International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine - Volume 33, issue 2

Authors: D’Onofrio, di Paco

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The improvement of health represents a goal for all countries in the world in a global way and, compared to earlier stages of development, there is a significant focus by the public health system on community and home-based services in particular. OBJECTIVE: This objective was reaffirmed during the last World Health Summit (May 2021), at which the leaders of the G20 countries, together with other member states, signed the “Declaration of Rome”. METHODS: The paper contains the study of the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has determined on the organization of the health system, through …the study of the data provided by the main national and international organizations in the health field. RESULTS: It emerged that the field of personal, family and community care are certainly an area of growth for nursing, which also in the European context, is showing an increase importance given to services and care activities outside the hospital and home in particular. In all of this, the roles that nurses can assume are differentiated and articulated. CONCLUSIONS: In the complexity of this perspective, families and community seem to emerge as a point of reference for a nursing care that is certainly going through a decisive moment in the slow, but inexorable path towards the emancipation of its disciplinary status and the development of its ability to provide new, original and autonomous responses to the needs of the assisted population. Show more

Keywords: State, health, nurse, territory, EU, WHO, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/JRS-227005

Citation: International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 177-183, 2022

Authors: Rescigno, Francesca

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the interest in the right to health, which represents a relatively new concept brought about by progress in medical science and the evolution of societies. The Italian Constitution, in article 32, states the right to health without specifications about the parameter of sex, assuming that this fundamental right is property of women and men indiscriminately. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the right to health has actually been achieved in an equal way from the standpoint of sex, and whether a hypothetically “neutral” approach is actually convincing and profitable in this context. …METHODS: This paper analyzes the topic of gender medicine from a scientific and legal perspective, based on current medical literature and its implementation in the Italian and European legal systems. RESULTS: Gender medicine is the only credible response to sex- and gender-based inequalities affecting the right to health, as it provides tools to address persisting inequalities in prevention and treatment, thus pursuing health for all: women and men. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of this path was underlined also by the Summit and the Rome Declaration of 21 May 2021, acknowledging that the topic of sex and gender can no longer be overlooked in focusing a correct and equal healthcare approach. Show more

Keywords: COVID-19, Rome declaration, gender medicine, gender, healthcare

DOI: 10.3233/JRS-227009

Citation: International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 185-192, 2022

Authors: Manca, Rosa | Bombillar, Francisco | Glomski, Chester | Pica, Alessandra

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The production of healthy and nutritious food, in an ecologically sustainable and safe way, has become one of the great ethical issues of our time. The recent G 20 urged the “promotion and work on the social determinants of health to address other critical health issues such as food and nutrition ”. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to analyze the current scientific literature regarding the role of obesity in the severe COVID-19 outcomes. In the light of the indications of the G20, the main causes of obesity are examined, and lifestyles are suggested with particular …regard to proper nutrition in order to prevent/treat overweight since childhood. METHODS: Multidisciplinary work, in which the biological and legal perspectives provide a meta-legal analysis of the obesity problem. RESULTS: Unhealthy habits induce metabolic imbalance and increase in the body weight promoting obesity. This condition is the result of many factors (genetic predisposition, social position and “junk food” consumption) and is associated with a high risk of diseases, among them exacerbations from viral respiratory infections, including the current COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS : The industrial food revolution changed our eating habits, leading to production of too much unhealthy food, absent in ancient diet, thus contributing to the onset of some disorders. The business of food industry should be downsized in favor of morally or ethically fair choices for consumers and for the well-being of society, together with an ethical food distribution, governmental food education programs, and balanced oversight of food production. Show more

Keywords: Obesity, ethics of food production, health nutrition, COVID-19, public health legislation

DOI: 10.3233/JRS-227007

Citation: International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 193-208, 2022