Journal of Alzheimer's Disease - Volume 56, issue 4

Authors: Chang, Ki Jung | Hong, Chang Hyung | Lee, Kang Soo | Kang, Dae Ryong | Lee, Jeong Dong | Choi, Seong Hye | Kim, Seong Yoon | Na, Duk L. | Seo, Sang Won | Kim, Do-Kwan | Lee, Yunhwan | Chung, Young Ki | Lim, Ki Young | Noh, Jai Sung | Park, Jungsik | Son, Sang Joon

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background/Objective: We aimed to compare the risk of mortality in patients with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) versus those with late-onset AD (LOAD) using a large number of study subjects. We applied propensity score matching (PSM) to minimize confounding biases in the comparison between EOAD and LOAD. Methods: We obtained data from elderly Korean subjects with AD (n  = 3,611) at baseline from the CREDOS cohort study, which was conducted from November 2005 to July 2013. We conducted PSM to reduce the bias due to confounding variables related to survival in patients with AD. The risks of mortality associated …with EOAD and LOAD were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard analyses, controlling for relevant covariates. Results: After propensity score matching, 312 subjects with EOAD and 624 subjects with LOAD were selected for further analysis. The Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that patients with EOAD are at a greater risk for mortality compared to those with LOAD (Hazard Ratio: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.01–4.00, p -value: 0.04) when controlling for the direct effect of aging on mortality. The results did not change after adjusting for age at diagnosis, general cognitive function, nutritional factor related to body mass index, and physical disability using activities of daily living. The results support the assumption that EOAD takes a more malignant course than LOAD. Conclusions: Our results provide support for the idea that EOAD takes a clinical course that is distinct from that of LOAD, especially as pertains to the risk of mortality. Show more

Keywords: Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, mortality, propensity score matching

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161181

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1341-1348, 2017

Authors: Kallio, Eeva-Liisa | Öhman, Hanna | Kautiainen, Hannu | Hietanen, Marja | Pitkälä, Kaisu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Cognitive training (CT) refers to guided cognitive exercises designed to improve specific cognitive functions, as well as enhance performance in untrained cognitive tasks. Positive effects of CT on cognitive functions in healthy elderly people and persons with mild cognitive impairment have been reported, but data regarding the effects of CT in patients with dementia is unclear. Objective: We systematically reviewed the current evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to find out if CT improves or stabilizes cognition and/or everyday functioning in patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Results: Altogether, 31 RCTs with CT …as either the primary intervention or part of a broader cognitive or multi-component intervention were found. A positive effect was reported in 24 trials, mainly on global cognition and training-specific tasks, particularly when more intensive or more specific CT programs were used. Little evidence of improved everyday functioning was found. Conclusions: Despite some positive findings, the inaccurate definitions of CT, inadequate sample sizes, unclear randomization methods, incomplete datasets at follow-up and multiple testing may have inflated the results in many trials. Future high quality RCTs with appropriate classification and specification of cognitive interventions are necessary to confirm CT as an effective treatment option in Alzheimer’s disease. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cognition, cognitive training, dementia, systematic review

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160810

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1349-1372, 2017

Authors: McKinnon, Andrew C. | Duffy, Shantel L. | Cross, Nathan E. | Terpening, Zoe | Grunstein, Ron R. | Lagopoulos, Jim | Batchelor, Jennifer | Hickie, Ian B. | Lewis, Simon J.G. | Shine, James M. | Naismith, Sharon L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Sleep disturbance is prevalent in MCI, and is a risk factor for cognitive deterioration. Objective: To identify functional connectivity deficits in the default mode network (DMN) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and sleep disturbance, relative to MCIs with intact sleep. Methods: Participants comprised 47 adults aged 55 years and over, recruited from the Healthy Brain Ageing Clinic at the Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia. This sample contained 15 controls and 32 participants meeting criteria for MCI. Participants underwent resting-state fMRI and actigraphy, along with comprehensive neuropsychological, medical and psychiatric assessment. MCIs …were split into two groups according to average wake after sleep onset (WASO) per night. WASO equal to or greater than 1 standard deviation (SD) above the control mean was deemed to reflect disturbed sleep. There were 11 patients in the MCI sleep-disturbed group, and 21 in the MCI sleep-intact group. Results: Relative to controls, MCIs demonstrated significant connectivity reductions between parietal and temporoparietal regions, and between temporal regions. Relative to MCIs with intact sleep, MCIs with sleep disturbance demonstrated reductions in functional connectivity between temporal and parietal regions, and between temporal and temporoparietal regions. Conclusions: MCIs with nocturnal awakenings demonstrate reductions in DMN connectivity. These reductions comprise brain regions that are crucially involved in sleep and memory processes. These results strengthen our previous findings, which found reduced connectivity in MCIs with self-reported sleep disturbances. Future studies may build on these findings through incorporating complementary neuroimaging techniques and experimental manipulations of sleep. Show more

Keywords: Actigraphy, default mode network, memory, mild cognitive impairment, sleep

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160922

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1373-1384, 2017

Authors: Baazaoui, Narjes | Flory, Michael | Iqbal, Khalid

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a slow, progressive neurodegenerative disease in which cognitive decline takes place over a period of several years with a very variable period of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and, in some cases, relatively long period before progression to dementia. The cognitive deficit during MCI is probably due to neuronal loss, an intermediate level of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and synaptosis, which is interrupted with a transient compensatory increase. We found impairment in reference memory accompanied by a decrease in the expression of synaptophysin, β-III tubulin, and MAP2 and a trend for GluR1, at 12 …weeks of age in 3xTg-AD mice (hAPPSwe , P301L tau, PS1 [M146V] knock-in), a widely used transgenic model of AD. Past 12 weeks, the cross-sectional analysis of different age groups showed a compensatory increase in synaptic markers relative to that in wild type animals in a topographic and time-dependent manner. When studied across time we found that in 3xTg-AD mice, the compensatory phenomenon occurred in parallel in different regions of the brain. However, this attempt of the brain to repair itself was able to only partially rescue cognitive impairment. These findings for the first time raise the intriguing possibility that AD causing mutated transgenes may initially cause an increase in synaptic and dendritic markers as a compensatory mechanism for synaptic deficit, and this phenomenon, though transient, could be the biological basis of the period of MCI seen in AD. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive impairment, neuronal plasticity, synaptic compensation, 3xTg-AD transgenic mouse model

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160845

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1385-1401, 2017

Authors: Li, Lin | Xu, Shaofeng | Liu, Lifei | Feng, Rentian | Gong, Yongxiang | Zhao, Xuyang | Li, Jiang | Cai, Jie | Feng, Nan | Wang, Ling | Wang, Xiaoliang | Peng, Ying

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The dyshomeostasis of transition metal ions, accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) senile plaques and neuroinflammatory response found in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been suggested to be involved in AD pathogenesis. Novel compounds capable of targeting metal-Aβ species and neuroinflammation would be valuable. AD-35 is such a patented small-molecule compound derived from innovative modification of the chemical structure of donepezil. This compound could moderately inhibit acetylcholinesterase and metal-induced Aβ aggregation in vitro and showed disassembly of Aβ aggregates. The effects of AD-35 on cognitive impairments and neuroinflammatory changes caused by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25–35 were …studied in rats. Compared to sham group, Aβ25–35 injection significantly led to learning and memory deficits, astrocyte activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines releases (TNF-α and IL-1β). Further studies indicated that the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase was involved in astrocyte activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Oral administration of AD-35 could markedly attenuate Aβ25–35 injection-induced astrocyte activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β release, and memory deficits. On the contrary, donepezil only showed inhibition of IL-1β production, but failed to block astrocyte activation and TNF-α production. These results showed that AD-35 would be a novel multi-mechanism drug for the prevention and/or treatment of AD. Show more

Keywords: AD-35, Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-β, cognitive impairment, metal ions, neuroinflammatory response

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160587

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1403-1417, 2017

Authors: Granholm, Eric L. | Panizzon, Matthew S. | Elman, Jeremy A. | Jak, Amy J. | Hauger, Richard L. | Bondi, Mark W. | Lyons, Michael J. | Franz, Carol E. | Kremen, William S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Task-evoked pupillary responses may be a psychophysiological biomarker of early risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pupil dilation during cognitive tasks reflects cognitive effort until compensatory capacity is surpassed and performance declines are manifest, and reflects activation in the locus coeruleus, where degenerative changes have been found in the earliest stages of AD. We recorded pupillary responses during digit span recall in 918 participants ages 56–66. Despite normal performance, amnestic single-domain MCI (S-MCI) participants showed greater pupil dilation than non-amnestic S-MCI and cognitively normal (CN) participants at lower cognitive loads. Multi-domain MCI (M-MCI) participants failed to …modulate effort across cognitive loads and showed poorer performance. Pupillary responses differentiated MCI and CN groups. Amnestic S-MCI participants required compensatory effort to maintain performance, consistent with increased risk for decline. Greater effort in CN individuals might indicate risk for MCI. Results are consistent with dysfunction in locus coeruleus-linked brain systems. This brief task shows promise as a biomarker for early MCI and AD risk prediction. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, compensatory cognitive effort, mild cognitive impairment, pupillometry, pupillary responses

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161078

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1419-1428, 2017

Authors: Thygesen, Lau Caspar | Gimsing, Louise NØrreslet | Bautz, Andrea | Hvidt, Niels Christian | Johansen, Christoffer

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Limited knowledge of the influence of lifestyle risk factors and religious living on chronic neurological diseases exists. Seventh-day Adventists (SDA) do not consume tobacco, alcohol, or pork, and many adhere to lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, and Baptists discourage excessive use of alcohol and tobacco. Objective: We investigated whether the incidence of four common chronic neurological illnesses: dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy in a large cohort of Danish Adventists and Baptists was different compared to the general Danish population. Three of the illnesses are neurodegenerative, whereas epilepsy can occur at any age. Methods: We compared …hospital admission rates for some major neurological diseases among members of the Danish Religious Societies Health Study comprising 6,532 SDA and 3,720 Baptists with the general Danish population. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) stratified by sex, age, and calendar time were calculated. Results: SIR of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease was significantly decreased for members of both communities (SDA, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67–#x2013;0.90 and Baptists, 0.59; 0.47–#x2013;0.73). The SIRs of Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy were not significantly different compared to the general population. Conclusions: We observe reduced incidence for dementia or Alzheimer’s disease in a large cohort of members of two religious communities characterized by lifestyle recommendations. More studies are needed to disentangle the interaction between such lifestyle and other components of the religious belief system. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cohort study, cognitive disorders, epidemiology, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160710

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1429-1435, 2017

Authors: Timmers, Maarten | Barão, Soraia | Van Broeck, Bianca | Tesseur, Ina | Slemmon, John | De Waepenaert, Katja | Bogert, Jennifer | Shaw, Leslie M. | Engelborghs, Sebastiaan | Moechars, Dieder | Mercken, Marc | Van Nueten, Luc | Tritsmans, Luc | de Strooper, Bart | Streffer, Johannes Rolf

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The β-site amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) is the rate limiting enzyme in the generation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) from AβPP, one of the major pathways in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. Increased BACE1 levels and activity have been reported in the brain of patients with sporadic AD. Therefore, changes of BACE1 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have also been investigated as a possible biomarker of the disease. We analyzed BACE1 levels in CSF of elderly healthy participants before and after chronic treatment with a BACE inhibitor (BACEi) and evaluated the correlation between BACE1 levels and downstream AD …markers. Overall, BACE1 CSF levels showed strong correlations to all downstream AD markers investigated. This is the first reported finding that shows BACE1 levels in CSF were well correlated to its end product Aβ1 - 42 . As previously described, BACE1 levels were strongly correlated to total-tau and phosphorylated tau levels in CSF. Generally, chronic BACE inhibition did not influence BACE1 CSF protein levels. Follow-up studies including early-stage AD pathophysiology and prodromal AD patients will help to understand the importance of measuring BACE1 routinely in daily clinical practice and AD clinical trials. Show more

Keywords: AD markers, Alzheimer’s disease, BACE-1, β-secretase enzyme, JNJ-54861911

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160829

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1437-1449, 2017

Authors: Stoccoro, Andrea | Tannorella, Pierpaola | Salluzzo, Maria Grazia | Ferri, Raffaele | Romano, Corrado | Nacmias, Benedetta | Siciliano, Gabriele | Migliore, Lucia | Coppedè, Fabio

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: A functional polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR ) gene, namely C677T (rs1801133), results in increased Hcy levels and has been associated with risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). Many investigators reported association between rs1801133 and LOAD risk in Asian populations and in carriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE ) ɛ 4 allele, but recent meta-analyses suggest a contribution also in other populations, including Caucasians and/or northern Africans. Objective: To further address this issue, we performed a relatively large case-control study, including 581 LOAD patients and 468 matched controls of Italian origin. APOE data were …available for a subgroup of almost 600 subjects. Methods: Genotyping for rs1801133 was performed with PCR-RFLP techniques. Results: In the total population, the MTHFR 677T allele (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.01–1.43) and carriers of the MTHFR 677T allele (CT+TT versus CC: OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.03–1.73) resulted in increased LOAD risk. Similarly, in APOE ɛ 4 carriers, we observed an increased frequency of MTHFR 677CT carriers (CT versus CC: OR = 2.82; 95% CI = 1.25–6.32). Very interestingly, also in non-APOE ɛ 4 carriers, both MTHFR 677T allele (OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.03–1.85) and MTHFR 677TT genotype (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.11–3.90) were associated with LOAD. All these associations survived after corrections for age, gender, and multiple testing. Conclusions: The present results suggest that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism is likely a LOAD risk factor in our cohort, either in APOE ɛ 4 or in non-APOE ɛ 4 carriers. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, APOE, folate, homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, MTHFR C677T

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161081

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1451-1457, 2017

Authors: Castellano, Christian-Alexandre | Paquet, Nancy | Dionne, Isabelle J. | Imbeault, Hélène | Langlois, Francis | Croteau, Etienne | Tremblay, Sébastien | Fortier, Mélanie | Matte, J. Jacques | Lacombe, Guy | Fülöp, Tamás | Bocti, Christian | Cunnane, Stephen C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Aerobic training has some benefits for delaying the onset or progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Little is known about the implication of the brain’s two main fuels, glucose and ketones (acetoacetate), associated with thesebenefits. Objective: To determine whether aerobic exercise training modifies brain energy metabolism in mild AD. Methods: In this uncontrolled study, ten patients with mild AD participated in a 3-month, individualized, moderate-intensity aerobic training on a treadmill (Walking). Quantitative measurement of brain uptake of glucose (CMRglu ) and acetoacetate (CMRacac ) using neuroimaging and cognitive testing were done before and after the …Walking program. Results: Four men and six women with an average global cognitive score (MMSE) of 26/30 and an average age of 73 y completed the Walking program. Average total distance and treadmill speed were 8 km/week and 4 km/h, respectively. Compared to the Baseline, after Walking, CMRacac was three-fold higher (0.6±0.4 versus 0.2±0.1 μmol/100 g/min; p  = 0.01). Plasma acetoacetate concentration and the blood-to-brain acetoacetate influx rate constant were also increased by 2–3-fold (all p ≤0.03). CMRglu was unchanged after Walking (28.0±0.1 μmol/100 g/min; p  = 0.96). There was a tendency toward improvement in the Stroop–color naming test (–10% completion time, p  = 0.06). Performance on the Trail Making A&B tests was also directly related to plasma acetoacetate and CMRacac (all p ≤0.01). Conclusion: In mild AD, aerobic training improved brain energy metabolism by increasing ketone uptake and utilization while maintaining brain glucose uptake, and could potentially be associated with some cognitive improvement. Show more

Keywords: Acetoacetate, aerobic training, Alzheimer’s disease, brain energy, cognition, ketones, neuroimaging, PET

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161163

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1459-1468, 2017

Authors: Lu, Yujiao | Dong, Yan | Tucker, Donovan | Wang, Ruimin | Ahmed, Mohammad Ejaz | Brann, Darrell | Zhang, Quanguang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Recent work has suggested that exercise may be beneficial in preventing or ameliorating symptoms of several neurological disorders, although the mechanism is not entirely understood. The current study was designed to examine the potential beneficial effect of treadmill exercise upon cognitive function in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Animals underwent treadmill exercise (30 min/day, 5 days/week) for 4 weeks after bilateral STZ intracerebroventricular injection (2.4 mg/kg). We demonstrated that treadmill exercise significantly attenuated STZ-induced neurodegeneration in the rat hippocampal CA1 region and strongly preserved hippocampal-dependent cognitive functioning. Further mechanistic investigation displayed a marked suppression of STZ-induced amyloid-β accumulation …and tau phosphorylation. Intriguingly, treadmill exercise remarkably inhibited reactive gliosis following STZ insult and effectively shifted activated microglia from a pro-inflammatory M1 to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which was correlated with a significantly reduced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and a corresponding enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, treadmill exercise caused a robust suppression of oxidative damage as evidenced by significantly reduced peroxynitrite production, lipid peroxidation, and oxidized DNA damage. Finally, treadmill exercise strongly attenuated STZ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction manifested by a dramatically elevated intra-mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity and ATP synthesis, and markedly inhibited neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that treadmill exercise has a multifactorial effect to attenuate many of the pathological processes that play a key role in AD, and provide further support for the beneficial role of exercise as a potential therapeutic option in AD treatment. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cognition, exercise, inflammation, microglia, oxidative stress, streptozotocin

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160869

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1469-1484, 2017

Authors: Yu, Lei | Wilson, Robert S. | Schneider, Julie A. | Bennett, David A. | Boyle, Patricia A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Domain specific literacy is a multidimensional construct that requires multiple resources including cognitive and non-cognitive factors. Objective: We test the hypothesis that domain specific literacy is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia and AD pathology after controlling for cognition. Methods: Participants were community-based older persons who completed a baseline literacy assessment, underwent annual clinical evaluations for up to 8 years, and agreed to organ donation after death. Financial and health literacy was measured using 32 questions and cognition was measured using 19 tests. Annual diagnosis of AD dementia followed standard criteria. AD pathology was …examined postmortem by quantifying plaques and tangles. Cox models examined the association of literacy with incident AD dementia. Performance of model prediction for incident AD dementia was assessed using indices for integrated discrimination improvement and continuous net reclassification improvement. Linear regression models examined the independent association of literacy with AD pathology in autopsied participants. Results: All 805 participants were free of dementia at baseline and 102 (12.7%) developed AD dementia during the follow-up. Lower literacy was associated with higher risk for incident AD dementia (p  < 0.001), and the association persisted after controlling for cognition (hazard ratio = 1.50, p  = 0.004). The model including the literacy measure had better predictive performance than the one with demographics and cognition only. Lower literacy also was associated with higher burden of AD pathology after controlling for cognition (β= 0.07, p  = 0.035). Conclusion: Literacy predicts incident AD dementia and AD pathology in community-dwelling older persons, and the association is independent of traditional measures of cognition. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cognition, dementia, domain specific literacy, pathology

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161132

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1485-1493, 2017

Authors: Jia, Jianping | Wei, Cuibai | Jia, Longfei | Tang, Yi | Liang, Junhua | Zhou, Aihong | Li, Fangyu | Shi, Lu | Doody, Rachelle S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background : Donepezil has been used worldwide for the treatment of severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Whether it is also appropriate for severe AD in Chinese patients remains unknown. Objective: To determine whether donepezil is effective and tolerable for Chinese patients with severe AD. Methods : The present study was a 24-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study conducted at 38 investigational hospitals in China. Patients with severe AD were enrolled in this trial. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either donepezil or placebo (5 mg for 6 weeks and10 mg for the remaining 18 weeks). …The efficacy for donepezil were evaluated by the SIB, the Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change-Plus caregiver input (CIBIC-plus) and the MMSE. Safety parameters were monitored throughout. Results : A total of 313 patients included the donepezil (n  = 157) and the placebo groups (n  = 156). Donepezil group improved more in SIB scores (least squares [LS] mean difference: 4.8, 95% CI 1.56 to 8.08, p  = 0.004) and CIBIC-plus scores (drug-placebo difference: –0.4, 95% CI –0.66 to 0.03, p  = 0.04) than placebo groups at Week 24. The MMSE scores between drug and placebo groups did not differ significantly. Twenty-nine patients with serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in donepezil (n  = 11) and placebo groups (n  = 18) (p  = 0.08). Most SAEs were not considered drug-related. Conclusion : Donepezil for 24 weeks was more effective than placebo and showed good safety and tolerability in Chinese patients with severe AD. This study supports utility of the drug in severe stages of AD in the Chinese population. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Chinese population, clinical trial, donepezil

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161117

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1495-1504, 2017

Authors: Gelfo, Francesca | Cutuli, Debora | Nobili, Annalisa | De Bartolo, Paola | D’Amelio, Marcello | Petrosini, Laura | Caltagirone, Carlo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiopathogenesis, characterized by progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions. A fundamental neuropathological feature of AD is the early and severe brain cholinergic neurodegeneration. Lithium is a monovalent cation classically utilized in the treatment of mood disorders, but recent evidence also advances a beneficial potentiality of this compound in neurodegeneration. Interestingly, lithium acts on several processes whose alterations characterize the brain cholinergic impairment at short and long term. On this basis, the aim of the present research was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of a chronic lithium treatment …in preventing the damage that a basal forebrain cholinergic neurodegeneration provokes, by investigating memory functions and neurodegeneration correlates. Adult male rats were lesioned by bilateral injections of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-Saporin into the basal forebrain. Starting 7 days before the surgery, the animals were exposed to a 30-day lithium treatment, consisting of a 0.24% Li2 CO3 diet. Memory functions were investigated by the open field test with objects, the sociability and preference for social novelty test, and the Morris water maze. Hippocampal and neocortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels and caspase-3 activity were determined. Cholinergic depletion significantly impaired spatial and social recognition memory, decreased hippocampal and neocortical ChAT levels and increased caspase-3 activity. The chronic lithium treatment significantly rescued memory performances but did not modulate ChAT availability and caspase-3 activity. The present findings support the lithium protective effects against the cognitive impairment that characterizes the brain cholinergic depletion. Show more

Keywords: 192 IgG-Saporin, basal forebrain, cholinergic depletion, lithium, memory deficits, neuroprotection

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160892

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1505-1518, 2017

Authors: Jacob, Louis | Bohlken, Jens | Kostev, Karel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: Dementia is a chronic disease associated with numerous cardiovascular disorders. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of cardiovascular drug use in dementia patients treated in general practices in Germany. Methods: The present study included patients who were diagnosed with dementia (Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, or unspecified dementia) in 2015. The main outcome measure was the proportion of patients using cardiovascular drugs. Demographical and clinical variables included age, sex, dementia type, and cardiovascular co-diagnoses. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between cardiovascular drug use and these variables. Results: We …identified 7,987 and 1,268 dementia patients with and without prescriptions for cardiovascular drugs, respectively. The share of individuals who received cardiovascular treatments was 86.3%. Diuretics (20.9%), beta blocking agents (20.0%), and ACE inhibitors (17.4%) were the three most commonly prescribed types of medications. Patients between the ages of 71–80 (OR = 1.59), 81–90 (OR = 1.61), and over 90 years (OR = 1.48) were more likely to receive cardiovascular drugs than patients under the age of 70 years. Moreover, compared to those with unspecified dementia, individuals with Alzheimer’s disease had a lower chance while those with vascular dementia had a higher chance of being prescribed these drugs (ORs equal to 0.81 and 1.22, respectively). Finally, we found a positive association between the use of cardiovascular drugs and all co-diagnoses (ORs ranging from 1.23 to 7.12). Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiovascular drug use in dementia patients was around 86%. This use was significantly associated with such factors as age, type of dementia, and co-diagnoses. Show more

Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular drugs, dementia, Germany, risk factors

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161234

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1519-1524, 2017

Authors: Wang, Qian | Li, Wen-Xing | Dai, Shao-Xing | Guo, Yi-Cheng | Han, Fei-Fei | Zheng, Jun-Juan | Li, Gong-Hua | Huang, Jing-Fei

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Many lines of evidence suggest that Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have common characteristics, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. As the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear, we perform a meta-analysis with 9 microarray datasets of PD studies and 7 of AD studies to explore it. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that PD and AD both showed dysfunction in the synaptic vesicle cycle, GABAergic synapses, phagosomes, oxidative phosphorylation, and TCA cycle pathways, and AD had more enriched genes. Comparing the differentially expressed genes between AD and PD, we identified 54 common genes shared by more than six tissues. …Among them, 31 downregulated genes contained the antioxidant response element (ARE) consensus sequence bound by NRF2. NRF2 is a transcription factor, which protects cells against oxidative stress through coordinated upregulation of ARE-driven genes. To our surprise, although NRF2 was upregulated, its target genes were all downregulated. Further exploration found that MAFF was upregulated in all tissues and significantly negatively correlated with the 31 NRF2-dependent genes in diseased conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated over-expressed small MAFs can form homodimers and act as transcriptional repressors. Therefore, MAFF might play an important role in dysfunction of NRF2 regulatory network in PD and AD. Show more

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, meta-analysis, MAFF, NRF2

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-161032

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1525-1539, 2017

Article Type: Other

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1541-1558, 2017