Affiliations: [a] Vestibular Testing Center, Dept. of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0816, USA | [b] Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA | [c] Dept. of Otolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA | [d] Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA
Note: [*] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Rosemary Speers, Ph.D., Vestibular Testing Center, C166A Med Inn, Dept.
of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0816, USA. Tel.: +1 734 936 9420; Fax: +1 734 936 9142; E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The Sensory Organization Test protocol of the EquiTest system (NeuroCom International, Clackamas Oregon) tests utilization of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive sensors by manipulating the accuracy of visual and/or somatosensory inputs during quiet stance. In the standard Sensory Organization Test, both manipulation of sensory input (sway-referencing) and assessment of postural sway are based on ground reaction forces measured from a forceplate. The purpose of our investigation was to examine the use of kinematic measurements to provide a more direct feedback signal for sway-referencing and for assessment of sway. We compared three methods of sway-referencing: the standard EquiTest method based on ground reaction torque, kinematic feedback based on servo-controlling to shank motion, and a more complex kinematic feedback based on servo-controlling to follow position of the center of mass (COM) as calculated from a two-link biomechanical model. Fifty-one normal subjects (ages 20–79) performed the randomized protocol. When using either shank or COM angle for sway-referencing feedback as compared to the standard EquiTest protocol, the Equilibrium Quotient and Strategy Score assessments were decreased for all age groups in the platform sway-referenced conditions (SOT 4, 5, 6). For all groups of subjects, there were significant differences in one or more of the kinematic sway measures of shank, hip, or COM angle when using either of the alternative sway-referencing parameters as compared to the standard EquiTest protocol. The increased sensitivities arising from use of kinematics had the effect of amplifying differences with age. For sway-referencing, the direct kinematic feedback may enhance ability to reduce proprioceptive information by servo-controlling more closely to actual ankle motion. For assessment, kinematics measurements can potentially increase sensitivity for detection of balance disorders, because it may be possible to discriminate between body sway and acceleration and to determine the phase relationship between ankle and hip motion.
Keywords: postural sway, joint kinematics, dynamic posturography, age effects
