Affiliations: [a] Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | [b] Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
Correspondence:
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Corresponding author: Elrashdy M. Redwan, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +96 6567028262; Fax: +96 6567028262; E-mail:[email protected]
Abstract: It's known that diphtheria and tetanus are a contagious lethal diseases over
the years, they caused by pathogenic microbes corynebacterium diphtheria and Clostridium tetani, respectively. The
diseases result from the production of bacterial toxin. Vaccination with
bacterial toxoid vaccines adsorbed on particulates adjuvants still are the
best way to prevent this epidemic diseases from spread. The particulate
vaccines have been shown to be more efficient than soluble one for the
induction of the immune responses. Nanoparticles can be engineered to
enhance the immune responses. As well known the immune response to
inactivate killed and subunit vaccine enhances by alum adjuvants. The
adjuvants examined and tested after reducing its size to particle size, thus
mimic size of viruses which is considered smallest units can derive the
immune system. The major issue is minimizing the adjuvant particles, to gain
insight of resulting immunity types and impact on immune response. The
adjuvant effect of micro/nanoparticles appears to largely be a consequence
of their uptake into antigen presenting cells.
