Effects of anti-osteoporosis treatment in elderly patients with osteoporosis and lumbar discectomy and fusion

1.Introduction

Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with segmental pedicle screws are common procedures for treating lumbar degenerative disorders that relieve pain and enhance function [1, 2]. However, as more people experience spinal fusion, the number of fusion-related problems has risen [3, 4]. There have been reports of adjacent vertebral body fractures caused by rigid pedicle screw fixation [5, 6]. The reason for this is that arthrodesis may modify spinal kinematics, resulting in relative hypermobility of spinal segments next to the fused level [7, 8]. This alteration in segmental spinal biomechanics could lead to a higher rate of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). Especially among elderly patients, osteoporosis further increases fracture risk.

After spinal fusion surgery, rigid spinal instrumentation can cause device-related osteoporosis of the fused segment, as well as a decrease in the bone mineral density (BMD) of adjacent vertebrae, which can contribute to adjacent level VCFs [9, 10, 11]. Moreover, osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures in elderly individuals. The decrease in BMD could be due to immobilization or to changes in biomechanics caused by arthrodesis. However, the mechanism of BMD loss after spinal fusion surgery, is yet unknown. Zoledronic acid (ZA) has been shown to be an effective osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal women in several studies, as it significantly reduces the risk of vertebral, hip, and other fractures [12]. Additionally perioperative ZA treatment may offer protection against a significant decrease in the BMD of cephalad vertebrae after spinal fusion surgery among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis [13].

Denosumab is a biological product that blocks the RANK ligand (RANKL)-mediated activation of osteoclasts. It has been demonstrated to be useful in treating osteoporosis [14], with effectiveness comparable to that of bisphosphonate [15]. However, to our knowledge, no previous study has evaluated the effect of denosumab on the change in the BMD of the adjacent vertebral body after instrumented intervertebral fusion, fusion time, or operation. As a result, the goal of this study was to determine whether denosumab can increase the BMD of the adjacent vertebral body after spinal surgery while also improving the fusion time and outcome of the operative segment.

2.Methods

2.2Study patients

The medical records of consecutive patients admitted for lumbar degenerative diseases (LDDs), including lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with instability, lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), degenerative spondylolisthesis (DSI), isthmic spondylolisthesis (IS) and degenerative scoliosis (DS) to the hospital from January to December 2022 were collected.

Figure 1.

HIS before and after surgery.

Figure 2.

SSA before and after surgery.

Inclusion criteria: 1) X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT, Siemens Edge, the measuring software was QCT Pro from Midways, www.QCT.com) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results were obtained; 2) Serum Ca^{2 +} , osteocalcin (OC), propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX) and 25-OH Vitamin D (25-OH V_D) results were obtained; 3) other blood test results were normal; 4) patients underwent PLIF or TLIF; 5) the follow-up results were intact; 6) no operative complications; 7) osteoporosis was defined by BMD < 80 mg/cm³ and T score <-2.5, osteopenia was defined by 80 mg/cm³< BMD < 120 mg/cm³ and -2.5 < T score <-1, and normal defined by BMD > 120 mg/cm³ and T score >-1.0 were on QCT measures obtained before surgery; 8) patients underwent follow-up QCT evaluation at 6–12 months after surgery.

Exclusion criteria: 1) required intervertebral fusion of > 3 levels; 2) had a prior history of lumbar surgery and required lumbar surgery during the follow-up period; 3) had no lumbar disorders that may affect bone metabolism, such as cancer, infection or trauma; 4) those with osteoporosis secondary to various metabolic diseases, such as thyroid or parathyroid disease, and other endocrine diseases; 5) required use of a lumbar brace for > 2 months after surgery; 6) had any disability that limited the patient’s walking ability for > 1 week during the follow-up period; and 7) smoked and(or) had sarcopenia. The patients were divided into three groups: Group A included normal patients; Group B included patients with osteopenia and Group C included patients with osteoporosis.

2.7Clinical treatment assessment

Table 1

Demographic characteristic of 165 patients with LIF (n-165)

Characteristics	Group A (n= 52)	Group B (n= 62)	Group C (n= 51)	P
Mean age(yr)	50.7 ± 7.3	66.0 ± 4.5	69.1 ± 6.4	< 0.01
Sex, M/F	13/39	12/50	2/49
Follow-up duration (month)	10.7 ± 0.2	10.8 ± 0.3	10.8 ± 0.2	> 0.05
Fusion level
1 level	30	25	19
2 levels	20	25	20
3 levels	2	12	12
Total	76	111	95
Mean level	1.5 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.7	1.9 ± 0.8	< 0.05

Figure 3.

According to Mayer’s research, Grade 3, Grade 2 and Grade 1 were idectified at the sixth month after surgery (from left to right).

The VAS and ODI scores were assessed before the operation, after the operation and at the last follow-up. Interbody fusion was graded on the X-ray by the method of Brantigan and Steffee [16] as modified to describe the Fraser definition of locked pseudarthrosis (BSF scale) [17] at the third month and last follow-up after surgery. Interbody fusion by CT was performed as described by Mayer et al. [18] at the sixth month after surgery (Fig. 3). According to the CT results of Mayer et al. the definite fusion is Grade 1 or Grade 2.

3.Results

3.4Fusion assessment

Table 5 shows the X-ray results for the BSF at the third month and last follow-up after surgery and Mayer Grade results on the CT scan at the sixth month after surgery. According to the BSF scale, the prevalence of BSF-3 was 94.2% in Group A, 90.3% in Group B and 92.3% in Group C. Grade 1 and Grade 2 were defined according to Mayer’s grade and were 96.2% in Group A, 64.5% in Group B and 78.4% in Group C. There was a significant difference in the percentage of patients with definite fusion between Groups B and C (χ2= 5.6243, P< 0.05). The X-ray results were the same result at the last follow-up. The definite fusion in the different diseases was LDH, followed by LSS, and the fusion rates were lower for DSI and DS (Table 6).

Figure 4.

Female patient, 52 yrs, lumbar spondylolisthesis and lumbar disc herniation before surgery, and noramal patient. PLIF was carried out. At the sixth month after surgery the interbody fusion was Grade 1 according to Mayer’s research. The trabeculae were filled with interbody space.

Figure 5.

Female patient, 63 years old, with lumbar spondylolisthesis and lumbar disc herniation before surgery; osteoponia; PLIF; oral calcium 1200mg/day; activated vitamin D 800IU/day before and after sugery. At the sixth month after surgery, the interbody fusion was Grade 3 according to Mayer’s research. The red arrows show the unfused areas; and the trabeculae exhibited a palisade pattern.

Figure 6.

Female patient, 66 years old, with lumbar spondylolisthesis and lumbar disc herniation before surgery; osteoporosis; PLIF; oral calcium 1200mg/day; and activated vitamin D 800IU/day before and after surgery. Denosumab was injected at the sixth day after surgery. At the sixth month after surgery, the interbody fusion was Grade 2 according to Mayer’s research. The red arrows show the unfused area, which was just a small area, and the other areas were fused.

Figure 7.

Female patient, 67 yrs, with lumbar spondylolisthesis and lumbar disc herniation before surgery; osteoponia; PLIF; oral calcium 1200mg/day; and activated vitamin D 800IU/day before and after sugery. At the third month after surgery, the screw pedicle was cut out; and fusion failure occurred.

4.Discussion

Osteoporosis is a silent killer of human health and a major public health concern. In 2006 there were approximately 70 million osteoporotic patients and more than 200 million patients with osteopenia in China [19]. According to previous research, Asians have a lower bone mass than Caucasians and Afro-Caribbeans [20]. LDH, LSS, DSI, IS and DS are common LDDs that occur mostly in elderly patients and need LIF for treatment. In elderly individuals, the osteoporosis and LDD often coexist. Osteoporosis, a degenerative disease characterized by bone loss and structural deterioration, is the most common challenge of LIF. The main cause of osteoporosis in women is menopause, while aging is main cause in men, and is also the main cause of osteopenia.

To restore spinal stability and decompress nerves in elderly patients with LDD and osteoporosis, there have been some reports about the use of cement-augmented pedicle screw fixation to restore spinal stability [21, 22], but these complications may be fatal [23, 24]. One study revealed that the strong pedicle screw fixation could be achieved by increasing the BMD around the screw and prevent fatal complication, this treatment involved anti-osteoporosis treatment during the spinal surgery and the follow-up period [25]. In our study, one patient with osteopenia, spondylolisthesis and lumbar disc herniation underwent PLF, but at the third month after surgery, the screw pedicle was cut out, the reduction effect on lumbar spondylolisthesis was lost, and fusion failed. This patient had no other uncomfortable symptoms except for mild low back pain and was still being followed up. Anti-osteoporosis agents have been shown to result in strong pedicle screw fixation with an increase in the BMD around the screw, but there have been few reports about the effectiveness of anti-osteoporosis agents for fusion of LIF. Our study focused on the short-term effect of LIF fusion during the spinal surgery in combination with denosumab for preventing osteoporosis.

In this study, the HIS and SSA were greater at the last follow-up than at the pre-operation, which demonstrated that the LIF could increase the HIS and improve lumbar lordosis. In the osteopenia group the HIS and SSA at the last follow-up were lower than those at the post-operation, but not in the osteoporosis group. According to some studies patients with low lumbar BMD may have a relatively high incidence of interbody fusion cage-related complications; for example, sinking of the interbody fusion cage may lead to gradual narrowing of the HIS, which affects anterior support of the spine and prevents successful fusion [26]. Several researchers have shown that BMD is related to the stable failure load of the endplate and cage [27, 28]. Additionally the correlation between the BMD and subsidence was very weak, and patients with a score <-3:0 had an increased risk of subsidence [29]. Cho et al. reported that the sedimentation rate was higher in the patients with the T score ⩽-2.5 than in the patients with the T score ⩾-1.0 [30]. In our study, the subsidence of the HIS in the osteopenia group was greater than that in the osteoporosis group because anti-osteoporosis treatment was used in the osteoporosis group.

In our study the serum Ca^{2 +} and 25-OH V_D concentrations were greater at six months after surgery than before surgery in the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups, which proves the 1200 mg/day calcium and 00IU/day activated vitamin D 8 was necessary for patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis. There was little change in the bone formation markers including the OC and PINP in the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups, but there was a high variability in the bone resorption marker, which is the β-CTX index in the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups. The β-CTX increased at the sixth month after surgery in the osteopenia group, but decreased in the osteoporosis group due to the use of anti-osteoporosis drugs. This finding also proved that denosumab could inhibit the activity of osteoclasts.

The VAS and ODI scores were improved at the last follow-up compared to the pre-operation. At six months after surgery the rate of definite fusion in the osteoporosis group were greater than that in the osteopenia group. The incidence of osteopenia and osteoporosis was lower than the normal group. According to these studies, the fusion rates were different after treatment with different anti-osteoporosis drugs; for example, one year after surgery, the fusion rate was 95% in the alendronate group [31], but the rate of bone fusion tended to be greater in the weekly teriparatide group than in the bisphosphonate group at the sixth month after surgery (46.8% vs. 32.7%) [32]. One study showed that alendronate does not influence the fusion process in osteoporotic patients, and in alendronate group, fusion was achieved in 66.7% of patients compared to 73.9% of patients in control group (no medication) [33]. The fusion rate was greater in the osteoporosis group than in the osteopenia group, but this difference was detected at only the sixth month according to the QCT. There were three typical cases from three groups: in the normal group the trabeculae fill the intervertebral space and fusion was complete at the sixth month after surgery; but in the osteopenia group the shape of trabeculae was like palisade, there was no trabeculae growth at some areas and lack of bone support, fusion effect was poor at the sixth month after surgery; in the osteoporosis group there was also lack of trabeculae at some areas which were smaller than in the osteopenia group and no shape of palisade area, and the fusion effect was better than the osteopenia group and worse than normal group.

Denosumab is an anti-resorptive agent with a novel mechanism of action [34, 35] and a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds RANKL, preventing RANKL from activating RANK, its receptor on the osteoclast surface [35]. Reducing RANK-RANKL binding inhibits osteoclast formation, function, and survival, which results in a decrease in bone resorption and an increase in bone mass [35, 36, 37]. The mechanism of action of denosumab is different from that of bisphosphonates. The mechanism of action of bisphosphonates includes: 1) a strong affinity for bone embedding in the bone mineral, and crossing cell membranes when osteoclasts resorb the bone matrix; 2) clearance from the circulation via renal excretion or adsorption to bone minerals, but bone-associated drugs must first be released by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption; and 3) residue in the bone for a period of weeks to years. The mechanism of action of denosumab includes: 1) not embedding within bone tissue, binding to RANKL in the extracellular fluid and circulation, and inhibiting osteoclast formation, function and survival; 2) clearing from the bloodstream through the reticuloendothelial system; and 3) maintaining a half-life of approximately 26 days and not inducing the formation of neutralizing antibodies.

The follow-up time varied according to the detection type. Bone metabolic markers were detected at the sixth month after surgery due to injection of denosumab every 6 months. X-ray imaging was carried out at the third and sixth month to assess the degree of facet joint fusion. QCT was assessed at the sixth month to determine the degree of interbody fusion. The detections were carried out as little as possible to avoid unnecessary radiation and pain, except for necessary tests.

This study has several limitations. First, the follow-up time in this study was relatively short, but we think that follow-up time was long enough for patients to preliminarily recover, at which time all patients needed to complete interbody fusion after surgery. However, a prospective study with a larger sample size and longer term follow up should be conducted in the future. Second, this was a single-center-study, and the sample size was small. A multicenter study will be ideal. In addition, the study lacked detailed classification of patients with osteoporosis due to deficiencies in related detection methods.

5.Conclusions

In elderly patients with LIF and osteoporosis anti-osteoporosis therapy could reduce bone resorption and thus facilitate fusion. Anti-osteoporosis medication tends to enhance radiological, functional, and fusion short-term outcomes. The anti-osteoporosis treatment should also be advocated for patients with LIF and osteopenia.

Author contributions

T.S.: initial idea, wrote and revised manuscript and acquired funding. F.Y.S.: data collection, editing and statistical analysis. X.Q.: methodology. T.Z.: data collection. T.D.H.: data collection. W.L.J.: data collection. Q.Z.: data collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval

Ethical approval was obtained from the Committee for Medical Ethics of Tianjin First Central Hospital (2022N122KY).

Funding

This study was supported by the Osteoporosis Innovation Award Fund of the Chinese Association of Medical Education (2022-011).

Informed consent

Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants and confidentiality of information was assured.