Work - Volume 47, issue 3

Authors: Ferronato, Luisa | Ukovic, Amelia

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This paper will focus on work-based environments, assistive technology solutions and compensatory strategies for people with low vision (that is, when vision cannot be satisfactorily corrected by spectacles/lenses). It presents two case studies to illustrate how functional capacity within a workplace can be maximized for individuals with vision impairment through a range of interventions. Each case study will demonstrate how the provision of a holistic suite of services delivered by a multidisciplinary team achieves …positive and sustainable work outcomes for this cohort. One case study features an individual in a manual work role and the other in an office-based role. The following aspects of service delivery will be illustrated by each case study: Importance of comprehensive workplace and low vision assessment. Vocational planning. Compensatory strategies for job/task specific duties. Assistive technology and workplace modifications. Independent and safe travel skills to, from and within the workplace. Employer and co-worker training. Show more

Keywords: Vision impairment, employment, assessment, disability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131770

Citation: Work, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 381-386, 2014

Authors: Fostervold, Knut Inge | Watten, Reidulf G. | Volden, Frode

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The literature discussing visual ergonomics often mention that human vision is adapted to light emitted by the sun. However, theoretical and practical implications of this viewpoint is seldom discussed or taken into account. OBJECTIVE: The paper discusses some of the main theoretical implications of an evolutionary approach to visual ergonomics. DISCUSSION: Based on interactional theory and ideas from ecological psychology an evolutionary stress model is proposed as a theoretical framework for …future research in ergonomics and human factors. The model stresses the importance of developing work environments that fits with our evolutionary adaptations. In accordance with evolutionary psychology, the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) and evolutionarily-novel environments (EN) are used as key concepts. Using work with visual display units (VDU) as an example, the paper discusses how this knowledge can be utilized in an ergonomic analysis of risk factors in the work environment. CONCLUSION: The paper emphasises the importance of incorporating evolutionary theory in the field of ergonomics. Further, the paper encourages scientific practices that further our understanding of any phenomena beyond the borders of traditional proximal explanations. Show more

Keywords: Visual ecology, human nature, environment, evolution, visual display unit (VDU)

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131771

Citation: Work, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 387-397, 2014

Authors: Nylén, P. | Favero, F. | Glimne, S. | Teär Fahnehjelm, K. | Eklund, J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In many western countries individuals will need to continue their professional careers beyond the current retirement age. This requires adaptation of the working conditions to compensate for age related visual changes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to compile and structure knowledge concerning age related changes in visual and non-visual functions among older-age workers and to describe in what way these changes relate to light and work performance. METHOD: An …overview of the literature was performed in PubMed and EMBASE concerning visual changes among elderly people, light, visual ergonomics and consequences at work. RESULTS: Visual conditions and lighting design have an impact on work performance in those over age 65 even if there are few studies available. Natural age related changes in the eyes or ocular diseases can result in reduced visual function and performance. Moreover, evidence of the importance of light and dark rhythms for circadian regulation is mounting; there are indications that the older-age population might need specific attention related to this issue. Finally, visual deteriorations might also, secondarily, induce strained postures and musculoskeletal symptoms, pain and injury. CONCLUSION: Age-related changes in the eyes and also ocular diseases among older-age people have an impact on well-being and work performance, and therefore call for reconsideration of their working conditions. Knowledge about how visual functions, light and ocular diseases is needed for work design and preventive actions. Show more

Keywords: Retirement age, visual function, visual perception, circadian rhythm

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141832

Citation: Work, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 399-412, 2014

Authors: Richter, Hans O.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A time honored dictum states that the eyes "lead the body", i.e. that the body typically adjust its position to compensate for an impoverished retinal image (e.g., as due to optical blur, and/or inappropriately sized visual target). But only moderate or low level of evidence exists in support of this view. Inconclusive evidence does not, however, equal negative evidence. The accommodation/vergence system does exhibit signs of overload in contemporary working life, including eye discomfort, transient myopia, …altered pattern of eye-lens oscillations, and associated phoria. Accommodation/vergence overload, caused by non-ergonomic near work, may also emerge as quickly as within one regular workday. Long-term musculoskeletal consequences of high accommodation/vergence demands have nevertheless not yet been studied in any detail. A research agenda which aims to provide multi-scientific evidence for eye-neck/shoulder interactions with public health implications and which also, in addition, study the eye-neck/shoulder mechanisms and elucidates the operating characteristics, should consequently be highly warranted. This new knowledge would be useful for physiotherapists, ergonomists and opticians, who in their profession treat patients experiencing vision- and musculoskeletal disorders. If both visual and the musculoskeletal aspects are given full and equal weight in the design and evaluation of work places, it is predicted to lead to an improved quality of life for the individual worker, and an enhanced productivity for the employer. Show more

Keywords: Accommodation, asthenopia, gaze stabilization, electromyography, computer work, visual Ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-131776

Citation: Work, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 413-418, 2014

Authors: Long, Jennifer | Richter, Hans

Article Type: Other

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-141820

Citation: Work, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 419-420, 2014