Work - Volume 52, issue 2

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152169

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 215-216, 2015

Authors: Bruno Garza, J.L. | Young, J.G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Extended use of conventional computer input devices is associated with negative musculoskeletal outcomes. While many alternative designs have been proposed, it is unclear whether these devices reduce biomechanical loading and musculoskeletal outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To review studies describing and evaluating the biomechanical loading and musculoskeletal outcomes associated with conventional and alternative input devices. METHODS: Included studies evaluated biomechanical loading and/or musculoskeletal outcomes of users’ distal or proximal upper extremity regions associated with the operation of alternative input devices (pointing devices, mice, other devices) that could be used in a desktop personal computing environment during typical office …work. RESULTS: Some alternative pointing device designs (e.g. rollerbar) were consistently associated with decreased biomechanical loading while other designs had inconsistent results across studies. Most alternative keyboards evaluated in the literature reduce biomechanical loading and musculoskeletal outcomes. Studies of other input devices (e.g. touchscreen and gestural controls) were rare, however, those reported to date indicate that these devices are currently unsuitable as replacements for traditional devices. CONCLUSIONS: Alternative input devices that reduce biomechanical loading may make better choices for preventing or alleviating musculoskeletal outcomes during computer use, however, it is unclear whether many existing designs are effective. Show more

Keywords: Human computer interaction, ergonomics, intervention, occupational

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152161

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 217-230, 2015

Authors: Kim, Jeong Ho | Aulck, Lovenoor | Trippany, David | Johnson, Peter W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Contact pressure is a risk factor which can contribute to musculoskeletal disorders. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine whether a work surface with a soft, pliable front edge could reduce contact pressure, muscle activity, and subjective musculoskeletal comfort, and improve wrist posture relative to a conventional, hard work surface. METHODS: In a repeated-measures blinded experiment with eighteen subjects (8 females and 10 males), contact pressure, wrist posture, typing productivity, perceived fatigue, wrist and shoulder muscle activity, and subjective comfort were compared between the two different work surfaces during keyboard use, mouse …use and mixed mouse and keyboard use. RESULTS: The results showed that across the three modes of computer work, the contact pressure was lower on the soft-edge work surface compared to the conventional work surface (p ’s <0.03) and subjects reported to have less perceived fatigue in the forearms and wrists. No differences in muscle activity, wrist posture, and subjective comfort were measured between the two work surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: Given the significant reduction in contact pressure and corresponding lower ratings in perceived fatigue, the soft-edge work surface subjectively and objectively improved measures of contact stress which may reduce physical exposures associated with the onset and development of musculoskeletal disorders. Show more

Keywords: Electromyography, electrogoniometer, contact pressure, office ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152166

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 231-244, 2015

Authors: Odell, Dan | Johnson, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Modern computer users use the mouse almost three times as much as the keyboard. As exposure rates are high, improving upper extremity posture while using a computer mouse is desirable due to the fact that posture is one risk factor for injury. Previous studies have found posture benefits associated with using alternative mouse designs, but at the cost of performance and preference. OBJECTIVE: To develop new computer mouse shapes, evaluate them versus benchmarks, and determine whether there are differences in wrist posture, pointing performance, and subjective measures. METHODS: Three concept mice were designed and evaluated …relative to two existing benchmark models: a traditional flat mouse, and an alternative upright mouse. Using a repeated measures design, twelve subjects performed a standardized point-and-click task with each mouse. Pointing performance and wrist posture was measured, along with perceived fatigue ratings and subjective preferences pre and post use. RESULTS: All of the concept mice were shown to reduce forearm pronation relative to the traditional flat mouse. There were no differences in pointing performance between the traditional flat mouse and the concept mice. In contrast, the fully vertical mouse reduced pronation but had the poorest pointing performance. Perceived fatigue and subjective preferences were consistently better for one concept mouse. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing mouse height and angling the mouse topcase can improve wrist posture without negatively affecting performance. Show more

Keywords: Human-computer interaction, design, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152167

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 245-253, 2015

Authors: Karol, Sohit | Robertson, Michelle M.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sedentary work is associated with many adverse health outcomes, and sit-stand workstations in offices have emerged as a way to counteract sedentary work. OBJECTIVE: This paper reviews the existing knowledge on sit-stand workstations, treadmill workstations and bicycle workstations. METHODS: The inclusion/exclusion criteria were: 1) empirical research examining the effectiveness of sit-stand workstations in lab or field studies, 2) working adult population, 3) sit-stand workstation interventions where workers performed the same task from a seated or standing position, 4) outcomes measures of discomfort (comfort), performance, sit-stand behaviors, user satisfaction, kinematic and physiological measures. Search terms were: …sit-stand, treadmill, bicycle, workstations, sedentary behavior, office ergonomics, and comfort. RESULTS: Many studies considered productivity, comfort and physiological measures as important outcomes to assess the efficacy of sit-stand workstations and the experimental design was variable. Preliminary data suggests that some amount of standing during an 8-hour workday could be beneficial without compromising user comfort or productivity; however, there is very little data on the efficacy of treadmill and bicycle workstations. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these preliminary data from 26 studies, conducting large scale randomized controlled trials with ergonomic training as their essential component is recommended to understand the benefits of sit-stand workstations for prevention of sedentary work. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal symptoms, ergonomics training, productivity, comfort and health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152168

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 255-267, 2015

Authors: Dennerlein, Jack T.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Because mobile computing technologies, such as notebook computers, smart mobile phones, and tablet computers afford users many different configurations through their intended mobility, there is concern about their effects on musculoskeletal pain and a need for usage recommendations. OBJECTIVE: Therefore the main goal of this paper to determine which best practices surrounding the use of mobile computing devices can be gleaned from current field and laboratory studies of mobile computing devices. METHODS: An expert review was completed. RESULTS: Field studies have documented various user configurations, which often include non-neutral postures, that users adopt …when using mobile technology, along with some evidence suggesting that longer duration of use is associated with more discomfort. It is therefore prudent for users to take advantage of their mobility and not get stuck in any given posture for too long. The use of accessories such as appropriate cases or riser stands, as well as external keyboards and pointing devices, can also improve postures and comfort. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the state of ergonomics for mobile technology is a work in progress and there are more research questions to be addressed. Show more

Keywords: Posture, wrist posture, injury, occupation, mobile phones, texting

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152159

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 269-277, 2015

Authors: Kamp, I. | Van Veen, S.A.T. | Vink, P.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of mobile devices as an addition to or replacement of desktop computers for traditional office work results in more flexibility of workplaces. Consequently transportation time is used for office work and this asks for comfortable mobile offices. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is providing a framework of the relevant elements for comfortable mobile offices and defining needs for future research. METHODS: This literature review draws on 68 papers, theses, reviews and critiques. RESULTS: The framework is based on existing literature on traditional office ergonomics and comfort literature for different transportation …modes like trains, buses, airplanes and cars. CONCLUSIONS: The main differences with traditional offices are the type of devices, dynamic versus static situation, the sole use of mobile devices and therefore the need for a good arm support to avoid an uncomfortable neck flexion, limited space, and the presence of strangers which influence the privacy perception. Important topics for future research are: the effect on the employee and the environment of the ability and demand of working anywhere, and the requirements for the physical aspects of mobile offices. Show more

Keywords: Comfort, transportation interior, mobile devices, office ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152165

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 279-287, 2015

Authors: Honan, Meg

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Places of work have been completely transformed by innovations in mobile work tools and ever-present access to internet data. OBJECTIVE: This article characterizes use patterns and provides preliminary considerations for productive and comfortable use of common mobile devices. METHOD: Two surveys described trends in mobile work. In the first, ergonomics professionals who oversee programs reported common mobile devices, their users and what data is accessed. The second, an end user survey, explored common activities performed on mobile devices, duration of use and locations where mobile work is common. RESULTS: The survey results provide …a baseline data point for the status of mobile work in early 2014. DISCUSSION: Research indicates that additional risks have been introduced to the neck, thumbs and hands when using mobile devices. Possible trends regarding device use and work locations emerge. Intervention studies provide some direction for the practitioner. Practical strategies are outlined to reduce exposure intensity and duration. CONCLUSION: Contemporary mobile work presents tremendous change and opportunity for ergonomists and researchers to keep pace with fitting the changing models of work to the person. Continued research is needed on current mobile device use patterns to better understand ergonomic risk exposure in this rapidly changing realm. Show more

Keywords: Mobile device use, collaborative work, exposure, smartphone, tablet, laptop

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152164

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 289-301, 2015

Authors: Gowrisankaran, Sowjanya | Sheedy, James E.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a collection of symptoms related to prolonged work at a computer display. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the current knowledge about the symptoms, related factors and treatment modalities for CVS. METHODS: Relevant literature on CVS published during the past 65 years was analyzed. RESULTS: Symptoms reported by computer users are classified into internal ocular symptoms (strain and ache), external ocular symptoms (dryness, irritation, burning), visual symptoms (blur, double vision) and musculoskeletal symptoms (neck and shoulder pain). The major factors associated with CVS are either environmental (improper lighting, display position …and viewing distance) and/or dependent on the user’s visual abilities (uncorrected refractive error, oculomotor disorders and tear film abnormalities). CONCLUSION: Although the factors associated with CVS have been identified the physiological mechanisms that underlie CVS are not completely understood. Additionally, advances in technology have led to the increased use of hand-held devices, which might impose somewhat different visual challenges compared to desktop displays. Further research is required to better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying CVS and symptoms associated with the use of hand-held and stereoscopic displays. Show more

Keywords: Asthenopia, visual stress, visual-ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152162

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 303-314, 2015

Authors: Osterhaus, Werner | Hemphälä, Hillevi | Nylén, Per

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The visual conditions for computer work are complex and include several factors that need to be well controlled. These factors include the lighting system, the design of the computer and screen itself, the screens position and orientation within the room, the surface reflectances and colours of the room, and the visualability of the worker. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to review the literature (including standards) on lighting for computer work in an accessible summary. This contribution focuses on lighting for computer work, but the reader is reminded of the fact that lighting continuously interacts with the other factors …mentioned above. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The combined visual conditions shall enable the worker to see and perform the work task without causing unnecessary strain for the eyes or the other parts of the body. The main lighting-related factors in the visual environment to evaluate are: illuminance, luminance, direction of light, glare, correlated colour temperature of the light source (CCT), colour rendering of the light source, and the non-visual effects (such as non-visual flicker). A visual ergonomics checklist is presented as a guide to analyse the visual environment. Show more

Keywords: Illuminance, luminance, computer screen, computer work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152163

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 315-328, 2015

Authors: Bartha, Michael C. | Allie, Paul | Kokot, Douglas | Roe, Cynthia Purvis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Computer users continue to report eye and upper body discomfort even as workstation flexibility has improved. Research shows a relationship between character size, viewing distance, and reading performance. Few reports exist regarding text height viewed under normal office work conditions and eye discomfort. OBJECTIVE: This paper reports self-selected computer display placement, text characteristics, and subjective comfort for older and younger computer workers under real-world conditions. METHODS: Computer workers were provided with monitors and adjustable display support(s). In Study 1, older workers wearing progressive-addition lenses (PALs) were observed. In study 2, older workers wearing multifocal lenses …and younger workers were observed. RESULTS: Workers wearing PALs experienced less eye and body discomfort with adjustable displays, and less eye and neck discomfort for text visual angles near or greater than ergonomic recommendations. Older workers wearing multifocal correction positioned displays much lower than younger workers. In general, computer users did not adjust character size to ensure that fovial images of text fell within the recommended range. CONCLUSIONS: Ergonomic display placement recommendations should be different for computer users wearing multifocal correction for presbyopia. Ergonomic training should emphasize adjusting text size for user comfort. Show more

Keywords: Monitor placement, display tilt, display height, age-related vision impairments, text size

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152158

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 329-342, 2015

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152170

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 343-343, 2015

Authors: Ali, Akhter | Erenstein, Olaf | Rahut, Dil Bahadur

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In the rural areas of Pakistan, the majority of farm households have small landholdings of less than 2 hectares. Both male and females are engaged in farming and non-farming activities. However, in Pakistan the gender-wise participation in farming activities is not much documented. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the current study is to estimate the impact of male and female participation in non-farming activities on a household’s income level and poverty status in Pakistan. METHODS: The current study is based on a cross-sectional data set collected from 325 households through a purposive random sampling technique. …A detailed comprehensive questionnaire was prepared for data collection. The data were analyzed by employing the propensity score matching approach. RESULTS: The empirical results indicate that both male and female participation in non-farming activities has a positive impact on household welfare in Pakistan by raising income levels and thus contributing to poverty reduction. However, the impact is greater when the males of a household take part in these activities rather than the females. CONCLUSIONS: In the past only a few studies have focused on gender-based participation in non-farming activities. The non-farming sector is an important one in rural areas, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. More opportunities need to be created for both men and women in rural areas of Pakistan to find off-farm work, in order to increase household income and reduce poverty levels. Show more

Keywords: Non-farming opportunities, rural areas, propensity score matching

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152103

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 345-351, 2015

Authors: White, Marc I. | Wagner, Shannon L. | Schultz, Izabela Z. | Murray, Eleanor | Bradley, Susan M. | Hsu, Vernita | McGuire, Lisa | Schulz, Werner

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Workplace stakeholders report the identification and translation of relevant high quality research to inform workplace disability policy and practice is a challenge. The present study engaged academic and community stakeholders in conducting a best evidence-synthesis to identify non-modifiable risk and protective worker and workplace factors impacting work-related absence across a variety of health conditions. OBJECTIVE: To identify non-modifiable worker and workplace disability risk and protective factors impacting work-related absence across common health conditions. METHODS: The research team searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, BusinessSource-Complete, and ABI/Inform from 2000 to 2011. Quantitative, qualitative, or …mixed methods systematic reviews of work-focused population were considered for inclusion. Two or more reviewers independently reviewed articles for inclusion and methodological screening. RESULTS: The search strategy, including expert input and grey literature, led to the identification of 2,467 unique records. From this initial search, 2325 were eliminated by title or abstract review, 142 articles underwent comprehensive review to assess for inclusion, 26 systematic reviews met eligibility criteria for this synthesis. For non-modifiable worker and workplace factors we found consistent evidence across two or more health conditions for increased risk of disability in situations where workers experience lower education, older age, emotional distress, poor personal functioning, decreased physical functioning, psychological symptoms, overweight status, and greater sick leave history. LIMITATIONS: Heterogeneity of existing literature due to differences in outcome measures, definitions and research designs limited ability to assess effect size and results reflect findings limited to English-language papers. Show more

Keywords: Disability prevention, risk factors, protective factors, occupational health, work, health, absenteeism

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152134

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 353-373, 2015

Authors: Blacklock, R.E. | Reilly, T.J. | Spivock, M. | Newton, P.S. | Olinek, S.M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: An objective and scientific task analysis provides the basis for establishing legally defensible Physical Employment Standards (PES), based on common and essential occupational tasks. Infrequent performance of these tasks creates challenges when developing PES based on criterion, or content validity. OBJECTIVE: Develop a systematic approach using Subject Matter Experts (SME) to provide tasks with 1) an occupationally relevant scenario considered common to all personnel; 2) a minimum performance standard defined by time, distance, load or work. Examples provided here relate to the development of a new PES for the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). METHODS: …SME of various experience are selected based on their eligibility criteria. SME are required to define a reasonable scenario for each task from personal experience, provide occupational performance requirements of the scenario in sub-groups, and discuss and agree by consensus vote on the final standard based on the definition of essential . RESULTS: A common and essential task for the CAF is detailed as a case example of process application. Techniques to avoid common SME rating errors are discussed and advantages to the method described. CONCLUSION: The SETS method was developed as a systematic approach to setting occupational performance standards and qualifying information from SME. Show more

Keywords: Subject Matter Expert, fitness standard development, Physical Employment Standard

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152128

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 375-383, 2015

Authors: Gallè, Francesca | Di Onofrio, Valeria | Arpesella, Marisa | Bacci, Silvia | Bianco, Antonino | Brandi, Giorgio | Bruno, Stefania | Anastasi, Daniela | Carraro, Elisabetta | Flacco, Maria Elena | Giampaoli, Saverio | Izzotti, Alberto | Leoni, Erica | Bertoncello, Chiara | Minelli, Liliana | Napoli, Christian | Nobile, Carmelo | Pasquarella, Cesira | Liguori, Giorgio | Romano Spica, Vincenzo | SItI Working Group on Movement Sciences for Health (GMSH)

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In Italy, students from Movement Science (MS) Degree Courses often work in sport and recreational facilities before graduation. OBJECTIVE: The employment conditions of Movement Science students working in sport/recreational facilities were investigated, and the management and structural features of the facilities were evaluated, including safety policies. Regional differences were also considered. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered to undergraduate and graduate students (N  = 4,217) in 17 Universities. Students’ perceptions of the quality of the facilities where they had been employed was evaluated using multivariate analysis. A latent class model with covariates was used to evaluate how variables …relating to participants, employment facilities or regions influence their opinions. RESULTS: A high proportion of MS students were employed in sporting facilities (undergraduate level: 33% ; graduate level: 55%), in most cases without any formal employment contracts. Both the structural and hygienic features, as well as the professional knowledge of the staff, were considered good to excellent by the majority of participants (about 70%). Communication of the basic behavioral rules was considered adequate by 61–63% of undergraduate students and 71–75% of graduate students, while nearly half of the participants were dissatisfied with the staff safety training. Correlations between the perceived good structural/hygienic conditions, the presence of regulations and training programs for the staff were investigated. Differences regarding occupational level and safety training among different regions of Italy were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Italian students in Movement Science were easily employed in sport/recreational facilities, but frequently without a formal contract. This is a consequence of the lack of specific regulations in the field of recreational/leisure employment and could have negative implications, especially in terms of safety. Show more

Keywords: Movement science degree, university students, job market, sport/recreational facilities, safety regulations, safety training, hygienic requirements

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152116

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 385-392, 2015

Authors: Maldonado-Macías, Aidé | Realyvásquez, Arturo | Hernández, Juan Luis | García-Alcaraz, Jorge

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Manufacturing industry workers who repair computers may be exposed to ergonomic risk factors. OBJECTIVES: This project analyzes the tasks involved in the computer repair process to (1) find the risk level for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and (2) propose ergonomic interventions to address any ergonomic issues. METHODS: Work procedures and main body postures were video recorded and analyzed using task analysis, the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) postural method, and biomechanical analysis. RESULTS: High risk for MSDs was found on every subtask using REBA. Although biomechanical analysis found an acceptable mass center displacement during …tasks, a hazardous level of compression on the lower back during computer's transportation was detected. CONCLUSIONS: This assessment found ergonomic risks mainly in the trunk, arm/forearm, and legs; the neck and hand/wrist were also compromised. Opportunities for ergonomic analyses and interventions in the design and execution of computer repair tasks are discussed. Show more

Keywords: Task analysis, postural analysis, REBA, biomechanical analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152118

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 393-405, 2015

Authors: Bergman, David | Liljefors, Ingrid | Palm, Kristina

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Over the past decades, the work environment of physicians has been deteriorating, particularly for female physicians. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we evaluated the effects of dialogue groups on the work environment of physicians in relation to gender. METHODS: Sixty physicians (38 women) at Sachs’ Children’s Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, participated in dialogue groups once a month during a period of one year. Assessments of their psychosocial work environment were performed before and after the intervention. RESULTS: At baseline, female physicians experienced their work environment as less satisfactory compared to male physicians. After the …intervention, the female physicians perceived improvements in more areas than their male colleagues. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that female physicians at this clinic were disadvantaged in relation to the work environment, but, more importantly, the findings suggest that several of the disadvantages can be reduced. Dialogue groups appear to improve the physicians’ work environment and promote gender equality. Show more

Keywords: Work environment, physicians, gender differences, dialogue groups, longitudinal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152105

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 407-417, 2015

Authors: Julian, Christopher H. | Valente, Juliana M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work provides daily structure, physical and mental activity, interpersonal contact, social status, self-esteem, respect of others, and the ability to use acquired skills. Wounded, ill, or injured soldiers are often removed from duty and assigned or attached to a Warrior Transition Unit during medical and rehabilitation management. Separation from meaningful employment can lead to negative physical and behavioral health outcomes that may impact an active duty soldier’s ability to resume work. OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study explored the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) psychosocial factors of Personal Causation, Values, Interests, Roles, Habits, and Perceptions of Environment related to …returning to work in US Army Soldiers in a Warrior Transition Unit (WTU) at a large military medical center. METHODS: Single data collection sessions were held for 34 soldiers using the following instruments: a demographic and work status questionnaire, the Role Checklist, and the Worker Role Interview (WRI). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square analysis, and the Mann Whitney U test were used to analyze the results. RESULTS: Analysis revealed that one WRI item related to Personal Causation and three items related to Roles and Habits were supportive factors for successfully returning to employment among soldiers that were working or engaged in returning to work. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences among psychosocial factors related to returning to work between soldiers who are currently working or have returned to work and those who have not. Longitudinal studies could help to clarify how these factors augment a soldier’s rehabilitation at a WTU. Show more

Keywords: Employment, military, worker role interview, model of human occupation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152113

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 419-431, 2015

Authors: Huang, Yanqun | Li, Xu | Zhang, Jie

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The discrepancy between human cognition and machine requirements/behaviors usually results in serious mental thinking mapping loads or even disasters in product operating. It is important to help people avoid human-machine interaction confusions and difficulties in today’s mental work mastered society. OBJECTIVE: Improving the usability of a product and minimizing user’s thinking mapping and interpreting load in human-machine interactions. METHODS: An optimal human-machine interface design method is introduced, which is based on the purpose of minimizing the mental load in thinking mapping process between users’ intentions and affordance of product interface states. By analyzing the users’ …thinking mapping problem, an operating action model is constructed. According to human natural instincts and acquired knowledge, an expected ideal design with minimized thinking loads is uniquely determined at first. Then, creative alternatives, in terms of the way human obtains operational information, are provided as digital interface states datasets. In the last, using the cluster analysis method, an optimum solution is picked out from alternatives, by calculating the distances between two datasets. RESULTS: Considering multiple factors to minimize users’ thinking mapping loads, a solution nearest to the ideal value is found in the human-car interaction design case. CONCLUSIONS: The clustering results show its effectiveness in finding an optimum solution to the mental load minimizing problems in human-machine interaction design. Show more

Keywords: Usability, mental load, user model, interface design

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152112

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 433-440, 2015

Authors: Serra, Andrey J. | Brito, Wellington F. | Antonio, Ednei L. | Santana, Eduardo T. | Bocalini, Danilo S. | dos Santos, Luis F.N. | Deana, Alessandro M. | Rambo, Caroline Sobral de Melo | de Carvalho, Paulo de Tarso Camillo | Silva Jr, José A. | Tucci, Paulo J.F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies on the relationship between physical activity (PA) and being overweight/obese are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of excess body weight (EBW) and its association with daily PA level in a sample of 1506 Brazilian teachers. METHODS: The PA level was analyzed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and EBW was categorized as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 and called ‘overweight’. Chi-squared test and odds ratios (OR) were applied in the analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of persons who were overweight was lower as a …function of higher PA levels and higher PA levels resulted in a lower prevalence of overweight for men and women, respectively. The authors found that for men, moderate (OR: 1.69; P  = 0.03) and high (OR: 2.57; P  = 0.002) PA levels were predictive for being in the normal body mass index (BMI) range. In women, a greater association of being in the normal BMI range was reported only for a moderate PA level (OR: 1.43; P  = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Higher daily PA levels are associated with being in the normal BMI range. To date, these findings will have important public health implications for an effective plan for the prevention of weight gain in Brazilian teachers. Show more

Keywords: Health promotion, lifestyle, professor

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152130

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 441-446, 2015

Authors: Müssener, Ulrika | Ståhl, Christian | Söderberg, Elsy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Among the many aspects of the rehabilitation process that may be relevant for its outcome, the impact of encounters with various professionals has received little attention. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to gain a deeper understanding of how individuals with experiences of being on sick leave perceive their encounters with professionals, and how such encounters affected their ability to return to work, as well as their attitudes towards the sickness insurance system. METHODS: An inductive qualitative approach was used to analyze data from 20 interviews with men and women, aged 33–59, in Sweden who had experience …of being on sick leave for at least 28 days. RESULTS: The study shows how interviewees encounters with professionals affected their self-confidence and perception of their ability to return to work. Professionals’ treatment of people on sick leave seems to be affected by the structural prerequisites for offering support, where sickness insurance regulations are suggested to have a large impact. CONCLUSIONS: An encouraging and supportive attitude on the part of the professionals is essential for empowering people to handle obstacles during the rehabilitation process; whereas feeling rejected and belittled in the return to work process may lead to disempowerment, and/or delays in measures and longer periods on sick leave. Show more

Keywords: Sickness absence, rehabilitation, lay person, sick leave, professionals

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152121

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 447-455, 2015

Authors: Dunn, Louise | Diener, Marissa | Wright, Cheryl | Wright, Scott | Narumanchi, Amruta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Within a life span approach, introducing opportunities to explore careers through activities of interest provide ways for children to learn to explore, problem solve, and envision a future for themselves. However, little information exists about programs to promote social engagement and to explore potential career interests for youth with autism. OBJECTIVE: Explore engagement and learning in a technology-based extracurricular program (called iSTAR) for youth with autism. METHODS: The researchers used a qualitative approach with grounded-theory analysis to explore the processes that contributed to engagement and learning for youth with autism in an technology-based extracurricular program. …FINDINGS: Youth Centered Learning and Opportunities to Demonstrate Skills emerged as themes that illuminated the processes by which engagement and learning occurred for the youth in the iSTAR program. Interest in the graphics program stimulated interactions amongst the youth with each other and with the adults. Modeling, demonstration, and scaffolded questioning supported engagement and learning for all the youth. Providing structure, encouraging choices, and following the youths’ lead provided bridges for sharing and learning about the technology program. CONCLUSIONS: Career exploration through use of interests in technology can provide opportunities for youth with autism to develop social and technical skills needed later for employment. Providing an environment that recognizes and builds on the youths’ strengths and supports their autonomy and choices are critical components to promote their positive development and career potential. Show more

Keywords: Strength-based, interests, school-aged children, positive youth development

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-152160

Citation: Work, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 457-468, 2015