Work - Volume 48, issue 3

Authors: Araten-Bergman, Tal | Stein, Michael Ashley

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Employment, social capital, and community participation have emerged in recent years as significant concepts for realizing the human rights of individuals with disabilities. Yet the theoretical interrelationship of these concepts remains largely overlooked, as does the empirical basis for understanding the underlying connections. OBJECTIVES: This study explores the relationship between employment status, social capital, community participation, and well-being among Israelis with disabilities. It also explores the unique contribution of social capital …to the well-being and integration of individuals with disabilities. METHOD: 274 participants with self-reported disabilities completed a questionnaire containing measures of individual social capital, community participation, well-being, and background data. Correlation and Univariate analysis were used to compare scores between employed (n=131) and non-employed (n=143) participants, and logistic regression analysis was conducted to test the unique contribution of employment to social inclusion and well-being. RESULTS: Employed participants reported significantly higher levels of social capital and were more integrated in leisure and civic activities than their non-employed counterparts. Moreover, employment status was found to have a significant contribution to the variance in the subjective well-being of participants. CONCLUSIONS: By more fully understanding the importance of social capital for community inclusion, practitioners can better address the importance of network-building during the rehabilitation process as a means of promoting social and vocational integration. Show more

Keywords: Community integration, labor force participation, bonding capital, bridging capital

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131779

Citation: Work, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 381-390, 2014

Authors: McCluskey, Serena | Brooks, Joanna | King, Nigel | Burton, Kim

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Treatment expectations form a fundamental component of the self-regulatory model of health behavior, which defines such cognitions as illness perceptions. Unrealistic and/or unhelpful treatment expectations have been linked to detrimental clinical and work outcomes in those with persistent low back pain. However, research of this nature has rarely focused on the influence of 'significant others' (spouse/partner/close family member). OBJECTIVE: To provide an in-depth examination of the treatment expectations of the 'significant others' of …individuals who have become unable to work due to persistent low back pain, highlighting how significant others may influence recovery and work participation outcomes for such individuals. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample (n=18) of work disability benefit claimants and their significant others were recruited from two settings in the North of England. METHOD: A qualitative research design was employed, and semi-structured interviews based on the chronic pain version of the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire-Revised were conducted with claimants and their significant others. Interview data were analysed using template analysis. RESULTS: It was found that significant others expected a substantial reduction or complete removal of pain in order for treatment to be considered successful. The pursuit of diagnostic tests was important in validating such expectations, and there was continued scepticism of treatments already undertaken or offered as an alternative. Like the individuals affected, significant others believed that a correct diagnosis had not yet been received, which led to a continued delay in return to work. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that significant others have similar unrealistic and/or unhelpful treatment expectations to those widely reported by individuals with persistent low back pain, and could further reinforce such illness perceptions and serve as wider psychosocial obstacles to recovery and continued work participation. Show more

Keywords: Back pain, illness perceptions, significant others, work disability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131789

Citation: Work, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 391-398, 2014

Authors: Bellman, Scott | Burgstahler, Sheryl | Ladner, Richard

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This case study describes evidence-based practices employed by a collection of University of Washington projects that engage high school and postsecondary students with disabilities in work-based learning experiences such as industry and research internships, career development activities, job shadows, field trips, and mock interviews. The purpose of the article is two-fold. First, authors share best practices with others who wish to increase the participation of students with disabilities in work-based learning and …thereby contribute to their academic and career success. The article discusses methods used to recruit students, employers and mentors, match students with specific opportunities, and prepare students for success. Second, authors share outcomes from studies regarding participation in these work-based learning opportunities, which include increased employment success, motivation to work toward a career, knowledge about careers and the workplace, job-related skills, ability to work with supervisors and coworkers, skills in self-advocating for accommodations, and perceived career options. Show more

Keywords: Disability, careers, internships, self-advocacy, accommodations, work-based learning

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131780

Citation: Work, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 399-405, 2014

Authors: Gragoudas, Stelios

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: It seems as if youth with disabilities are not graduation high school with the skills that they need to secure employment once they graduate. Particular, they are not graduating with self-determination skills. Instruction in self-determination skills enable youth to be leaders in their own lives and make decisions that will shape their future. This is especially true as they are transitioning from school to the workforce. Youth with disabilities must have a clear understanding of …their abilities and be able to identify and request, and advocate for reasonable accommodations in the workplace. In addition, they must be prepared to negotiate how the accommodations are going to be presented within the work setting. OBJECTIVE: To present an overview of the literature that will demonstrate that self-determination skills are essential to youth with disabilities finding and securing employment. METHOD: An Eric and psycinfo Internet search was performed to gather articles and books concerning self-determination. RESULTS: The results section includes a number of strategies that teachers and practitioners can use directly with their students and their clients. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, by incorporating self-determination skills training into the curriculum for transition-aged youth with disabilities they will be prepared to enter and succeed inthe labor force. Show more

Keywords: Student involvement, empowerment, employment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131782

Citation: Work, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 407-411, 2014

Authors: Nochajski, Susan M. | Schweitzer, Jo A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The successful transition of students from high school to adult occupations, including work and independent living, has been a major focus of the educational reform movement in the United States. However, despite good intentions, students with disabilities have less favorable transition outcomes than do students in the general population and employment opportunities are even less promising for students with emotional/behavioral disorders (EBD). Objective: The purpose of this model demonstration project, funded …by the US Department of Education, was to develop a program based on identified best practices to facilitate successful school to work transition for students with EBD. PARTICIPANTS: 47 students with EBD between the ages of 14 and 19 were participants in this project. The majority of participants in the project were white males with a generic diagnosis of a disruptive personality disorder. METHODS: Five cohort groups of students participated in a four phase program; Phase 1 – School-based Learning, Phase 2 – Community Involvement, Phase 3 – Paid, Supported Work Experience, and Phase 4 – Competitive Employment and Follow-Up. RESULTS: At the conclusion of the project, 30% of the project participants were competitively employed. Students had the most difficulty in Phase 3, but 81% of those who successfully completed Phase 3 obtained and retained competitive employment for a least one year. Four case studies are presented to illustrate findings. CONCLUSIONS: The School to Work Transition Program model shows promise for providing interventions to promote successful transition for students with EBD. Further research on the effectiveness of the overall model, as well as specific components of the model, is needed. Show more

Keywords: Employment, post-secondary outcomes, students with disabilities, occupation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131790

Citation: Work, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 413-422, 2014

Authors: Kalef, Laura | Barrera, Magda | Heymann, Jody

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite significant gains in legal rights for people with disabilities, the employment rate for individuals with disabilities in many countries remains extremely low. Programs to promote the inclusion of people with disabilities in the workforce can have an important impact on individuals' economic and social prospects, as well as societal benefits. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to explore Telenor Open Mind, a job training program at Norway's largest telecommunications company with financial support from …Norway's Labor and Welfare Organization (NAV), which acts as a springboard for individuals with disabilities into the workplace. METHODS: A qualitative case study design was utilized to explore the Telenor Open Mind Program. Drawing on field research conducted in Oslo during 2011, this article explores subjective experiences of individuals involved with the program, through interviews and program observations. RESULTS: Telenor Open Mind's two-year program is comprised of a three month training period, in which individuals participate in computer and self-development courses followed by a 21-month paid internship where participants gain hands-on experience. The program has an average 75% rate of employment upon completion and a high rate of participant satisfaction. Participation in the program led to increased self-confidence and social development. The company experienced benefits from greater workplace satisfaction and reductions in sick leave rates. CONCLUSIONS: The Telenor Open Mind program has provided benefits for participants, the company, and society as a whole. Participants gain training, work experience, and increased employability. Telenor gains dedicated and trained employees, in addition to reducing sick leave absences among all employees. Finally, society benefits from the Open Mind program as the individuals who gain employment become tax-payers, and no longer need to receive benefits from the government. Show more

Keywords: Disability, work, inclusion, equity, public-private partnership

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131783

Citation: Work, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 423-434, 2014

Authors: Hallden, Jennifer

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A state's legislation dictates the expectations in the handling of work-related injuries. However, the reality is that positive outcomes depend more on a company's value system, such as whether an organization views its employees as assets rather than liabilities, than on legal protections. This article reviews the workers' compensation system in the United States and the false assumptions that create barriers to effective and timely resolution of claims. The United States workers' compensation system is a …very reactive process. Professionals in the workers' compensation field who work with employers, medical providers, and insurance companies regularly encounter deeply ingrained assumptions that create unnecessary barriers to injured workers' opportunities to participate in transitional work and modified duty while recovering from a work-related injury. Regardless of the size or type of the employer, the jurisdiction where the injury occurred, or the type of claim management organization, these perceptions continue to permeate the industry. This article addresses these assumptions and offers suggestions for a more proactive approach to achieve quicker and more successful outcomes. Show more

Keywords: Barriers, assumptions, modified duty, proactive, teamwork, workers' compensation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141909

Citation: Work, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 435-439, 2014

Authors: Brown, Pat | Johnson, Kurt

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Disability prevalence in older adults is increasing. Given the low rates of employment among people with disabilities, especially those aging with multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury (SCI), late effects of polio (LEP), and muscular dystrophy (MD), services from federal-state vocational rehabilitation (VR) programs could positively impact employment status. OBJECTIVE: To describe VR services for individuals aging with MS, SCI, LEP and MD and the impact of aging on employment status. PARTICIPANTS: …Thirteen Washington State VR counselors and 26 individuals, 45 to 65 years old, with MS, MD, LEP or SCI. METHODS: We examined national Rehabilitation Services Administration data (2006, 2007), including case closure, service outcomes and other demographics. We then purposively selected Washington State for our study. Interviews provided consumer and counselor perspectives on the components of successful case closure (employed) and the impact of aging and disability on employment. RESULTS: Washington State and national data were similar. Organizational and individual factors influence the effectiveness of VR services. CONCLUSION: People who could benefit from VR services are not being served; those who are served, are getting neither comprehensive services nor high quality outcomes. Additional research is needed to understand the variables associated with effective use of VR services. Show more

Keywords: Employment, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, late effects of polio

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131781

Citation: Work, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 441-451, 2014

Authors: Benshoff, Laura | Barrera, Magda | Heymann, Jody

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In India, the low rate of employment of people with disabilities is a large problem in the growing economy. Looking at one advocacy group's strategies for influencing the private sector and lobbying the Indian government for more responsive employment policies, this article focuses on NCPEDP's holistic approach to increasing employment of people with disabilities as an example of notable, innovative practice. The article examines NCPEDP's strategies towards the private sector, public policy, and civil society, …including its Disability Awards (highlighting inclusive workplaces), the 2001 and 2011 Census campaigns' efforts for people with disabilities to become accurately counted, and its networks of disability organizations that disseminate relevant information and campaign for greater equality across the nation. The benefits and limitations of these strategies are then assessed for lessons regarding the strategies available to small nongovernmental organizations seeking to influence employment, the private sector and public policy in other settings. Show more

Keywords: Rights-based advocacy, employment, national policy, India

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131785

Citation: Work, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 453-464, 2014