Work - Volume 73, issue 1

Authors: Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223643

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 1-2, 2022

Authors: Ma, Kang | Liang, Luyao | Chutiyami, Muhammad | Nicoll, Sandy | Khaerudin, Teguh | Ha, Xuan Van

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: As millions of teachers have been forced to rely upon remote teaching due to the closure of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is particularly important to understand the extent to which teacher’s psychological wellbeing has been affected by this global health crisis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis was twofold: 1) ascertain the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among teachers during the COVID-19 outbreak; 2) identify the associated factors of these psychological wellbeing domains of the teachers. METHODS: Academic Search Premier, Eric, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched …for articles published from December 2019 and July 2021, using search terms including “COVID-19” “anxiety” “depression” “stress”, and “teachers”. RESULTS: This study included 54 studies synthesising data from 256,896 teachers across 22 countries. The meta-analysis showed higher prevalence of stress (62.6%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 46.1–76.6), compared to anxiety (36.3%, 95% CI: 28.5–44.9) and depression (59.9%, 95% CI: 43.4–74.4) among teachers. Teachers’ experiences of these psychological issues were associated with various socio-demographic and institutional factors, including gender, nature of online teaching, job satisfaction, teaching experience, and the volume of workload. Additionally, several protective factors, such as regular exercises and provision of technical support for online teaching, reduced teachers’ negative psychological experiences. CONCLUSION: There is a need for authorities to formulate educational policies to improve teachers’ wellbeing at the time of global crisis. Special attention should be paid to assist female teachers in overcoming physical and mental stressors. Show more

Keywords: Mental health, prevalence, risk factors, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220062

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 3-27, 2022

Authors: Carrera-Arce, Maria | Bartusevičienė, Inga | Divari, Paschalia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Seafarers’ mental health is seriously affected by COVID-19. The pandemic could act as a catalyst for change with respect to seafarers’ mental health protection and promotion. OBJECTIVE: The study explores the main factors contributing to the mental health and wellbeing of seafarers. Moreover, elements to help seafarers lessen the impact of the pandemic on their work and life onboard are analyzed, and their role in developing a positive psychosocial environment and promoting a healthy workplace onboard are discussed. METHODS: The study involved the use of an ad hoc questionnaire and the adoption of both …quantitative and qualitative methods. The sample included one hundred and five active seafarers. RESULTS: Ninety-six percent of the sample stated that mental health is a very or extremely important part of their general health. Seafarers perceive that their mental health has been seriously impacted by COVID-19. Major factors contributing to seafarers’ mental health and wellbeing reveal three groups of factors: rest and spare time-related factors, communication/relationship with the external world, and interaction and social life on board factors. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies suggested by seafarers for coping with “inevitable” psychological stress produced by COVID-19 and promoting their wellbeing include managerial, emotional, facilities-related (including communication infrastructure), physical, and social elements to promote wellbeing. Economic, intellectual, and spiritual elements also have to be taken into consideration and require further investigation. Building on seafarers’ insights and experiences, a healthy environment onboard should cultivate holistically the four main spheres of a healthy workplace (physical work environment, psychosocial work environment, personal health resources, and enterprise community involvement) and the five features of a healthy psychosocial environment (social, emotional, physical, intellectual and spiritual) under all circumstances, whether exceptional or ordinary. Show more

Keywords: Healthy work environment, pandemic, mental health, seafaring

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210791

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 29-40, 2022

Authors: Chuenyindee, Thanatorn | Montenegro, Lorenzo Dones | Ong, Ardvin Kester S. | Prasetyo, Yogi Tri | Nadlifatin, Reny | Ayuwati, Irene Dyah | Sittiwatethanasiri, Thaninrat | Robas, Kirstien Paola E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The education system has shifted from traditional to online during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the Learning Management System (LMS) is one of the most important and comprehensive learning platforms that support and facilitate online learning during this pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This study explored the perceived system usability of LMS during the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Task-Technology Fit (TTF), and System Usability Scale (SUS). METHODS: An online survey was utilized to collect data from 502 Filipino students from different academic institutions and different areas of study. RESULTS: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) …indicated that students’ perceived ease of use of LMS had a significant effect on perceived usefulness which subsequently and positively led to students’ perceived satisfaction of LMS. In addition, LMS technology characteristics was found to have a significant effect on LMS task-technology fit which subsequently led to perceived usefulness and perceived satisfaction. Interestingly, perceived satisfaction was found to have a significant effect on students’ perceived system usability of LMS which was calculated using a System Usability Scale (SUS). CONCLUSION: The findings have implications within the education system globally, particularly in recognizing the relevance of LMS moving forward. Furthermore, since this is the first study that integrated SUS, TAM, and TTF, the conceptual framework can be utilized to evaluate the perceived usability of LMS worldwide. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, online learning, learning management system, system usability.

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220015

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 41-58, 2022

Authors: Pirdal, Betul Zehra | Toplu, Ferdane Seyma | Esen, Beril Kara | Aydin, Sumeyye Nur | Erginoz, Ethem | Can, Gunay

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Healthcare personnel are among the COVID-19 risk groups. For this reason, increased absence from work affects the loss of labor. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the workforce loss amongst health personnel working in our hospital due to COVID-19 in a one-year period. METHODS: Workforce loss of healthcare workers was assessed via absenteeism and life expectancy. Loss of workforce for COVID-19 PCR positive or PCR negative but CT findings compatible with COVID-19 and personnel with high-risk exposure for COVID-19 were determined with absenteeism. Healthcare personnel who passed away due to COVID-19 was determined with the …consideration of the retirement age and expected life years. RESULTS: Total lost time from work was 14635 days (excluding deaths). Loss of workforce rates resulting from COVID-19 positivity for male employees was greater in comparison to the results for females (p  = 0.018). High-risk exposure of healthcare personnel working in clinical sciences was higher than those in other departments (p  < 0.001). Total loss in workforce for 3 people passed away was 14 years 5 months, and total life expectancy was 64 years. Healthcare personnel under the age of 40 had less absenteeism than those over 40 years (p  < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that all occupational groups working at the hospital were impacted by COVID-19. The two most important factors that influenced absenteeism were the reason for being affected (positivity and high risk) and age. Absenteeism and daily case tracing of healthcare personnel working on the frontlines will aid in both the pandemic control and management of workload for those left behind. Show more

Keywords: Absenteeism, occupational health, labor loss

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211308

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 59-67, 2022

Authors: Gir, Elucir | Silva, Ana Cristina de Oliveira e | Reis, Renata Karina | Rabeh, Soraia Assad Nasbine | Sorensen, William | Nogueira, Wynne Pereira | Marziale, Maria Helena Palucci | Menegueti, Mayra Gonçalves

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the biggest health crises in the world and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is significant measures to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. However, PPE needs to be used properly by healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the use of PPE among Brazilian health professionals and associated factors during a period of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out from October to December 2020. For data collection, the respondent-driven sampling technique was used, adapted for social media, with a link to an online survey form. …RESULTS: The study considered 12,086 Brazilian health professionals. Most (69%) used PPE recommended for the care of patients with suspected or diagnosed COVID-19. Factors associated with the use of PPE were: working in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or in a field hospital, receiving training, being provided with sufficient, high-quality PPE by the workplace and being an odontologist compared to nursing professionals. For procedures that generate aerosols in the context of COVID-19, 54.1% of them used the recommended PPE, the associated factors were: being married or in a stable relationship compared to a single/divorced professional, working in an ICU, being offered training, providing sufficient, high-quality PPE, and being an odontologist compared to nursing professionals. CONCLUSIONS: For the care of patients with COVID-19, 69% of health professionals used PPE properly, and several factors interfered with the use of this equipment. Show more

Keywords: Coronavirus infection, occupational safety and health, personal protective equipment, COVID-19, healthcare professionals

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211309

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 69-78, 2022

Authors: Jones, Heather | Young, Megan | Guyton, Kyndel | Idemoto, Emily | Ferraro, Alicia | AlHeresh, Rawan

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the leading causes of work disability in the United States. Ergonomic interventions offer an individualized treatment approach, and when used in conjunction with pharmacological treatment interventions, may improve work outcomes and improve the overall quality of life for individuals with RA. OBJECTIVE: To identify the current body of evidence regarding the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions in reducing work activity limitations in adults with RA. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to identify articles of ergonomic interventions targeting working adults with RA. The CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist …and Non-Pharmacological Treatment (NPT) Extension evaluated the reporting quality of each randomized controlled trial (RCT), and the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) evaluated the quality of the evidence. RESULTS: Six studies were identified and reviewed for the quality of their reporting on evidence related to work activity limitations. Sixty-six percent of the items on the CONSORT checklist were fully reported by all studies and analysis through the GRADE framework demonstrated moderate confidence that the reported effects of ergonomic interventions on work activity limitations in the studies are accurate. This review revealed varied results for the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions on work activity limitations and at-work productivity. CONCLUSION: The results of this review indicate a need for further investigation. Future studies should focus on reviewing specific ergonomic interventions to determine the dosage needed to see results in reducing work activity limitations for working adults with RA. Show more

Keywords: Rheumatology, disability, workplace

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210016

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 79-91, 2022

Authors: Gerg, Michael J. | Hazak, Kristin M. | Carrie, Brittany R. | Melendez, Naomi | Jewell, Vanessa D.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Upper extremity injuries may prevent adults from returning to work, impacting productivity, and engagement in meaningful employment. OBJECTIVE: The scoping review identified various non-physical factors that impact return to work (RTW) after an upper extremity injury. METHODS: Database searches included: CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The authors further hand searched the journals Work and The Journal of Hand Therapy. Inclusion criteria included articles published in English, published from 2000–2020, and addressed the following topics: upper extremity injury, the client’s psychosocial perceptions of the injury, and return to work. …RESULTS: After title and abstract review, 9 studies were identified for full-text review that examined various patterns related to non-physical factors that impact RTW. Three themes emerged from the full-text reviews including client self-efficacy, social determinants of health, and the need for holistic intervention approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners involved in the rehabilitation of working age clients with upper extremity injuries should remain cognizant of the non-physical factors that can impact return to work and incorporate holistic approaches like monitoring and addressing self-efficacy, psychosocial well-being, and social determinants of health into clinical practice. Show more

Keywords: Hand therapy, occupational therapy, psychosocial rehabilitation, employment, work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211059

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 93-106, 2022

Authors: Chirico, Francesco | Leiter, Michael

Article Type: Article Commentary

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220072

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 107-108, 2022

Authors: Bregenzer, Anita | Jiménez, Paulino | Milfelner, Borut

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Presenteeism, which means attending work while feeling unhealthy or ill, is a serious risk behavior that reduces the employees’ productivity and performance. Employees who are treated appreciatively by their work environment show less presenteeism. Investigating the mechanisms behind the relationship between appreciation and presenteeism can help to understand how presenteeism can be reduced even more in the workplace. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the impact of two forms of appreciation (supervisor appreciation and general appreciation from the work environment), on presenteeism and includes the moderating effects of resources and stress. This will help to answer the …questions a) which form of appreciation is more beneficial for employees and b) whether appreciation counteracts presenteeism by building up resources. METHOD: 1077 Austrian workers were invited to fill-in an online survey about work-related issues. The data was analyzed with structural equation modelling (SEM). RESULTS: The results showed that both forms of appreciation increase the resources of the employees. Through this increase of resources employees experience less stress, which consequently lowers presenteeism. Additionally, general appreciation is more beneficial than supervisor appreciation. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that appreciative behavior builds resources at the workplace which are essential for showing less presenteeism at work. Show more

Keywords: Effort-reward imbalance, leadership, stress, resources

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210766

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 109-120, 2022

Authors: Górna, Sara | Pazdro-Zastawny, Katarzyna | Basiak-Rasała, Alicja | Krajewska, Joanna | Kolator, Mateusz | Łesiuk-Krajewska, Agnieszka | Kozłowska-Panek, Katarzyna | Cichy, Ireneusz | Rokita, Andrzej | Zatoński, Tomasz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Carrying a properly weighted schoolbag is an important factor in preventing the occurrence of muscular skeletal disorder in early school age children. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this cross- sectional observational study was to examine the schoolbag weight and to determine the percentage of children were carrying overloaded schoolbag. METHODS: The study group included pupils from five primary public schools in Wrocław, Poland. Anthropometrical measurements such body weight (BW) and height were conducted on 650 children (51.1% of boys). Children’s age, gender, Cole’s Index was juxtaposed with schoolbag weight. The mean age of the examined students …was 8.7±0.8 years (range 7 to 10 years). RESULTS: The mean schoolbags weight was 3.7±0.92 kg, which represented 13.0±3.8% of pupils’ BW. The percentage of pupils carry the schoolbags weighing more than 10% of their BW was 77.9%. More than a quarter of Polish children carry school backpack above 15% of their BW. The majority (96.8%) had schoolbags which may be carried on both shoulders. A significant negative correlation was observed between relative schoolbag weight and Cole’s Index (rho = –0.44, p  < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The problem of overloaded schoolbags among elementary school children was frequent. Pupils ought to be educated in the proper packing of their school backpacks. Additionally, parents and teachers should pay attention regarding the contents carried by children in their respective schoolbags. Show more

Keywords: Elementary school children, schoolbag, weight limit, health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210788

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 121-129, 2022

Authors: Alshehri, Sarah

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Otorhinolaryngology practitioners are known to be susceptible to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), but the incidence of WMSDs in Saudi Arabia has not been documented. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish the prevalence, characteristics, contributing factors, work sector, and impact of WMSDs among otorhinolaryngology practitioners in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 104 otorhinolaryngology practitioners in Saudi Arabia using a six-component questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, prevalence, percentages, and chi-square tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The response rate was 65.3%. The reported 12-month incidence of WMSDs was 72.7%. The neck region …(67.3%) was the most common site of disorders, followed by the shoulder (49%). The elbow and hip (10.5%) regions were the least commonly affected regions. WMSD prevalence was related to gender, with men more affected than women (neck, shoulders, low back); age, with younger otorhinolaryngology practitioners more affected than older ones (neck, shoulder); work sector, with greater prevalence in government than other sectors (neck); and sub-specialty, with general otolaryngology reporting the highest WMSD frequency, followed by otology and neurotology (neck, shoulder, low back, upper back, knees). Most otorhinolaryngology practitioners experienced two to four episodes of neck, shoulder, and low-back WMSDs. The most significant risk factor for WMSDs was sustained posture for long periods of time (61.5%). The most common strategy implemented against WMSDs was modifying the practitioner’s position during treatment (58.6%). CONCLUSIONS: WMSDs among otorhinolaryngology practitioners in Saudi Arabia are very common, with the neck and shoulders regions most often involved. Improved professional skills and an understanding of the principles of ergonomics can prevent the initial development of WMSDs in otorhinolaryngology practitioners. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, prevalence, musculoskeletal, workload, otolaryngology, Saudi Arabia

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211054

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 131-142, 2022

Authors: Patil, Sumit Vitthal | Waghmode, Laxman Y. | Jadhav, Ganesh S. | Gawade, Sanjaykumar S. | Banga, Harish Kumar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Flaps of the corrugated box folded inversely while manual packing of goods initiative this will cause tearing of the box at creased positions. OBJECTIVE: To avoid tearing, it is required to twist each box along creased positions as soon as it is manufactured and in wet condition due to liquid gum application. METHODS: To apply and evaluate the effect of Low-Cost Automation on labor productivity and labor fatigue for corrugated boxes flaps twisting. Low-Cost Automation solution is applied to overcome low labors’ productivity and excessive labors’ fatigue problems in the manual box twisting work. Productivity …need analysis is performed to identify the key productivity measures. Three automated mechanisms are developed for box stopping, clamping, and twisting activities. RESULTS: Reduction in labors muscular efforts requirement is confirmed through surface electromyography technique. It is observed that the average actual time required for twisting one box reduced from 34 seconds to 17 seconds, and labor productivity almost doubled. The muscular efforts required for twisting of flaps of the boxes are reduced significantly. CONCLUSION: The developed low-cost automation solution is unique and found worthy for small scale corrugated box manufacturers. Show more

Keywords: Electromyography, labor productivity, labor fatigue, low cost automation (LCA), mechatronics, productivity need analysis (PNA)

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211065

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 143-155, 2022

Authors: Mokhtarinia, Hamid Reza | Parsons, Dave | Bain, Carmel R. | Gabel, Charles Philip

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The most prevalent neuropathy in the upper extremity is carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). A variety of related risk factors such as biomechanical exposures, body mass index (BMI), sex and hand shape are reported to be related to CTS. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify the role of BMI, hand, wrist and finger anthropometric dimensions in the development of CTS, and to compare these measured variables between control and CTS participants. METHODS: A cross-sectional, case control study (n  = 240, CTS = 120, controls = 120) with participants recruited from a convenience sample diagnosed with CTS and referred for anthropometric measurements. The …control participants were matched by age and sex. The body height, weight, hand width, hand length, wrist depth, wrist width, wrist circumference, and finger length were measured. Hand, wrist and finger indices, hand to height ratio, and BMI were calculated. Mean values of all dimensions were compared between cases and controls, and the role of independent risk factors were determined by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean BMI, age, weight, sex and height were not significant between the two groups. Among the measured dimensions and calculated indices the significantly different variables between two groups were the wrist width, wrist depth, wrist circumference, hand index, hand to height index, and wrist index. Regression analysis showed that the wrist index (β=-1.7, p  = 0.0001), wrist depth (β=0.25, p  = 0.0001) and wrist width (β=0.21, p  = 0.0001) were the strongest factors in CTS development in the sample. CONCLUSION: Wrist parameters have a strong role in predicting the development of CTS, while BMI was not confirmed as an independent risk factor. Show more

Keywords: Hand shape, wrist index, carpal tunnel syndrome, BMI, anthropometry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210910

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 157-164, 2022

Authors: Okros, Norberth | Vîrgă, Delia | Lazăr, Theofild-Andrei

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Correctional officers’ personal resources, such as psychological capital (PsyCap), may help them better manage their work environment in the penitentiary; however, there is limited research on the relationship between indicators of well-being and types of demands in this cohort and whether this relationship depends on PsyCap. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine three types of demands (job, personal, and group) and the effect of each on three indicators of low well-being: burnout, physical and mental health complaints. We also tested the potential moderating role of PsyCap in the relationship between the three types of …demands and indicators of well-being. METHODS: The potential moderating role of personal resources (PsyCap) between demands and well-being was tested via hierarchical multiple regression on a sample of 350 correctional officers. RESULTS: Results show that psychological capital attenuates the effect of personal distress and negative team relationships on all three indicators of low well-being. Psychological capital also moderates the relation between work-family conflict and mental health complaints. However, it does not act as a moderator between work-family conflict and burnout or physical health complaints. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are of value because they emphasize the importance of psychological capital, as a personal and malleable resource, for the occupational health of correctional officers. Show more

Keywords: Correctional officers, demands, psychological capital, personal resources, well-being

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205100

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 165-180, 2022

Authors: Sampathraju, Raghavan | Doctor, Pankaj B. | Tiwari, Rajnarayan R. | Mansuri, Mohammad Asif | Derasari, Anuradha | Shaikh, Idrish

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sewage treatment plant workers (STPs) are exposed to gaseous pollutants (H2 S) and bioaerosols and their health is at risk. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate exposures to dust, 1,3 Beta D Glucans, endotoxins and gaseous pollutants in different process plants and to provide suitable recommendations. METHODS: Gaseous pollutants and bioaerosols (inhalable dust, 1,3 beta D-glucans and endotoxins) were evaluated in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) of Ahmedabad city, India. The concentration of H2 S, CO, CH4 and Cl2 were monitored in two process areas of STPs using real-time gas …detectors. The dust, 1,3 beta D-glucans and endotoxins were evaluated as per standard methods. RESULTS: The mean concentration of H2 S exceeded the permissible exposure limit of 10 ppm, whereas the concentration of other gaseous pollutants (CO, Cl2 and CH4 ) were below the permissible exposure limits of Indian Factories Act, 1948. The inhalable dust concentration was also within the permissible exposure limit of 10 mg/m3 as per Indian Factories Act, 1948. CONCLUSIONS: Significant exposures to gaseous and bioaerosols were found in the work environment of STPs. The paired t -test result showed a significant difference between two STPs for H2 S, 1,3 beta D-Glucans and endotoxins. STPs were advised to reduce the exposure to H2 S and bioaerosols as per CPCB guidelines applicable to India to prevent health effects. Show more

Keywords: Wastewater plants, inhalable dust, hydrogen sulphide, endotoxins, 1, 3 Beta D-Glucans

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205208

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 181-187, 2022

Authors: Mohammadian, Farough | Sadeghi, Mehran | Hanifi, Saber Moradi | Noorizadeh, Najaf | Abedi, Kamaladdin | Fazli, Zohreh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many occupational accidents annually occur worldwide. The construction industry injury is greater than the average injury to other industries. The severity of occupational accidents and the resulting injuries in these industries is very high and severe and several factors are involved in their occurrence. OBJECTIVE: Modeling important factors on occupational accident severity factor in the construction industry using a combination of artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. METHODS: In this study, occupational accidents were analyzed and modeled during five years at construction sites of 5 major projects affiliated with a gas turbine manufacturing company based …on census sampling. 712 accidents with all the studied variables were selected for the study. The process was implemented in MATLAB software version 2018a using combined artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. Additional information was also collected through checklists and interviews. RESULTS: Mean and standard deviation of accident severity rate (ASR) were obtained 283.08±102.55 days. The structure of the model is 21, 42, 42, 2, indicating that the model consists of 21 inputs (selected feature), 42 neurons in the first hidden layer, 42 neurons in the second hidden layer, and 2 output neurons. The two methods of genetic algorithm and artificial neural network showed that the severity rate of accidents and occupational injuries in this industry follows a systemic flow and has different causes. CONCLUSION: The model created based on the selected parameters is able to predict the accident occurrence based on working conditions, which can help decision makers in developing preventive strategies. Show more

Keywords: Construction accident, data mining, workplace, neural network, genetic algorithm

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205271

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 189-202, 2022

Authors: Yagil, Dana | Cohen, Miri

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Research has indicated that managerial contact with cancer survivors during a long absence from work is related to cancer survivors’ inclination to return to work. OBJECTIVE: The present study explored the roles of cancer survivors’ perception of supervisor resistance to return to work (RTW) and symptom severity in the relationship between supervisor-initiated contact during the cancer survivors’ absence from work and successful work sustainability (SWS). METHODS: Israeli cancer survivors (N  = 149) who had been working at least 6 months after the termination of treatment completed online questionnaires. The scales measured frequency of contact, perceived supervisor …resistance to RTW, SWS, and symptom severity. To test the relationship between perceived and actual resistance, a partial sample of the cancer survivors’ direct supervisors (N  = 49) reported their resistance to RTW of cancer survivors. RESULTS: The results show that perceived supervisor resistance mediated the relationship between supervisor-initiated contact during absence and SWS. Symptom severity moderated the negative effect of perceived supervisor resistance on SWS: The relationship was stronger for cancer survivors experiencing severe symptoms. Cancer survivors’ perception of supervisor resistance to RTW was positively related to their supervisors’ self-report of resistance. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the need for clear guidelines and managerial training programs regarding contact and communication with cancer survivors during long absences from work. Show more

Keywords: Cancer survivors, return to work, supervisor, contact

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205341

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 203-210, 2022

Authors: Ferrara, Paolo | Terzoni, Stefano | Destrebecq, Anne | Ruta, Federico | Sala, Elena | Formenti, Paolo | Maugeri, Michele

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Assessment of workplace violence towards healthcare workers represents a challenge for healthcare organizations worldwide. Workers’ experience and perceived risk of violence may have a serious impact on job satisfaction and retention of workers. To date, no studies have been conducted on nursing students. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of physical and non-physical violence among nursing students during their clinical experiences and to analyze the perceived risk of violence. METHODS: Multicentre, cross-sectional survey. We enrolled a convenience sample of nursing students of the bachelor’s degree in Nursing of the University of Milan (Italy). The students completed …a structured questionnaire prepared in accordance with the available literature on violence in healthcare settings. RESULTS: Out of 1185 questionnaires sent, 603 were collected (50.89%). 35.1% had experience of verbal violence during the clinical internship training period, while 8.1% were victims of physical violence. 202 students (33.5%) reported unsafety, which was related to experience of physical or psychological violence, witnessed episodes of violence, gender, hospital structure and efficacy of the safety policies. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that nursing students are exposed to the risk of violence which influences their perception of risk. Show more

Keywords: Physical assault, verbal assault, feeling of unsafety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210488

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 211-217, 2022

Authors: Phillips, Jennifer | Niemeyer, Linda | Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Due to the rising rates of obesity in the United States, healthcare professionals will likely be seeing individuals from this population more frequently in service provision settings. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a self-directed online education program entitled BOOTH: Bariatrics, Obesity, and Occupational THerapy ; How we can help. The educational program was directed to occupational therapy practitioners and occupational therapy students and designed to increase knowledge of obesity and bariatric care. METHODS: A convergent parallel mixed methods design was used in which the quantitative component was a …one-group quasi-experiment with pre- and post-measurement. Surveys with Likert-style rating and open-ended questions were administered prior to the program and following completion. RESULTS: Paired samples t-testing revealed significant differences (p  < 0.05) between pre- and post-program rated survey questions, which indicated an increase in perceived knowledge in the main topic areas. Qualitative data corroborated these findings, as most of the participants initially expressed concern about not being well-informed on obesity and bariatric care prior to taking the course. CONCLUSION: More education is needed on obesity and bariatric care for occupational therapy practitioners and occupational therapy students. An online education program was demonstrated to be an effective way of increasing knowledge on this important topic to reduce work-related injury. Show more

Keywords: Safe patient handling, work-related injury, continuing education

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210313

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 219-227, 2022

Authors: Podrekar Loredan, Nastja | Kastelic, Kaja | Burnard, Michael David | Šarabon, Nejc

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Adequate school furniture is important to prevent musculoskeletal discomfort among students. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the suitability of school furniture compared to body dimensions of students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study included a total of 442 students from primary school, secondary school, and university. Nine body dimensions along with five furniture dimensions were measured and equations for mismatch criteria were applied. RESULTS: In primary school, differences in body dimensions were more evident among students of different age, while in secondary school and university, differences between male and female students …became more apparent. The mismatch for desk height ranged from 100.0% at primary school to 48.0% at university. Similarly, the seat height mismatch was the most evident in primary school (89.7% –94.6%), lower at university (52.0%) and the lowest in secondary school (18.0%). The seat depth mismatch was present among all groups, ranging from 23.1% to 40.4%, and was in general more pronounced in males. Seat to desk clearance mismatch was the most evident among secondary school students. In primary school, seat and desk height were generally too high for most of students. CONCLUSIONS: Specific differences in body dimensions among groups of students of different age and gender were observed and a high student-furniture mismatch was identified in all educational institutions. Implementation of adjustable school furniture, covering at least two size marks, is needed to provide ergonomic and healthy learning conditions and to further enhance the comfort and well-being of students in the classroom. Show more

Keywords: Classroom, furniture, school ergonomics, students

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210487

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 229-245, 2022

Authors: Nichol, Kathryn | Ruco, Arlinda | Holness, D. Linn

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Joint health and safety committees (JHSCs) are a legal requirement for most Ontario workplaces. However, few evidence-based tools exist to assess JHSC effectiveness. The JHSC Assessment eTool has been developed and tested in the healthcare and education sectors with positive results. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to test the usability and feasibility of the JHSC Assessment eTool in the construction sector. METHODS: Testing was carried out in two phases using a non-experimental study design. In the first phase, construction sector health and safety experts reviewed the content of the eTool to ensure that …it had relevance for the sector. In phase two, a convenience sample of JHSCs from construction sector workplaces were recruited to pilot the eTool and provide feedback. RESULTS: Feedback from six constructor sector health and safety experts and six JHSC committees indicated that the eTool had value and relevance for use in the sector. Additionally, our study identified several minor areas for refinement including the addition of construction-specific resources in the final report. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest minor modifications to the eTool for use by construction sector workplaces. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health and safety, joint health and safety committee, internal responsibility system, construction, effectiveness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205211

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 247-254, 2022

Authors: Basri, Rehana | Alruwaili, Mubarak | Alruwaili, Raed | Alrashed, Kholoud | Alshammari, Afaf | Alshammari, Samar | Alruwaili, Gharam | Alruwail, Hajar | Alrashed, Faisal

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a common disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal that causes recurrent seizures or periods of jerky movement of the whole body. Immediately after a seizure, people are often transiently confused, weak and unable to communicate. OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of school teachers towards an epileptic child. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among primary and secondary school teachers from different schools in Sakaka, Domat Al-Jandal, Al-Qurayyat, Tabarjal Northern region of Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. They were assessed on their KAP toward students with epilepsy using a self-administrated …questionnaire. RESULTS: 306 respondents participated and completed the questionnaire. The practice was poor among the teachers. Practice scores were significantly different among the male and female teachers. Teachers would do the following to the seizing child: 159 (52%) would pull the child’s tongue out (p -value 0.012), 66 (21.6%) would put a spoon in the mouth (p -value 0.055), 43 (14.1%) would remove any tight clothes (p -value 0.009) and 244 (79.7 %) would take the child to the hospital (p -value 0.029). There were significant differences among senior teachers and those with longer years of teaching experience: 83.6% of teachers with > 20 years of teaching experience think that the student with epilepsy has no need of a special classroom (P  = 0.053), 89.6% of those with > 20 years of teaching experience said that they did not move the child during seizure in comparison with less years of teaching experience (p  = 0.048), in which 97% of those with experience > 20 years said that they would ensure normal breathing (p  = 0.015). CONCLUSION: The majority of Aljouf schoolteachers were adequately knowledgeable about students with epilepsy, but they need more information about the correct way of practice towards the student with epilepsy. Show more

Keywords: Epilepsy, seizure, epileptic child, primary and secondary school teachers, knowledge, attitude, practice

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205196

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 255-262, 2022

Authors: Gkagkanteros, Athanasios | Kontodimopoulos, Nikolaos | Talias, Michael A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study investigates workplace harassment among Greek NHS employees and its impact on Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we highlight that the consequences of workplace harassment and the concomitant damaged satisfaction can negatively affect health-related quality of life in Public Hospitals. METHODS: A sample of 343 employees from five Athens-based hospitals, including doctors, nurses, administrative and technical personnel, completed the Greek versions of the Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorization (LIPT) and the Short Form-36 (SF-36). Multiple logistic regression identified factors associated with mobbing, and adjusted odds ratios were computed. …RESULTS: Out of the 37.5% of the employees who reported experiencing mobbing, 22.7% were bullied daily, and 49.2% almost daily. Furthermore, 66.7% were bullied by colleagues of the same grade, while 58.7% were from superiors. Regarding HRQoL, all SF-36 dimension scores were significantly lower (p  < 0.001) for the mobbing victims, compared to others not having suffered workplace harassment. CONCLUSION: The existence of mobbing in the Greek NHS is evident, and that harms health. Preventing workplace harassment should be high on policymakers’ agendas to improve human resource management and health system performance. Show more

Keywords: Workplace, harassment, health related quality of life, mobbing, NHS hospital

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210306

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 263-272, 2022

Authors: Hassani, Mehrdad | Hesampour, Reza | Bartnicka, Joanna | Monjezi, Nasim | Ezbarami, Sahebeh Mirzaei

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is generally agreed that musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a severe health concern, particularly for agricultural laborers. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to identify risk factors and work-related disorders among agricultural workers at Amirkabir agro-industry company in Iran. METHOD: A total of 158 workers, of which 66 were manual harvesting workers (four postures), 40 were fertilizer transportation workers (three postures), and 52 were spraying workers (one posture), were included in the study. The research used questionnaires to collect data, and the postures were analyzed using 3DSSPP software. Related risk factors such as age, body mass index, …work experience, working hours, and sports activity were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence rate of lower back pain (94%), knee pain (82%), neck pain (69%), upper-back (63%), and shoulder (63%) were calculated. The logistic regression revealed that working hours and sports activities are significantly correlated to the wrist/hand and neck MSD with 5.62 and 6.38 times more likely among manual harvesting workers. The 3DSSPP software estimated that the lower back pain, especially in the first posture, for manure transportation workers was very high. Maximum L5-S1 compression, shear, and moment forces in the first posture among manure transportation workers were 7113 N and 472 N, -381 N-m, respectively. CONCLUSION: The 3DSSPP results also illustrated that compression, shear, and moment forces exceeded the NIOSH limit for the other postures. After interventions, compression, shear, and moment forces among all farm workers decreased. These findings emphasize that farm workers need to be under surveillance continuously at their workstations where interventions and improvement in specific tasks are required. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, risk factors, lower back, farm workers, 3DSSPP software

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210873

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 273-289, 2022

Authors: Kobayashi, Masamitsu | Sezai, Izumi | Ishikawa, Takako | Masujima, Mariko

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many patients with cancer experience challenges when they return to work (RTW) following cancer diagnosis and treatment. Psycho-educational support is important to facilitate the RTW process. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review examined published reports on psycho-educational support for patients with cancer who RTW. METHODS: We followed the preferred reported items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement and the framework of Arksey and O’Malley. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database, PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), and ICHUSHI and performed manual searches. RESULTS: We retrieved 1,586 articles and retained 48 for analysis (published January …2000 to December 2020). Physicians, occupational physicians, nurses, social workers, and psychologists provide considerable support in hospitals. Delivery modes included individual, face-to-face, and workbook. Psychological support included emotional, stress coping, counseling, and knowledge. Educational support included information or advice provision, communication skills, problem discussion, and work planning. Employment status was typically the primary outcome. We included 50 measurement scales across quality of life, cognitive functioning and illness, self-efficacy, psychological distress, and fatigue. CONCLUSION: This review elucidated psycho-educational support for patients with cancer who RTW, and measurement tools for related effects. Based on the characteristics of the psycho-educational support revealed in this study, future studies should examine the development, intervention, and implementation of support programs for patients’ RTW. Show more

Keywords: Cancer, return to work, psycho-educational support, quality of life, scoping review

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205326

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 291-300, 2022

Authors: Tomar, Shubhi | Tiwari, Rajnarayan R | Verma, Garima

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Indian salon industry is increasing rapidly due to demand for various kinds of beauty and personal care products. Working ability and health conditions of salon workers may be affected by specific work-related activities. Prolonged non-neutral postures, repetitive movements, lack of adequate breaks during work, working at a fast pace, general distress or prolonged standing periods make them vulnerable to musculoskeletal symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to assess work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among the beauty salon workers of Udupi taluk. METHOD: A total of 240 salon workers were recruited for the study. A …semi-structured, interviewer-led questionnaire based on a modified Nordic questionnaire was used to collect data. RESULTS: As many as 80.4% study participants reported work related musculoskeletal pain in one or more body parts. The common body parts affected by pain were neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist/hand, upper back, lower back, legs and ankles/feet. The analysis according to work postures suggested that short repetitive movements, stretching of hands to reach objects, working in the same posture for a longer time and the lack of weekly break from work was significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. CONCLUSION: The beauty salon workers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms which could benefit from preventive structural, operational and educational measures. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal, worker, low back pain, posture, salon industry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210623

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 301-307, 2022

Authors: Abbasi, Milad | Monazzam, Mohammad Reza | Karanika-Murray, Maria | Shamsipour, Mansour | Arabalibeik, Hossein

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Developing reliable tools to tap into all the behavioral dimensions of individual job performance and identifying the right sub-dimensions is necessary for both research and practice. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at developing and validating an IJPQ that addresses shortcomings of existing questionnaires. METHODS: After a comprehensive systematic literature review, a framework consisting of four dimensions, including task performance (TP), contextual performance (CP), counterproductive work behavior (CWB), and adaptive performance (AP) was structured for measuring IJP. As well, 45 sub-dimensions were identified for measuring IJP’s dimensions. Content and face validity were evaluated, and item impact score …(IS), content validity index (CVI), Kappa, and content validity ratio (CVR) were calculated. For reliability and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), 525 workers completed the validated questionnaire and Cronbach alpha and goodness of fit indexes were determined, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 62 items generated to measure dimensions, 53 were approved. Based on item-level CVI, of the 53 items, only 45 items were accepted. Finally, the results of item level CVR led to the extraction of 27 questions to evaluate IJP. The obtained scale level CVI and scale level CVR were 0.91 and 0.68, respectively. Based on the results obtained from 525 Iranian workers, values of Cronbach’s Alpha, X2/df, RMSEA, and P -value were in the acceptable range. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusively, a questionnaire containing 20 items was developed and validated for measuring IJP of Iranian worker’s culture. The four dimensions of TP, CO, CWB, and AP consisted of 6, 5, 5, and 4 items each, respectively. Overall, IJPQ is a theory-based, reliable, and valid instrument for assessing job performance. Show more

Keywords: Adaptive performance, counterproductive work behavior, contextual performance, individual job performance, measure validation, task performance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211004

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 309-320, 2022

Authors: Iram, Humaira | Kashif, Muhammad | Sattar, Maha | Bhatti, Zahid Mehmood | Dustgir, Atif | Mehdi, Zunaira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies have suggested an association between computer work and the development of musculoskeletal disorders. However, studies examining the workplace ergonomics assessment of computer offices are scarce in the Pakistani population. OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of ergonomic risk factors in the office using the Rapid Assessment Office Strain (ROSA) method for complaints of arm, neck and shoulder (CANS) among office computer workers. METHODS: From January to August 2019, a cross-sectional study was carried out among office workers who worked at least three hours on computers in their daily work. The prevalence of CANS was measured …by using the Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ) and work station evaluation was done by using Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA). Data were collected from 773 computer workers, of whom 443 (56%) worked in the information technology sector, 215 (28%) in industry and 124 (16%) in universities. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry and analysis. RESULTS: Out of 773 computer workers, 448 (58%) reported musculoskeletal pain and the most prevalent were shoulder pain (327, 42%) and neck pain (270, 35%). The mean scores of ROSA sections A, B, C and D were 4.00±0.82, 2.98±0.72, 3.49±0.67 and 3.61±0.72 respectively. The mean ROSA total score in 773 office computer workers was 4.19±0.78, which indicates a low risk of musculoskeletal complaints. There was significant association was found between ROSA section A and shoulder pain (P  = 0.043), ROSA section C with complaints of lower arm (P  = 0.013), wrist (P  = 0.016), and hand pain (P  = 0.005), ROSA section D with lower arm (P  = 0.002), wrist (P  = 0.004) and hand complaints (P  = 0.002). A significant association was found between ROSA total score and complaints of shoulder and hand, with p values of 0.012 and 0.006, respectively. CONCLUSION: CANS are prevalent among computer office workers, and there is a significant relationship between CANS and workstation ergonomics. Show more

Keywords: CANS, ergonomic risk factors, office computer workers, prevalence, work station evaluation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211029

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 321-326, 2022

Authors: Pattath, Priyadarshini | Webb, Lisa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: High use of computers among college students and the resulting musculoskeletal disorders raises concerns regarding healthy usage patterns. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine college student’s computer usage and related musculoskeletal discomfort. METHODS: A sample of 338 college students completed a cross-sectional survey consisting of demographic questions, musculoskeletal discomfort indicators and questions regarding computer use. RESULTS: The sample included 232 (68.6%) females and 106 (31.3%) males. 61% students had reported discomfort during or after working using computers with greatest discomfort in the neck (68.5%) and lower back (66%). Female students …were more likely than male students to report any musculoskeletal discomfort (66% vs 51%), p  < .05. Sitting duration, awkward postures and length of time (more than eight hours) were significantly associated with musculoskeletal discomfort (R2  = 0.24, p  < .01). CONCLUSION: Most female college students reported musculoskeletal discomfort during or after computer use. Daily use of computer for more than eight hours, assuming awkward postures and sitting for long duration without breaks were found to be significantly related to musculoskeletal discomfort. Emphasizing good computing habits in college students to avoid musculoskeletal symptoms in the future will prevent morbidity in future workforce. Show more

Keywords: College student, computer, posture, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210523

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 327-334, 2022

Authors: Wang, Mengcheng | Fan, Hao | Yu, Suihuai | Wang, Long | Chu, Jianjie | Tang, Xing | Li, Wenhua | Zhao, Xiao | Zhang, Shuai | Chen, Dengkai

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Comprehension of the complex shape of the auricle and how it differs in terms of factors such as sex, age, and side have become an imperative aspect of the fabrication and service delivery of products that are natural, functional, and healthy for users. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at providing a clear understanding of the anthropometric characteristics based on age, sex, size, and side and shape type of the auricles of mainland Chinese samples. METHODS: Casting and 3D scanning were employed to obtain eighteen auricular measurement variables from 1120 subjects (aged 15–79). Examination of sex-related …and bilateral differences were conducted. Furthermore, factor analysis was employed to establish the factors associated with the variations in auricular shape. Also, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to classify the auricular shapes of individuals. RESULTS: The auricular inclination angle, conchal depth and tragal height did not exhibit any specific trend across the age groups. No significant bilateral difference was observed in both genders. The auricular shapes were classified into five types according to six major factors. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that measurement variables of the Chinese auricles changed continuously with age, with most of the linear variables exhibiting a steady increase. The apparent strong association between the auricular types and age groups indicate that a person’s auricular shape may change with age. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomic design, anthropometric analysis, shape characterization, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210799

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 335-352, 2022