Prognostic significance of programmed death-1 and programmed death ligand-1 proteins in breast cancer

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Tahir, Imtiaz Mahmood^a | Rauf, Abdur^b | Mehboob, Huma^c | Sadaf, Samia^d | Alam, Muhammad Shaiful^e | Kalsoom, Fadia^a | Bouyahya, Abdelhakim^f | El Allam, Aicha^{f; *} | El Omari, Nasreddine^g | Bakrim, Saad^h | Akram, Muhammadⁿ | Raza, Syed Kashif^a | Emran, Talha Bin^{i; j} | Mabkhot, Yahia N.^o | Zengin, Gokhan^k | Derkho, Marina^l | Natalya, Suray^m | Shariati, Mohammad Ali^m

Affiliations: [a] College of Allied Health Professionals, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan | [b] Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, KPK, Pakistan | [c] Department of Biochemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan | [d] Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh | [e] Department of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh | [f] Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco | [g] Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco | [h] Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnologies and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco | [i] Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh | [j] Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh | [k] Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey | [l] South-Urals State Agrarian University, Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia | [m] K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia | [n] Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan, Faisalabad, Pakistan | [o] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author: Aicha El Allam, Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, 100 Temple Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. Tel.: +1 4753439160; E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract: In numerous studies related to tumor prognosis, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been identified as a biomarker. This work aimed to determine the prognostic importance of PD-L1 in breast cancer. We searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Google scholar, home pages of publishing groups, medical, clinical, and pharmaceutical sciences journals, as well as other relevant sources to discover the importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in breast cancer therapies and also recurrence. The keywords used in this search were autoimmunity, programmed cell death, PD-L1 or PD-1, and breast cancer. Our inclusion criteria included studies showing the synergy between the expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 in primary breast cancers as prognostic markers and this research was limited to humans only. We included review articles, original research, letters to the editor, case reports, and short communications in our study, published in English. We focused our work on PD-L1 mRNA expression in breast cancer cell lines. PD-L1 expression has been decisively demonstrated to be a high-risk factor for breast cancer with a bad prognosis.

Keywords: Breast cancer, PDL-1, PD-1, prognosis, biomarker, ca breast

DOI: 10.3233/HAB-220001

Journal: Human Antibodies, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 131-150, 2022