authors: Cousins, Daniel J.E. | Schaefer, Bailey H. | Holmes, Michael W.R. | Beaudette, Shawn M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 caused a transition to work-from-home conditions, closures of recreation facilities and cancelation of social events. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to characterize and quantify the impact COVID-19 related shutdowns had on perceptions of health and wellbeing, musculoskeletal discomfort, and physical characteristics of workstation set-up in full time workers who transitioned to working from home. METHODS: 297 participants from 8 countries completed a retrospective pre/post survey design that assessed outcomes prior to COVID-19 shutdowns and when each participant was experiencing peak pandemic-related restrictions. There were 3 categories including, health and wellbeing, musculoskeletal discomfort, and workplace ergonomics. …RESULTS: General discomfort on a scale from 1 to 100 increased from 31.4 pre to 39.9 during COVID-19. Notable areas increasing in severity of discomfort from pre to during included the neck (41.8 to 47.7), upper back (36.3 to 41.3) and right wrist (38.7 to 43.5). The percentage of the population experiencing discomfort increased from pre to during in the low back (41.5% to 55.2%), upper back (28.7% to 40.9%), neck (45.5% to 60.9%) and right wrist (16.1% to 23.7%). CONCLUSION: There were three distinct groups for physical activity one group including, one maintaining and one that decreased, which did not have an impact on perceived general discomfort. There was a significant decrease in usage of a desk and adjustable chair and an increase in laptop use. Working from home in some capacity will likely be a more common occurrence which will require further ergonomic assessments and considerations to keep a healthy workforce. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, work from home, office design, well-being, physical activity

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220388

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 11-20, 2023

Authors: Malshani, Wishmila | Weerakoon, Harshi | Weerakoon, Kosala

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Practicing incorrect postures in online and virtual education during the COVID-19 pandemic can cause significant study-related musculoskeletal problems among students. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the knowledge, attitude, and practice of sitting posture and computer ergonomics and study-related musculoskeletal problems in undergraduates who followed online education during the pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey among a cohort of Sri Lankan medical undergraduates was conducted using a structured questionnaire with 56 multiple-choice or Yes/No type questions. RESULTS: Of the 410 participants, over 85% (n  = 362) knew the correct posture to sit on the chair type …that they frequently used for studies. However, the majority (n  = 378,92.20%) practised incorrect sitting postures in which leaning forward (n  = 319,77.80%) was the most common suboptimal posture. Knowledge (n  = 161,40%) and practice (n  = 167,40.73%) on taking frequent breaks were poor among the majority. Their knowledge on computer ergonomics was good (>80%, n  = 304) except for the recommended eye-to-screen distance (n  = 129,31.46%). Importantly, ∼50% (n  = 206) did not practise the recommended eye-to-screen distance. Use of non-adjustable chairs with no armrests (n  = 346,84.39%) and smartphones (n  = 354,86.34%) were identified as the main factors which hindered correct practices. Study-related pain/discomfort reported by the majority (n  = 241,58.78%) is potentially due to suboptimal ergonomics. Their attitude toward learning and practicing correct ergonomics in home workstations was good (n  = 383,93.41%). CONCLUSION: Poor practice of posture and computer ergonomics, despite the good knowledge and attitude is possibly due to the suboptimal work environments. Introducing simple practical measures to facilitate ergonomically appropriate work environments is mandatory in virtual education to prevent study-related musculoskeletal problems. Show more

Keywords: Computer ergonomics, knowledge, attitude, and practice, sitting posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220397

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 21-31, 2023

Authors: Ramana, Ashvinkumar B. | Singh, Sweta | Rupani, Mihir P. | Mukherjee, Ritika | Mohapatra, Archisman

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: During the unexpected lockdown implemented in early 2020 in reaction to the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a considerable section of India’s population of migrant construction-site workers were stuck. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to explore the lived experiences and consequent perceptions of migrant workers related to the COVID-19 lockdown and the consequences on their lives. METHODS: We conducted structured in-depth interviews (IDIs) with twelve migrant construction-site workers in Bhavnagar, Western India, from November to December 2020, using qualitative research methods. All IDIs were conducted with participant’s consent, audio-recorded, transcribed in English, inductively coded, and thematically analyzed. …RESULTS: The primary financial challenges mentioned by the migrant workers in the interviews were unemployment, monetary issues, and a difficult sustenance. The social concerns were described as anxious migrant exodus, discrimination, mistreatment, lack of social assistance, inability to fulfil their family’s expectations, lack of safe transportation arrangements by the authorities during the exodus, inadequacies in the public distribution system, law and order, and apathy of their employers. The psychological repercussions were described using terms like “fear,” “worry,” “loneliness,” “boredom,” “helplessness,” and “trapped.” Monetary compensation, job opportunities at the native place, and a well-managed migrant exodus were reportedly their key expectations from the government. Healthcare issues mentioned during the lockdown included a lack of facilities to treat common ailments, substandard care, and repeated COVID-19 testing prior to departure. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the need to have rehabilitation mechanisms such as targeted cash transfers, ration kits, and safe transportation services for migrant workers through inter-sectoral coordination for mitigating hardship. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, quarantine, psychological stress, financial stress, social isolation, India

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220127

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 33-45, 2023

Authors: Yarifard, Khadijeh | Abravesh, Akbar | Sokhanvar, Mobin | Mehrtak, Mohammad | Mousazadeh, Yalda

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nurses, as the largest working group in the hospital, experience many problems, conflicts, and stressors in the workplace and family especially after the widespread distribution of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE: The perceived conflict and burnout among nurses, as well as the correlation between these two variables and the associated factors, were the main subjects of this study. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 256 nurses from three COVID-19 referral hospitals in northwest Iran. Participants completed demographic, work-family conflict (WFC), and burnout questionnaires. The nonparametric tests including Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient were applied to …statistical analysis. RESULTS: The overall score of conflict was 55.3 (12.7). The time dimension received the highest score 11.4 (2.9). In terms of intensity 27.6 (8.7) and frequency 27.6(8.8), nurses had the most burnout in the lack of personal accomplishment dimension. All aspects of WFC, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization characteristics of burnout had statistically significant positive correlations (p  < 0.01). The ward, hospital and employment status variables were associated with WFC (p  < 0.05). The association between taking the crisis management course and the severity of depersonalization, and the frequency of lack of personal accomplishment was confirmed (p  < 0.01). Additionally, the frequency and severity of emotional exhaustion were associated with employment status and work experiences (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings showed that nurses had WFC and burnout rates that were above average. Regarding the negative effects of these two phenomena on health, and also nurse’s clinical practices, rearranging work conditions and providing better organizational support seem necessary. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, burnout, conflict, work environment, mental health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220210

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 47-59, 2023

Authors: Frasie, Antoine | Houry, Maxime | Plourde, Charles | Robert, Maxime T. | Bouyer, Laurent J. | Roy, Jean-Sébastien

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) remain a challenge despite research aimed at improving their prevention and treatment. Extrinsic feedback has been suggested for the prevention and rehabilitation of WRMSDs to improve sensorimotor control, and ultimately to reduce pain and disability. However, there are few systematic reviews on the effectiveness of extrinsic feedback for WRMSDs. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review investigating the effect of extrinsic feedback for the prevention and rehabilitation of WRMSDs. METHODS: Five databases (CINAHL, Embase, Ergonomics Abstract, PsycInfo, PubMed) were searched. Studies of various designs assessing the effects of extrinsic feedback during work …tasks on three outcomes (function, symptoms, sensorimotor control) in the context of prevention and rehabilitation of WRMSDs were included. RESULTS: Forty-nine studies were included, for a total sample of 3387 participants (including 925 injured) who performed work-related tasks in the workplace (27 studies) or in controlled environments (22 studies). The use of extrinsic feedback was shown to be effective in controlled environments for short-term prevention of functional limitations and sensorimotor alterations (very limited to moderate evidence) and for improving, in injured participants, function, symptoms and sensorimotor control (moderate evidence). In the workplace, it was shown to be effective for short-term prevention of functional limitations (limited evidence). There was conflicting evidence regarding its effect for WRMSD rehabilitation in the workplace. CONCLUSION: Extrinsic feedback is an interesting complementary tool for the prevention and rehabilitation of WRMSDs in controlled environments. More evidence is needed regarding its effect for the prevention and rehabilitation of WRMSDs in the workplace. Show more

Keywords: Occupational injuries, augmented feedback, therapeutics, musculoskeletal pain, systematic review

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220545

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 61-94, 2023

Authors: Ramezanifar, Soleiman | Shakiba, Zahra | Pirposhteh, Elham Akhlaghi | Poursadeghiyan, Mohsen | Sahlabadi, Ali Salehi

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fire extinguishing operations are carried out by firefighters equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) in dangerous environments. Although PPE protects firefighters, it can affect many physiological parameters. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of PPE on firefighters’ heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (OC) and body temperature (BT). METHODS: This systematic review thoroughly reviewed relevant articles in the reliable databases “Web of Science”, “Embase”, “IranDoc”, “IranMedex”, “SID”, “Magiran”, “Google Scholar”, “PubMed” and “Scopus” from 2010 to 2021. Some of the used search terms were “firefighters”, “personal protective equipment”, “heart rate” and “oxygen consumption”. …RESULTS: Out of the 405 studies identified through the systematic search, 18 articles were eligible according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist, among which 11 studies were conducted in North America, three in Asia, two in Europe, and two studies in Oceania. According to the review of studies, PPE increased HR, BT, and OC. The type of PPE components, the weight of the equipment, the kind of activity of firefighters, and weather conditions were among the influencing parameters on the extent of PPE’s influence on these physiological parameters. CONCLUSION: The results of the studies show that PPE separately and collectively affects the physiological parameters of HR, BT and OC. To reduce these effects, it is necessary to pay attention to several items, including the weight of PPE, the type of PPE ingredients in different weather conditions, and the type of activities of firefighters in PPE design. Show more

Keywords: Cardiac rate, fires, organ temperatures, oxygen consumptions, protective devices

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220121

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 95-107, 2023

Authors: Hedlund, Åsa | Boman, Eva | Kristofferzon, Marja-Leena | Nilsson, Annika

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Common mental disorders (CMDs) are currently a major cause of long-term sick leave, with women being most affected. OBJECTIVE: Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), we aimed to describe the development and psychometric evaluation of a new questionnaire to measure women’s beliefs about return to work (RTW) after long-term sick leave for CMDs. METHODS: Data were collected in central Sweden from women on long-term sick leave (2– 24 months) for CMDs. The questionnaire was developed by conducting an elicitation study with 20 women and included both direct and indirect measures. Subsequently, 282 women participated …in a psychometric evaluation and 35 of them in a test-retest procedure. Psychometric properties were evaluated by determining reliability (internal consistency [Cronbach’s alpha] and test-retest stability [intraclass correlation coefficient]), construct validity (exploratory factor analysis) and content validity. RESULTS: The development resulted in 60 questionnaire items. Content validity assessment showed that the women overall found it easy to complete the questionnaire. Reliability analyses showed satisfactory results for both direct and indirect measures, with a few exceptions. Factor analyses of the indirect scales showed that items were generally in line with the TPB, but that items related to life as a whole/personal life and items related to work were separated into two different factors. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire, called the RTW Beliefs Questionnaire, showed promising results and can among women with CMDs be considered useful, especially the scales for direct measures. This questionnaire gives opportunity to identify new potential predictors for RTW. Show more

Keywords: Mental health recovery, psychological theory, psychometrics, rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220301

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 109-124, 2023

Authors: Manouchehri, Simin | Mirmohammadi, Seyyed Jalil | Vakili, Mahmood | Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang | Mirzaei, Masoud

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that shift work may cause liver dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the relationship between different patterns of shift work and elevated level of liver enzymes. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 1910 workers aged 35 to 70 years were selected with simple random sampling from 9978 participants of the recruitment phase of Shahedieh PERSIAN cohort study. Level of serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT) and ALT/AST ratio was compared between shift workers and non-shift workers, and among employees working in different patterns of shift work. Data were analyzed by …SPSS (version 21.0) using Student’s T test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis test, and logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 1347 males (71%) and 563 females (29%) with a mean age of 40.4±7.4 years, 469 were shift workers. Fixed evening type shift was the most common (30.3%) and fixed night-shift was the least common (0.9%) type of shift work. The mean blood levels of liver enzymes was not significantly different between shift workers and non-shift workers. In comparison between different patterns of shift work, the mean serum level of GGT was significantly higher in individuals with slow rotating shifts than those with fixed evening shifts, rapid rotating, split and fixed 24 hour shifts (p ≤0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors only elevated AST was significantly higher in shift workers. CONCLUSION: There was only a significant association between shift work and elevated AST, and no relationship was found with ALT, ALP, GGT, and ALT/AST ratio. Show more

Keywords: Liver enzymes, Shahedieh cohort study, aminotransferase

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220110

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 125-133, 2023

Authors: Ryu, Ganghyun | Jung, Inhwan | Han, Minsoo | Ju, Hyungang | Jung, Younju | Jeong, Sungwoo | Kim, Sujin | Bahn, Sangwoo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of home delivery services has expanded due to coronavirus disease – 2019, and couriers’ high level of work intensity has become a severe social issue in various nations. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) caused by frequent loading and unloading actions, known to be the most demanding tasks for couriers. METHODS: A self-report survey and post-hoc interview were employed to collect personal information, task frequency, and the incidence of MSDs. Frequent actions during loading and unloading packages were identified, and the Rapid Entry Body Assessment (REBA) and National …Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting equations were assessed. RESULTS: Approximately 29.5% of the 44 subjects suffered from MSDs, and identify the types of actions that frequently occur during loading and unloading packages. According to the REBA survey, 60% of the responses for both loading and unloading are distributed within the risk range of 8–13 points, suggesting a high risk (mean REBA score: 8.8 (loading), 8.5 (unloading)). In every case, NIOSH determined that the lifting index (LI) was harmful (mean LI: 1.62). Thereby, the bending or twisting posture of the hands and neck, long horizontal distance between the packages and the body, and high lifting frequency were identified as major problems. CONCLUSION: The study identified a very high level of musculoskeletal risk for couriers, and the detailed working methods and body parts vulnerable to MSDs. Show more

Keywords: Courier, loading and unloading, musculoskeletal disorders, REBA, NIOSH lifting guidelines

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220116

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 135-145, 2023

Authors: Askari, Ali | Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen | Sahl Abadi, Ali Salehi | Mahdinasab, Laila | Farhadi, Ali Reza

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Workers are exposed to occupational health hazards from physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychological agents. Assessing occupational health risks is vital for executing control measures to protect employees‘ health against harmful occupational agents. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to identify, evaluate, and prioritize occupational health risks to assist senior management in determining where to allocate the budget to carry out the required corrective actions in the oilfields project. METHODS: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed in 2021 among Iran’s Sarvak Azar oil field job groups. The occupational health risk was assessed using the Harmful Agents …Risk Priority Index (HARPI) as a semi-quantitative method. Then, to simplify decision-making and budget allocation, we reported HARPI final score in the Pareto principle format. RESULTS: The results show that in this oil field, controlling exposure to adverse lighting, improving the thermal conditions and ergonomics, and preventing noise exposure has the highest priority, with scores of 6342, 5269, 5629, and 5050, respectively. Production, HSE, laboratory, and commissioning need the most health care measures with scores of 8683, 5815, 5394, and 4060, respectively. CONCLUSION: HARPI could be used to prioritize occupational health hazards, and this method can simplify managers’ decisions to allocate resources to implement control measures. Show more

Keywords: Workplace, health priorities, decision making, health planning

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220077

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 147-157, 2023

Authors: Beiranvand, Hossein | Ayoobi, Mahmood | Mortezapour, Alireza | Naseh, Hassan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The aviation industry is a complex socio-technical system that has various parts which can be optimized by human factors and ergonomics. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to provide insight into the collaborative ergonomic design process for an astronaut workstation within a small spaceship. METHODS: Having defined the project goals and other quantitative information such as anthropometric dimensions, the Catia software was then used for 3D modeling. Following the initial modeling, the RULA method was used to conduct the initial ergonomic analysis. Following the creation of a simple product prototype, other ergonomic analyses such …as mental workload, perceived physical exertion, and usability were carried out. RESULTS: The results of the preliminary ergonomic analysis indicated that the RULA score was acceptable (the final scores were 2 and 3 for the nearest and the farthest controls). Furthermore, the secondary ergonomic analyses were all satisfactory. The mental workload, SUS, and Borg scores for Bedford were, respectively, 2.2, 85.1, and 11.4. CONCLUSION: The proposed product initially received an acceptable ergonomic store; nevertheless, in order to continue producing this product, ergonomic concerns must be taken into consideration. Show more

Keywords: Human factors, space ergonomics, spacecraft, participatory design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220363

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 159-169, 2023

Authors: Kiremitci, Olcay | Boz, Berkcan | Yıldız Çakır, Lale

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: While literature includes a number of studies about burnout in teaching, investigations on teaching field-specific perspective remain limited. Research is needed to improve practical implications based on structured theoretical models and methodological basis that focusses on the unique environment of PE teaching field and causal factors behind burnout. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to examine burnout among physical education (PE) teachers based on the job demands-resources (J-DR) model. METHODS: A sequential explanatory mixed design was conducted in the study. 173 teachers replied to questionnaires, of which 14 teachers thereafter participated in semi-structured interviews. Demographic information …form, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and J-DR scale for PE teachers were used, as well as an interview form. 173 teachers were first asked to report demographic information, and score Maslach Burnout Inventory and J-DR scale. Then a subsample group (n  = 14) was identified/sampled for a semi-structured interview. Canonical correlation and constant comparative analysis were used to unpack the data. RESULTS: Teachers’ states of burnout varied, and physical, organisational, and socio-cultural resources were closely related with burnout levels. Demands that cause pressure on burnout were determined as paperwork and bureaucracy, student-related factors, and pandemic-related experiences. In addition to supporting the general model, specific J-DR factors for PE teaching were observed that is linked with burnout. CONCLUSION: J-DR factors that might lead to negative conditions in the teaching environment should be considered, and field-specific factors should be focused on through arrangements to increase teaching efficiency and improve the quality of PE teachers’ professional life. Show more

Keywords: Burnout syndrome, school, sport, physical education, workplace

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220102

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 171-187, 2023

Authors: Cano-Gutiérrez, Julio César | Olguín-Tiznado, Jesús Everardo | Camargo-Wilson, Claudia | López Barreras, Juan Andrés | García-Rivera, Blanca Rosa | García-Alcaráz, Jorge Luis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Since 2018, NOM-035-STPS-2018 has been applied in Mexico, focused on measuring psychosocial risk factors (PRFs) in workers and the Reference Guide III (RGIII) has been presented, however, research focused on its validation has been scarce, in very specific sectors and with small samples. OBJECTIVE: Determine the levels of PRFs of five work centers and reliability and validity aspects of RGIII. METHOD: The RGIII was applied to 1458 workers (806 women and 652 men) from five workplace in the industrial sector of Ensenada (Mexico), and the level of risk of the PRFs was analyzed, as well …as their reliability and validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). RESULTS: The PRFs with medium, high and very high-risk levels are Workload , Lack of control over work and Workday . The RGIII presents adequate reliability with Cronbach’s α , Alpha ordinal RHO and Omega of 0.93, 0.95 and 0.95, respectively. The EFA shows all five subscales maintain factor loadings greater than 0.43, although Leadership and relationships at work has better saturation values, and Work environment ended with only three items. The CFA indicates Leadership and work relationships with a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) goodness of fit index of 0.072. CONCLUSION: The RGIII allows the identification and evaluation of the level of risk of PRFs. It complies with sufficient internal consistency. It does not have a clear factorial structure, because it does not meet the minimum values of goodness-of-fit indexes that would allow confirming the structure proposed in RGIII. Show more

Keywords: Psychosocial risk factors, reliability, validity, industry, NOM035

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220316

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 189-203, 2023

Authors: Rezvanizadeh, Majid | Mohammad-Ghasemi, Mostafa | Soltanzadeh, Ahmad | Sadeghi-Yarandi, Mohsen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Conducting practical studies in ergonomics requires attention to all aspects of ergonomics with a comprehensive approach and focus on continuous improvement cycles. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and present an ergonomics management model in the workplace. METHODS: This study was performed using a three-stage Delphi study with 30 experts and a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. According to the literature review and experts’ opinions, the general cycle of the ergonomics management system with eight steps was developed. New methods were formed in two of these eight steps: the 3rd step (developing an ergonomic evaluation method) …and the 5th step (creating a cost-benefit evaluation method). RESULTS: The eight implementation steps of the TEMA were determined as follows: 1) Performing task analysis (TTA), 2) Ergonomic hazard identification, 3) Estimating the ergonomic index, 4) Determining control measures, 5) Evaluating cost-benefit parameter, 6) Implementing control measures, 7) Continuous monitoring, and 8) Evaluating the effectiveness of control measures. The Delphi study revealed that the number of deleted parameters includes one item (burnout), and the remaining parameters were 16 items. The mean CVI and CVR values were 0.92 and 0.80, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha values for each of the physical, environmental, and cognitive components and the entire model were 0.91, 0.87, 0.85, and 0.89, respectively. CONCLUSION: Using the mentioned management model can be a practical step towards properly evaluating the most critical dimensions of ergonomics in the workplace and optimal planning to implement control measures to establish a dynamic management system to reduce ergonomic risk factors in the workplace. Show more

Keywords: Keywords: TEMA model, ergonomic risk index, ergonomic assessment, physical ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics, FAHP

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220251

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 205-224, 2023

Authors: Das, Banibrata

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Indian farmers have musculoskeletal disorders as agriculture is a physically demanding occupation. OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study is to identify ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among different groups of farmers. The other objective is to investigate how MSDs affect farmers’ daily lives and interfere with their activities. METHODS: Farmers were evaluated for the repetitiveness of work and MSDs using the standard Nordic questionnaire, ergonomic assessment tool (REBA), and ART tool. RESULTS: Low back portions were the most affected body parts, followed by the knees (OR = 0.352; 95% …CI = 0.280–0.598), shoulder (OR = 0.657; 95% CI = 0.405–1.066), neck (OR = 0.510; 95% CI = 0.350–0.743), ankle or foot (OR = 0.815; 95% CI = 0.556–1.196), and upper back region (OR = 0.681; 95% CI = 0.463–1.002). The REBA method found that most of the postures in farming are very dangerous. The ART tool showed that most of the activities are repetitive. Working long hours (90%) and monotony at work (87.5%) are the main psychosocial factors, followed by pressure to finish within a given timeframe (71.4%) and injuries related to MSDs. CONCLUSION: Farmers suffer from musculoskeletal disorders in various body parts (lower back, knee, neck, shoulder, and upper back) due to squatting, stooping, and other constrained working postures during agricultural activities. rolonged working hours, repetitive movements, and MMH are ergonomic risk factors forFurthermore, p MSDs. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomic risk factors, ART, manual material handling, posture analysis, psychosocial risk factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220246

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 225-241, 2023

Authors: Chavez, Julie A. | Nam, Yoon-Sung | Schwartz, Adam | DeMoulin, Doug | Swift, James Q. | Turner, Chuck

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMS) are continually required to adjust position and posture to access the limited surgical field in and around the head and neck, oral cavity, and oropharynx. Very limited data exists that quantifies the burden of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among OMS. OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study seeks to address these literature gaps by assessing the prevalence of MSD among OMS. METHOD: A 12-question survey was designed to investigate the prevalence of MSD for OMS, including residents in training, actively practicing surgeons, and retired surgeons. Seventy-six surveys were distributed and completed in person by …surgeons attending professional conferences from September 2018-September 2019. Survey questions included the Baker-Wong Faces pain scale, years in practice, number of hours worked per week, job tenure, pain attributable to work, and age. The Nordic scale identified and delineated anatomic site of musculoskeletal complaints, duration and treatment sought. RESULTS: The most frequently cited sources and locations of pain attributable to occupation were shoulders, neck, and lower back. The risk of MSD symptoms was relatively two-fold [PR = 2.54, 95% CI = 0.90, 7.22] among OMS in practice for more than ten years compared to those in practice less than ten years. After adjusting for age and hours worked per week as potential confounders, the risk of MSD symptoms was higher among OMS in practice for more than ten years compared to those with less than ten years of experience, despite no statistically significant association. CONCLUSION: OMS are impacted by a high prevalence of MSD. The neck, shoulder, and lower back are the most frequently affected with discomfort and pain. This study found that practicing oral and maxillofacial surgery for more than 10 years is a potential risk factor for experiencing MSD. Keywords: Occupational pain, surgical ergonomics, work-related injuries, oral surgery, occupational injury prevention, return to work, workplace health promotion. Show more

Keywords: Oral surgery, repetitive strain injury, occupational injury, surgical ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220059

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 243-249, 2023

Authors: Saari, Anssi | Ma, Xin | Clasey, Jody | Bollinger, Lance | Abel, Mark

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Firefighting is a physiologically demanding occupation and there is a need to evaluate physical and fitness characteristics that are related to attenuated physiological stress during fireground tasks. Previous studies have not measured associations between heart rate responses during simulated fireground tasks with a standardized work rate. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine associations between heart rate during a standardized pace simulated fireground test (SFGT) and heart rate recovery and variability following the SFGT. In addition, this study sought to evaluate associations between heart rate measures versus physical and fitness characteristics in structural firefighter recruits. …METHODS: Twenty-one fire academy recruits performed a standardized pace SFGT while mean heart rate reserve (HRRes ) during the SFGT, change in heart rate variability from rest to post-SFGT (LnRMSSDRest-Post ), and 60-second post-SFGT heart rate recovery (HRR60 ) were measured. Regression analyses were conducted between HRRes , LnRMSSDRest-Post and HRR60 and between heart rate measures versus physical and fitness characteristics while accounting for differences in SFGT completion time. RESULTS: HRRes was associated with LnRMSSDRest-Post , but not HRR60 . Height and pull-ups explained most of the variance in HRRes , height explained most of the variance in LnRMSSDRest-Post and push-ups and 1.5-mile run explained most of the variance in HRR60 . CONCLUSION: Greater cardiovascular stress during fireground tasks is associated with greater depression of post-SFGT heart rate variability, but not heart rate recovery. Physical and fitness characteristics are important to consider in relation to firefighters’ ability to cope with physical stress on the fireground. Show more

Keywords: Cardiovascular system, firefighters, first responders, physical functional performance, workload

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220216

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 251-262, 2023

Authors: Lamsal, Archana | Weidig, Garrett | Bellingar, Teresa | Bush, Tamara Reid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Prolonged sitting during work is common and has been shown to cause health issues. However, changing working postures has been reported to reduce musculoskeletal issues and impact other health issues; thus, there is a need for an office environment with multiple choices of working postures. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in body position, body loading, and blood perfusion while in a seated, standing, and new office seating position, termed the in-between position. METHODS: Ground reaction forces, joint angles, pelvic tilt, openness angle (angle between the pelvis plane and thorax), and …blood perfusion were evaluated for three positions. A motion capture system with markers was used to capture the position of anatomical landmarks. A six-axis force plate was used to collect the ground reaction forces, and a laser doppler perfusion monitor was used to obtain the blood perfusion. RESULTS: Data showed that the in-between position articulated the hips, which provided a hip and lumbar position closer to a standing posture than a seated posture. The average vertical ground reaction force in the in-between position was larger than the seated position but significantly smaller than during standing (p  < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in anterior/posterior ground reaction forces between the seated and the in-between positions (p  = 0.4934). Lastly, blood perfusion increased during the dynamic transitions between positions indicating changes in blood flow. CONCLUSION: The in-between position provides benefits of both standing (larger pelvic tilt and increased lumbar lordosis) and sitting (reduction in ground reaction forces). Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal diseases, hip joint, knee joint, posture

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220078

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 263-273, 2023

Authors: Ahmadi Charkhabi, Soheyla | Motamedzade, Majid | Dianat, Iman | Mortazavi, Seyed Meysam | Faradmal, Javad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Office workers are at high risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) due to improper workstations. Open-plan bank office employees must communicate with bank clerks properly and perform financial activity precisely, but noise is a factor that disrupts their communication. Therefore, MSS and annoying noise are two of the main problems in open-plan offices. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of a multi-component intervention involving individual (employee ergonomics training) and physical (improvements in workstation design and work environment) ergonomic factors on musculoskeletal outcomes and speech communication in open-plan environments. METHODS: A preliminary survey was carried out …to investigate the overall ergonomics problems, the tasks and time analysis, workstations setup, the prevalence of MSS (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire), physical discomfort (Visual Analogue Scale [VAS]), and posture (assessed by Rapid Upper Limb Assessment [RULA] method), environmental status (measurement of noise), and speech intelligibility (assessed by Speech Interference Level [SIL] method based on ISO 9921). The multi-component interventions were performed afterward based on the data collected. A baseline assessment and a 9-month follow-up assessment were conducted. RESULTS: The results showed a significant decrease in the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints (shoulders, elbows, and low back), physical discomfort, and awkward working postures after the intervention. A considerable improvement was also found in speech intelligibility post-intervention. The post-intervention questionnaire survey also indicated that employees generally favored the redesigned workstations. CONCLUSION: The results support the effectiveness of implementing multi-component interventions in open-plan bank offices to improve musculoskeletal complaints and speech communication. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics training, posture, office worker, musculoskeletal symptoms, redesign

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220427

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 275-288, 2023

Authors: Bobsin, Tamara Sarate | Camilo, Sílvio Parodi Oliveira | Cardoso, Luana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Based on the need for organizational institutions to act, through public policies, in the establishment of programs focused on the inclusion of People with Disabilities (PwD) in the labor market in Brazil. The Supported Employment methodology (SE) was constituted by directing and providing support, in the workplace, to PwD. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the intra-organizational management of the inclusion of people with disabilities in the labor market in the southern region of Santa Catarina and the alignment with the precepts of Supported Employment (SE). METHODS: Using a qualitative approach, the …multi-case study was carried out through interviews, based on semi-structured questions, in five companies in the southern region of SC that are required to hire PwD. RESULTS: The research points out the movement of companies in the development of policies and practices for the inclusion of PwD in the job market. However, there is still a significant gap between company practices and SE precepts. There are no formal programs and policies with wide internal dissemination, about the drivers for PwD. CONCLUSION: This study helps to address eventual difficulties of companies regarding practices in the inclusion of PwD, contributes to the definition of guidelines aimed at improving existing policies or in the development of new practices aimed at the inclusion of PwD. Show more

Keywords: Decent work, human development, inclusion Policies, public policy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220563

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 289-301, 2023

Authors: Zehr, Jackie D. | Noguchi, Mamiko | Fok, Donna J. | Callaghan, Jack P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Adherence to sit-stand workstation usage has been shown to decrease post-intervention, with the reported reasons related to fatigue, cumbersome workstation adjustments, and focus. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the mechanical work and total energy required to perform transitions from a traditional office chair and a dynamic chair designed specifically for sit-stand workstations. The whole-body, thigh, and shank centre-of-mass (CoM) were evaluated. METHODS: Fifteen participants (8 male; 7 female) performed three intermittent sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions from the traditional and dynamic chairs. Kinematic data of the trunk, pelvis, and lower extremities were collected using an optoelectronic motion capture …system and triaxial accelerometers. The change in total energy and work between the sitting and standing postures were evaluated for each CoM point. Lumbar spine range-of-motion was further assessed between chair conditions. RESULTS: Chair designs facilitated opposite work and energy responses for a given transition. Transitions performed from the dynamic chair reduced the work and total energy of the whole-body CoM, by ±8.5J and ±214.6J (p  < 0.001), respectively. The work and energy of the thigh CoM differed within transitions (p  < 0.001), but the positive and negative components were similar between chairs (work =±0.18J, energy =±0.55J). The dynamic chair increased the total energy (±38.3J, p  < 0.001) but not the work of the shank CoM (±1.1J, p ≥0.347). CONCLUSION: The required mechanical work and energy of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions was modified by chair design. These outcomes have the potential to address identified reasons for the disuse of sit-stand workstations. Show more

Keywords: Intermittent movement, prolonged sitting, prolonged standing, chair-desk configuration

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220333

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 303-313, 2023

Authors: Alamgir, Hasnat | Sayeed, Sabrina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Empowering workers through operational safety committees and having an effective safety reporting mechanism improves occupational health and safety. The Western large retailers mostly from Europe formed the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh (Accord) in 2013 to advance occupational health and safety in the Bangladesh garment industry and one of its missions was to empower the workers. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Accord’s programs on improving safety and quality of the working environment in the garment sector. METHOD: All reports of Accord published and made available …for the public were accessed and analyzed. Data were gathered and presented on 1) number of Safety Committees formed 2) Safety Training Programs conducted and 3) Safety and Health Complaints received. RESULTS: By 2021, a total of 1581 factories and 1.8 million workers were covered by Accord. By May, 2021, Accord formed Safety Committees and completed training sessions on these in 1022 factories (65% of the target). By 2020, the average number of total complaints received per factory was around two and the number of occupational health and safety (OSH) complaints -which was deemed to be dealt directly by Accord- was less than one per factory. The numbers of OSH complaints were less than two per 1000 workers and non-OSH complaints made up almost one third (25-35%) of all complaints during 2016 to 2019; however, in 2020 and 2021, non-OSH complaints constituted half (50%) of all complaints. CONCLUSION: Accord’s worker empowerment mission could not form Safety Committees or deliver training sessions in all its factories and the number and relevance of complaints received appeared to be low given the number of factories and workers it covered. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health, employee health, occupational safety, garment workers, Bangladesh

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220027

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 315-321, 2023

Authors: Realyvásquez-Vargas, Arturo | García-Alcaraz, Jorge Luis | Arredondo-Soto, Karina Cecilia | Hernández-Escobedo, Guadalupe | Báez-López, Yolanda Angélica

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although some research has been done in the Mexican manufacturing industry regarding mental workload, none has explored its association with physical fatigue, body weight gain, and human error simultaneously. OBJECTIVE: This research examines the association between mental workload and physical fatigue, body weight gain, and human error in employees from the Mexican manufacturing systems through a mediation analysis approach. METHODS: A survey named Mental Workload Questionnaire was developed by merging the NASA-TLX with a questionnaire containing the mental workload variables mentioned above. The Mental Workload Questionnaire was applied to 167 participants in 63 manufacturing companies. …In addition, the mental workload was used as an independent variable, while physical fatigue and body weight gain were mediator variables, and human error was a dependent variable. Six hypotheses were used to measure the relationships among variables and tested using the ordinary least squares regression algorithm. RESULTS: Findings indicated that mental workload significantly correlates with physical fatigue and human error. Also, the mental workload had a significant total association with human error. The highest direct association with body weight gain was provided by physical fatigue, and body weight gain had an insignificant direct association with human error. Finally, all indirect associations were insignificant. CONCLUSION: Mental workload directly affects human error, which physical fatigue does not; however, it does affect body weight gain. Managers should reduce their employees’ mental workload and physical fatigue to avoid further problems associated with their health. Show more

Keywords: Body weight gain, human error, manufacturing systems, mental workload, physical fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220148

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 323-341, 2023

Authors: Sajedian, Ali Asghar | Akbari, Hamed | Azad, Esfandiar | Ahmadi Moshiran, Vahid | Sadeghi-Yarandi, Mohsen | Ghasemi, Mohammad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Workplace violence is an important event that affects the safety of healthcare employees, and diagnosing it in hospitals is an immediate occupational concern. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to investigate general health and the prevalence of occupational violence and to predict its consequences among nurses and paramedics as the main body in medical settings. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 in a selected hospital in Tehran, Iran. A total of 208 healthcare workers participated in the study. To study general health, exposure to workplace violence, job burnout, and productivity, the general health …questionnaire (GHQ), the workplace violence questionnaire, the Maslach burnout questionnaire, and the workforce productivity questionnaire were provided to healthcare workers, respectively. Then, a multiple linear regression model was used to predict violence and its consequences. RESULTS: The results revealed that 34.1% of the participants have psychological disorders, and 74.5% have experienced one type of violence in their workplace at least once during the past year. The multiple linear regression model results indicated that workplace violence prevalence proved the ability to predict the increase in burnout and decrease in job productivity. CONCLUSION: Exposure to violence in the workplace significantly increases the risk of mental disorders associated with the risk of mental illness. Therefore, managing exposure to violence in the workplace is a practical step in improving general and mental health and ultimately increasing job productivity in medical settings. Show more

Keywords: Health Personnel, Occupational Exposure, Physical Abuse, Occupational Health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220447

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 343-354, 2023

Authors: Muthiah, Arunachalam | Prajapati, Shyambihari | Lingam, Aditya

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Universal design (UD) is a beneficial concept for better accessible design to improve easy approachability and industry-standard products. Specifically, Indian household products require UD features in domains such as bathroom and toilet, furniture, kitchen utilities, and home appliances. Among household product design in India, a lack of understanding of the product’s universality might be a constraint for product designers. Also, there are no studies assessing the UD features of Indian household products. OBJECTIVE: (1) To examine the UD feature of Indian household products against the seven principles of UD; (2) To determine the most lacking UD feature …among Indian household products; and (3) To find out the Indian household categories (i.e., bathroom and toilet, furniture, kitchen utilities, and home appliances) which are most lacking in UD performance. METHOD: The UD features were evaluated using a standardized questionnaire, which contains 29 questions on UD principles and general questions (gender, education level, age and house characteristics). Using statistical packages, the data were computed for mean and frequency distribution, as well as analyzed to achieve the objectives. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for comparative analyses. RESULTS: The results indicate that the “flexibility in use” and “perceptible information” principles were lacking among the Indian household products. Also, bathroom and toilet and furniture household products were most lacking in UD performance. CONCLUSION: The findings of this research will enlighten the insights into the usefulness, usability, safety, and marketability of Indian household products. In addition, they will be helpful in promoting UD features and obtaining financial benefits from the Indian market. Show more

Keywords: Card sorting, accessibility, consumer research, approachability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220340

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 355-368, 2023

Authors: Alnaser, Musaed Z. | Richard, Lynne

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Due to the nature of its occupations, the healthcare industry recognizes that manually lifting, transferring, and handling patients are high-risk activities and leading factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Research studies highlight that students are not receiving adequate training in manual patient transfer. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the procedural knowledge in patient transfer of second-year Master of Science in Occupational Therapy students and their practical skills in performing a manual patient transfer. METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional study included 23 occupational therapy students. Students completed the transfer technique knowledge assessment and subsequently …performed a real-time manual patient transfer. RESULTS: No significant association was found between the participants’ knowledge and performance in MPT (x2 (2) = 0.578, p  = 0.749). All students scored highly on the knowledge assessment (μ= 9.3, SD =±1.02); however, the performance on real-time manual patient transfer was moderate (μ= 11.57, SD =±3.37) for the majority of students. CONCLUSION: A gap exists between the results of students’ knowledge and practice versus real-time performance in manual patient transfer. The practical training students receive on manual patient transfers in the academic setting may not equip them with the necessary skills and techniques to perform safe transfers. Show more

Keywords: Academic training, musculoskeletal pain, education, occupational injuries, occupational therapy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220270

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 369-379, 2023

Authors: Darries, Zareena | Soeker, Mogammad Shaheed

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Acquired brain injury (ABI) is an important public health problem. Individuals with ABI experience greater challenges with community reintegration and successful return to work (RTW) due to both personal and environmental factors. Empirical evidence has shown that women with brain injury are vulnerable to poorer functional outcomes and have demonstrated lower RTW rates post-injury. Therefore, further research is needed to gain greater insight on women with acquired brain injury’s functional and work abilities as well as their experiences of RTW and entrepreneurial skills development. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore and describe women with acquired brain injury’s …experiences during their rehabilitation process, their resumption of their worker role, and entrepreneurial skills development. This qualitative exploration formed part of a study that resulted in an occupational therapy practice model to enhance the entrepreneurial skills of women with acquired brain injury living in the Cape Metropolitan, Western Cape, South Africa. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten females with acquired brain injury. A qualitative approach was employed to thematically analyse the data. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the study: (1) Barriers within the rehabilitation process, 2) ABI causes loss of a sense of self and financial strain, 3) Entrepreneurship and education as a strategy to empowerment. CONCLUSION: Unmet individual needs related to occupational engagement results in RTW challenges for women with ABI. ABI sequelae cause activity limitations and hinder gainful occupational participation. A holistic client-centred entrepreneurial skills development approach is a viable and needed strategy to facilitate economic empowerment for women with ABI. Show more

Keywords: Client-centred, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial skills, empowerment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220576

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 381-391, 2023

Authors: Qiao, Tingting | Geater, Alan F. | Du, Huifeng | Li, Ying | Duan, Limin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The program of the “Free Training of Chinese Rural Order-Oriented Medical Students” is a plan to train general practitioners who can work at rural medical institutions. However, many students have been unwilling to fulfill their commitments and actually work in their assigned locations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide some explanation by exploring factors influencing the employment intentions of rural order-oriented medical students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China to provide a basis for formulating relevant supporting policies to help increase the fulfillment rate of medical students. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with …a stratified cluster sampling method at four medical universities in Inner Mongolia using a survey questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors that were significantly associated with employment intentions. RESULTS: Approximately 67% of students were willing to work in rural areas, whereas 33% were not. Order-oriented medical students who were dissatisfied with, or indifferent to, training, were unclear about policy, were of Han ethnicity, or came from an urban area, had lower intentions to accept employment in rural areas. The training satisfaction in particular had the greatest predictive effect. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the program “Free Training of Chinese Rural Order-Oriented Medical Students” has been affected by the low actual employment intentions. This study may provide a useful basis on which medical educators and health policy makers can formulate relevant supporting policies and develop strategies to increase the number of order-oriented medical students who working in rural areas where they are most needed. Show more

Keywords: Health practitioner, human resources, rural area medicine, work, education

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220280

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 393-401, 2023

Authors: Ghasemi, Mohamad Sadegh | Siadat, Morteza | Abdulrazak, Bessam | Dehghan, Naser | Ibarra-Mejia, Gabriel | Forogh, Bijan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgeons who regularly perform endoscopy are more likely to develop musculoskeletal disorders than other internal medicine specialists, a difference that attributed to repetitive movements, poor postures, and sub-optimal equipment design. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to design, build, and evaluate an endoscope holder for reducing the static load applied by the weight of the endoscope, in order to reduce musculoskeletal disorders risk factors in the surgeon’s hand, shoulder and back issues regions. METHODS: A new endoscope holder was designed according to ergonomic design principles. The designed holder was evaluated by surface electromyography (sEMG) and discomfort …assessment including 15 laparoscopic surgeons. The results were analyzed with centrality statistics and compared with the independent t -test using SPSS version 22. RESULTS: The evaluation of the new endoscope holder shows a statistical significant decrease in the average electrical activity of biceps brachii, triceps brachii, lateral deltoid, T9 Thoracic erector spinae, L4 Lumbar erector spinae, and external oblique after using the holder (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results shows that using the new endoscope holder is associated with a lower level of discomfort, as well as a lower induced muscle activity. The results also highlight the need to upgrade the holder to offer rotability in all directions (perpendicular to the ground) which will be included in the next design. Show more

Keywords: Endoscope holder, ergonomic design, co-design, discomfort, EMG

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220185

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 403-410, 2023

Authors: Do, Ji-Hye | Yoo, Eun-Young | Jung, Min-Ye | Park, Ji-Hyuk | Hong, Ickpyo | Lee, Seohyun

Article Type: Correction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-236016

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 411-411, 2023

Article Type: Retraction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223650

Citation: Work, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 413-413, 2023