Work - Volume 62, issue 2

Authors: Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192852

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 173-174, 2019

Authors: Lima, Inês Alessandra Xavier | Parma, Gabriel Oscar Cremona | Cotrim, Teresa Margarida Crato Patrone | Moro, Antonio Renato Pereira

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The emerging frequency of Behavioural Mental Health Disorders among Brazilian workers and the recent legal demand for analysis of psychosocial risks in the workplace highlight the importance of standardizing measures to assess these risks as a way to allow identification and proper comparison among different populations. OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometric properties of the COPSOQ II questionnaire medium version for southern Brazil, based on the Spanish medium-length version of COPSOQ-ISTAS21 II. METHODS: A sample of 426 workers from a university in southern Brazil answered the model under study online. Content validity and internal consistency were …analyzed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (AFC) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (AFE) and Cronbach’s α coefficient. RESULTS: The study model presented a response rate of 48.46%. The analyses indicated the possibility of the instrument to present reliability and validity of content. From the AFE, the final model consisted of 13 dimensions and 70 items, and presented a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82, which is considered a good internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the final model of this study presents acceptable levels of reliability and internal validity for the application in Brazil, along with the groups of workers that resemble the participants of the research, to assess psychosocial risks in the workplace. Show more

Keywords: Occuppational health, Occupational risks, surveys and questionnaires, Psychometry

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192853

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 175-184, 2019

Authors: Hellig, Tobias | Rick, Vera | Mertens, Alexander | Nitsch, Verena | Brandl, Christopher

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: A large number of different methods are available to identify and assess working postures. Although observation-based methods are most commonly used in practise, investigations showed different results regarding validity of such methods. OBJECTIVE: To investigate validity of one of the most commonly used observation-based assessment method in ergonomics, the Ovako Working Posture Analysing System (OWAS) and the European standard EN 1005-4 for evaluation of working postures, an experimental laboratory study was conducted. METHODS: Muscle activity was measured under combinations of static working postures of trunk inclination and shoulder flexion to compare these measurements and observation-based …assessments according to OWAS and EN 1005-4. In order to investigate the magnitude of correspondence between muscle activity and observation-based assessments, Spearman rank correlation coefficients (rs ) were calculated. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between OWAS and muscle activity (range from rs 2  = 0.17 rs 2  = 0.55). Significant correlations were found between EN 1005-4 and muscle activity (range from rs 2  = 0.34 to rs 2  = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Results emphasise a need for further developments of observation-based methods, since the two investigated methods showed a variance of validity ranging from small to large. Such improvements may also form a better basis for the ergonomic improvement of working conditions in practise, which is highly necessary due to a constantly high prevalence of MSDs in the last decades. Show more

Keywords: Postural load, exposure assessment, musculoskeletal disorders

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192854

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 185-195, 2019

Authors: Yang, Seung Tae | Jeong, Byung Yong

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite ergonomic improvements in the workplace of automobile parts manufacturing industry, many jobs still require workers to perform repetitive tasks or manual material handling. OBJECTIVE: This study compares the characteristics of occupational injuries between MMH and non-MMH in the automobile parts manufacturing industry based in South Korea and the US. METHODS: Occupational injuries were analyzed by age, work experience, company size, employment type, injury severity, work type, type of accident, agency of accident, injured part of body, and injury type. RESULTS: Among 1,530 injuries, 271 people (17.7%) were MMH injuries, and 1,259 people …(82.3%) were non-MMH injuries. The rate of MMH injury was higher in the logistics process, in the work experience with more than 10 years, and in the company size with more than 100 employees than that of the non-MMH injury. Also, the rate of MMH injury was higher in the types of sprain and herniated discs, and in the injured part of trunk/back, leg/foot, and shoulder than that of the non-MMH injury. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study can be used as essential data for establishing a systematic preventive policy for industrial accidents in the automobile parts manufacturing industry. Show more

Keywords: Automobile parts manufacturing industry, occupational injury, manual materials handling, accident analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192855

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 197-203, 2019

Authors: Richardson, Laura | McCoy, Ashley | McNaughton, David

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Employment is a key determinant in quality of life. However, less than 50% of adults with ASD are employed. OBJECTIVE: In order to better support community-based employment for persons with ASD who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), there is a need to better understand those situations in which successful outcomes have been achieved. METHOD: This study utilized a multiple case design to investigate the experiences of seven individuals with ASD who use AAC and are successfully employed in the community. RESULTS: Results provide evidence that individuals with ASD who use AAC can …be successfully employed, when provided with appropriate supports. Expressive and receptive communication were commonly identified as challenges, however, mobile devices provided support to communication and participation for many of the participants with ASD. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the current study provide evidence that successful employment for individuals with ASD who use AAC is possible when intervention addresses three key areas: the development of skills that are valued in the workplace, the identification and creation of good job matches, and access to needed supports. Show more

Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, augmentative and alternative communication, transition, employment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192856

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 205-219, 2019

Authors: Soeker, Mogammad Shaheed | Truter, Tamarin | Van Wilgen, Nicole | Khumalo, Polly | Smith, Heather | Bezuidenhout, Simone

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is limited research available regarding the coping skills of individuals living with schizophrenia and the strategies used in the open labor market, particularly from a South African context. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore and describe the barriers, facilitators and coping strategies that individuals with schizophrenia use when returning to the open labor market after participating in a vocational rehabilitation program to improve work skills. PARTICIPANTS: Four individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and two key informants (occupational therapists) participated in the study. METHODS: The research study was positioned within the …interpretive paradigm, specifically utilizing an exploratory and descriptive design. Semi-structured interviews were used in order to gather data from the participants. RESULTS: Theme one reflects the barriers related to returning to work (i.e. society’s acceptance of an individual’s work potential). The second theme relates to the enabling factors related to returning to work (i.e. the usefulness of work preparation programs to enhance open labor market employability). Theme three relates to the coping skills that individuals with schizophrenia utilize (i.e. holistic support enhances participation in the worker role). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the findings indicate individuals with schizophrenia experience barriers that prevent them from being able to adapt to their work environments. However, with the support of the occupational therapist, family, and employer, together with improvements to the vocational rehabilitation program, these barriers may be alleviated, and there could be an improvement in the reintegration of individuals with schizophrenia into the open labor market. The findings suggest that the disclosure of an individual’s medical diagnosis, in order to facilitate the return to work of an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia, could be viewed as a barrier and a facilitator. Show more

Keywords: Open labor market, schizophrenia, coping skills and strategies, rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192857

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 221-231, 2019

Authors: Rostamzadeh, Sajjad | Saremi, Mahnaz | Tabatabaei, Shahnaz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Normative data on Hand grip strength has a wide range of application and is of great value. OBJECTIVE: To establish gender and age-specific reference data concerning hand grip strength of Iranian office workers, to explore possible relationships with demographic and anthropometric factors and to develop appropriate predictive models. METHODS: The study population included 418 (220 males and 198 females) Iranian office employees. They were divided into 5-year age-groups. Hand length, palm width, palm length, forearm length, wrist circumference, and forearm circumference were measured by means of a digital Caliper (±0.01 mm) and a tape meter (±0.1 cm). …The value of hand grip strength was measured by JAMAR hydraulic dynamometer respecting the American Society of Hand Therapy recommendations. RESULTS: The average of grip strength for dominant and non-dominant hands (in Kg) respectively was 51.10±9.50 and 46.90±9.89 for male and 28.76±4.47 and 25.89±4.60 for female. Age was curvilinearly related to hand grip strength. All selected hand dimensions were highly correlated with grip strength; palm width, palm length and hand length being the most correlated ones, respectively. Prediction equations of hand grip strength were developed for dominant and non-dominant hands of both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Suggested norms would provide more accuracy for ergonomic designers as well as health practitioners especially with regards to proposed prediction models with which grip strength could be estimated faster and easier. Show more

Keywords: Normative data, hand anthropometry, gender, handedness, JAMAR dynamometer

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192858

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 233-241, 2019

Authors: Beier, Meghan | Hartoonian, Narineh | D’Orio, Vanessa L. | Terrill, Alexandra L. | Bhattarai, Jagriti ‘Jackie’ | Paisner, Noah D. | Alschuler, Kevin N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are unemployed relatively soon after diagnosis. There is a paucity of research on the relationship between psychological distress and employment status in persons with MS. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relative distress of employed versus unemployed individuals with MS. METHODS: Secondary cross-sectional analysis of a mailed survey. Variables were categorized by demographics (age, gender, education, marital status), disease (EDSS, MS symptom duration, fatigue, MS-type), and psychosocial factors (depression, anxiety, perceived stress, self-reported general cognitive concerns, self-reported executive dysfunction). Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables significantly associated with …employment status. All significant variables were then included in a multivariate model to identify the most salient correlates. RESULTS: Univariate analyses identified 10 variables that were significantly associated with employment status: age, education, EDSS, MS symptom duration, MS-type, depression symptoms, perceived stress, fatigue, and self-reported cognitive symptoms. The multivariate model yielded four demographic and disease-related variables and one emotional distress variable (older age, moderate disability [EDSS], longer symptom duration, MS-type, higher perceived stress) as significant. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for disease variables, demographics, and significant psychosocial factors, perceived stress remained associated with employment status, such that greater perceived stress was associated with being unemployed. Show more

Keywords: Occupational status, productivity, emotional distress, MS symptoms

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192859

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 243-249, 2019

Authors: Rothmore, Paul | Gray, Jodi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The workforce is ageing. While those in relatively sedentary occupations may be largely unaffected, for those employed in more physically demanding occupations, and the organizations who employ them, this poses a challenge. OBJECTIVE: In this cross-sectional survey of outdoor council workers in South Australia we sought to address the challenge of an ageing workforce demographic by examining the association between a range of workplace risks and hazards with work ability scores. PARTICIPANTS: 155 workers from five groups of outdoor workers in a large metropolitan council participated in the research. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered …during staff meetings. The survey instrument included questions on demographic and employment characteristics, physical and psychosocial risk factors and the Work Ability Index. RESULTS: Those with excellent or good work ability scores comprised 43% of workers each. Those categorized as having moderate work ability scores comprised 14% of workers. There were no workers with poor work ability scores. Associations with work ability scores were found for age, pain and discomfort, perceptions of health and safety at work, as well as a range of psychosocial and physical risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm a link between work ability and a range of physical and psychosocial risk factors, which if addressed, may improve the longevity of the workforce. Show more

Keywords: Ageing, workers, musculoskeletal, physical, psychosocial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192860

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 251-259, 2019

Authors: Haynes, Emily | Holness, D. Linn | Tenkate, Thomas | Strahlendorf, Peter | Kramer, Desre M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Research conducted in collaboration between academic and non-academic partners (known as integrated knowledge translation [iKT]) in the field of occupational health and safety needs to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE: This study examined three collaborative workplace-based intervention projects that focused on reducing exposure to occupational carcinogens. Practice, policy and advocacy intermediary organizations partnered with multidisciplinary groups of researchers. This evaluation study sought to understand the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful iKT partnerships from the perspective of the intermediaries. METHODS: Researchers conducted face-to-face interviews with 21 intermediaries and used a thematic-driven “framework analysis” method to analyze the interviews, …based upon an evolving conceptual framework. RESULTS: Seven enablers and barriers of collaboration were identified. Enablers included having: adequate capacity; defined project roles; the right partners; an inclusive project leader; mutual respect; good communication; and shared values and priorities. Lacking these was considered a barrier. Seven outcomes were identified as: improved relevance and quality of the research; learning about each others’ “world”; building contacts; improved use of research in practice and policy; dissemination of the research; development of trust and goodwill; and continued collaborations. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations for future collaborative studies include: spend time defining roles, responsibilities, and expectations; ensure practitioners have the time and resources, and the commitment to the project; and choose representatives from the organizations with the necessary skills or decision-making mandate. Show more

Keywords: Integrated knowledge translation, occupational disease, intermediaries as research partners, workplace intervention research

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192861

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 261-278, 2019

Authors: Guner, Umit

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies find conflicted results on the relationship between long working hours and hypertension. Establishing a consensus for the direction of the relationship, more research is needed. OBJECTIVES: Although the European Union’s Working Time Directive limits weekly working hours, no such similar restriction exists in the United States. This leads to the important question of which is a better policy. This study bridges a gap in the literature by examining the relationship between working hours and having hypertension among older workers in the United States. METHODS: We applied the Cox regression and probit methods to …panel data taken from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS.) RESULTS: We found that an increase in a person’s working hours reduces the probability of having high blood pressure for male and female workers. CONCLUSION: This study’s findings may raise questions about the need for initiatives in the European Union and other countries that regulate the length of work schedules. Show more

Keywords: Health and retirement survey, older workers, employee health, cox regression

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192862

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 279-285, 2019

Authors: Haraldsson, P. | Jonker, D. | Rolander, B. | Strengbom, E. | Areskoug-Josefsson, K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational health services (OHS) are rarely involved in preventive issues and systematic work environment management. The Structured Multidisciplinary Work Evaluation Tool (SMET) questionnaire was created to address the lack of multidisciplinary/multifactorial OHS tools with the aim to be used in preventive issues and systematic work environment management. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate trustworthiness of the inter-rater reliability in the qualitative analysis of the open-ended items and intra-rater reliability of the self-estimated items in the SMET questionnaire. METHODS: A qualitative comparison of the inter-rater reliability in the qualitative analysis of the open-ended …items was performed to evaluate trustworthiness. The intra-rater reliability of the self-estimated items in the SMET questionnaire were analysed with Elisabet Svensson method. RESULTS: Qualitative analysis of the open-ended items showed good trustworthiness. The self-estimated items showed a high percent agreement (PA), 0.98–0.99 in the physically, 0.99 in the environmentally and 0.98–1.0 in the psychosocially demanding items. A low degree of systematic errors and individual variability were found. CONCLUSIONS: The SMET questionnaire shows good trustworthiness and intra-rater reliability and can be used to follow up and evaluate work environmental interventions. Show more

Keywords: Occupational health care, pragmatic value, validity, work environment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192863

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 287-297, 2019

Authors: Dainter, K.M. | McKinlay, A. | Grace, R.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major health problem for adults aged 50–65 years. Mild/moderate TBI in older adults has implications for the workforce and the individual’s quality of life (QOL). OBJECTIVE: To compare changes in life roles, QOL, daily activity performance, perceptions of support available and rehabilitative experiences among older adults with predominantly mTBI and orthopaedic injury (OI). METHODS: The study included 15 individuals with TBI (13 mild, 2 moderate) and 15 with OI (50–65 years), with injuries sustained more than 6 months prior to. A semi-structured interview retrieved background information, and satisfaction with …life roles and daily activities. The World Health Organisation Quality of Life Questionnaire - 100 Version was used to examine QOL, and The Role Checklist was administered to assessed change in life roles. RESULTS: Independent samples t- tests revealed older adults with mTBI experienced more role losses, had lower QOL, and were less satisfied with daily activity performance than those with OI. Regression analysis revealed mTBI significantly predicts QOL (except physical domain) when controlling for gender, age at injury and time since injury. CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrate the detrimental impact of predominantly mild TBI on older adults’ life roles and QOL, and highlights need for services that adequately support older adults who have experienced mTBI, so they can return to their pre-injury life roles and maintain QOL. Show more

Keywords: Life satisfaction, daily activities, social relationships, employment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192864

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 299-307, 2019

Authors: Bazazan, Ahmad | Rasoulzadeh, Yahya | Dianat, Iman | Safaiyan, Abdolrasoul | Mombeini, Zohreh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Shift working is unavoidable in many industries with continual material processing such as petrochemical plants. So, the adverse effects of shift working on workers should be seriously considered. OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study evaluated occupational fatigue and mental health complaints and their relationship in rotating 8-hour shift workers. METHOD: In this study, 287 shift workers participated. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used to evaluate the level of fatigue and mental health, respectively. RESULT: A relatively high prevalence of mental health complaints (particularly social dysfunction) and fatigue (especially general …fatigue) were found among the study population. In general, 43.4% of participants reported a mental health problem. A moderate correlation was found between fatigue and mental health (r = 0.58). The stepwise regression model revealed that fatigue was significantly related only to “anxiety and insomnia” and “severe depression”. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the 8 h shift workers in studied areas are exposed to a considerable risk of mental health and fatigue. So, improving the ergonomics and health aspects of the workplace is recommended to reduce related risk factors. Show more

Keywords: Shift work, petrochemical, ergonomics, iran, fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192865

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 309-317, 2019

Authors: Sharma, Bhanu | Nowrouzi-Kia, Behdin | Mollayeva, Tatyana | Kontos, Pia | Grigorovich, Alisa | Liss, Gary | Gibson, Brian | Mantis, Steve | Lewko, John | Colantonio, Angela

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although work-related injuries are on the decline, rates of work-related traumatic brain injury (wrTBI) continue to rise. As even mild wrTBI can result in cognitive, behavioural, and functional impairments that can last for months and even years, injury prevention is a primary research focus. Administrative claims data have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms that cause wrTBI; however, data from the perspective of injured workers on wrTBI prevention is limited. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to better understand the factors that precipitate wrTBI, as perceived by injured workers. METHODS: We recruited 101 injured workers from a …neurology services clinic with a province-wide catchment area in a large, urban teaching hospital and studied perceived preventability of these injuries from the injured workers’ perspective. RESULTS: Key findings were that nearly 80% of injuries were perceived as preventable, and nearly 25% and 50% of workers reported that they did not receive job and health and safety training, respectively. Less than half of all workers reported being regularly supervised, and of those who were supervised, approximately two-thirds reported that supervision was adequate. Moreover, 84% and 77% reported they were advised to rest and take time-off after the injury, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to show that the vast majority of injured workers consider their wrTBI to be preventable. In addition, we found that training and supervision are two areas that can be targeted by wrTBI prevention strategies. Our study provides valuable and unique perspectives to consider when designing wrTBI prevention initiatives. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192866

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 319-325, 2019

Authors: Siu, Andrew M.H. | Fung, Manfred S.M. | Cheung, Phoebe P.P. | Shea, Chi Kwan | Lau, Benson W.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Young people recovering from drug addiction often face challenges in returning to the job market and in maintaining their jobs. Many of them feel they have no choice but to do entry-level work, and they are often unsure about their work ability and vocational choice. OBJECTIVE: In collaboration with a youth outreach service, this study aims to provide a package of vocational assessment, guidance, and support for these clients. METHODS: Using a strength-based case management framework, we conducted a comprehensive vocational evaluation for each participant (N = 17), which covered self-perception of abilities, work and occupational interests, …work readiness, work-related self-efficacy, and work aptitudes. We presented assessment results to each client and provided guidance on their education, training, or vocational choice. RESULTS: The results of aptitude tests indicate that most participants can cope with an entry-level job. Many participants are strong in jobs that require quick decision-making, sorting, assembly, and clerical tasks, but many are weak in fine manual dexterity and eye-hand-foot coordination. Many participants preferred jobs that are creative, indefinite, and autonomous in nature. CONCLUSION: Longer-term vocational counseling and coaching is needed to help clients make vocational choices and extend their job tenure. Many clients will also need training in job seeking and job maintenance skills. Show more

Keywords: Substance abuse, assessment, guidance, chinese, vocational

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192867

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 327-336, 2019

Authors: Zlatar, Tomi | Torres Costa, José | Vaz, Mário | Santos Baptista, João

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to severe cold thermal environment (SCE) is a significant risk factor in the frozen food industry, influencing health and safety of the employees. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to present the level of knowledge on the influence of SCE on core and skin temperatures. METHODS: The review has been conducted using appropriated keywords and expressions, by searching 21 electronic databases and references of the included articles. Only research articles with healthy subjects and considering exposure to SCE conditions (– 5°C or lower) were considered. RESULTS: Thirteen articles were included in …the systematic review which met the research objective and were in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the included studies measured core or skin temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: The main findings of this review indicate that working in SCE is and will remain an added risk factor. Further studies should be conducted in laboratory and industrial severe cold thermal environments on acclimatized and non-acclimatized subjects, in order to evaluate core and skin temperature variations and its recovery periods. Show more

Keywords: Cold exposure, thermoregulation, body temperature, cold store, occupational health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192868

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 337-352, 2019

Authors: Schnoor, Joerg | Braehler, Elmar | Heyde, Christoph-E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Management by Objectives (MbO) has been shown to establish efficient team work in both industry and medicine. Its most important prerequisite for success is target agreements between managers and medical professionals on equal footing. In medicine, lump-sum financing urges the delivery of a health care service with minimal effort. Consequently, daily clinical life changed, with economic goals seeming to become priority over medical principles. OBJECTIVE: To determine how well MbO can still be practiced in hospitals with lumped treatment prices. METHODS: We used an anonymized questionnaire for already retired physician executives who completed their active …leadership positions between 2010 and 2015 in Saxony (Germany). We asked various type of target agreements that had been used in order to achieve medical or economic targets. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Out of 111 former executives, the questionnaires of 25 respondents could be analysed. Eight respondents confirmed target agreements that were mostly set by managing directors. If used, most targets had not been adapted to the infrastructure and personnel strength, nor were they coordinated with neighbouring departments. Four respondents received financial incentives. Most medical executives were unsatisfied and preferred to abandon further goal setting. Due to the low number of cases, the representativeness of the study is limited. Nevertheless, it might be questioned if a flat-rate remuneration system facilitates the change into an authoritarian leadership concept. Show more

Keywords: Hospital management, economics, targets, Management by Objectives, financial incentives

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192869

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 353-359, 2019

Authors: Marino, D. Joshua | Rivera, Victor | Joseph, James | Williams, Randy | Jeannis, Hervens | Goldberg, Mary | Grindle, Garrett G. | Kimmel, Joshua | Cooper, Rory A.

Article Type: Case Report

Abstract: Despite the Americans with Disabilities Act mandate for reasonable accommodations, wheelchair users are often placed in the role of observer and note-taker when learning machining and fabrication skills due to a lack of accessibility. The focus of this case study report is to identify and develop reasonable accommodations for wheelchair users in an academic machine shop environment to address accessibility limitations of original equipment manufacturer (OEM) machines. Individual wheelchair users working and learning within the Human Engineering Research Laboratories (HERL) were observed and interviewed about their experiences using the machine shop equipment without modifications, followed by further observations after accommodations …were implemented. Show more

Keywords: Machining, engineering, accessibility, worksite accommodations

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-192870

Citation: Work, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 361-370, 2019