Work - Volume 75, issue 4

Authors: Sollerhed, Ann-Christin | Bringsén, Åsa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Appearance and body language are key components of non-verbal communication and play an important role in the service and marketing sector. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to explore experiences and perceptions of appearance issues related to work among employees in the marketing sector in Sweden. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 15 marketing and communication employees (five males, ten females), at multinational companies and a university. Thematic analyses were conducted, and content was organised in two themes with sub-themes: 1. Appearance from a resource perspective (Appearance benefits; Physical activity resources; Age benefits). 2. Appearance from a demand …perspective (Adaptation to gender roles; Investment in appearance; Adaptation to situation and culture). RESULTS: The findings showed that appearance was perceived as a resource for professionalism, work engagement and career in various ways. Appearance-related issues were not considered on organisational work level, but employees perceived unspoken demands to look good and appropriate to represent the company brand. The employees spent a considerable amount of time, money, and effort on appearance. CONCLUSION: Appearance creates dualistic questions and points out several dilemmas that the individual struggle to solve, which creates stress in work. The character of unspoken demands on appearance and absent communication on organisational level make the stress-coping strategies complicated and the stress coping is mostly left for the individual to handle. A gender difference shows that compared to men, women more often experience negative stress generated by appearance-related issues in work. Education and actions at the managerial level of companies are needed. Show more

Keywords: Body image, job satisfaction, coping strategy, dressing, work engagement

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220307

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1231-1242, 2023

Authors: Pietsch, Aki | Schroeder, Jan | Dalichau, Stefan | Reer, Rüdiger | Engel, Daniel | Wahl-Wachendorf, Anette | Solbach, Thomas | Edler, Christopher | Riepenhof, Helge

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Working with lifting and carrying heavy loads and kneeling postures with crawling, squats or heel seat position lead to progressive cartilage wear with premature degenerative changes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of the exercise based multimodal ‘knee college’ and its sustainability in patients with knee osteoarthritis with data assessments before and after a starter course, before a 1-year and a 2-year follow-up refresher course in a retrospective observational study. METHODS: A sample of 401 male patients (ICD10: M17 [arthrosis of knee]/ICF: s75011 [knee joint]) from the construction industries were assessed with Western Ontario and McMaster …Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), EuroQol (EQ-5D), Performance Assessment Capacity Testing (PACT), Isokinetic torque H/Q ratio and Physical Work Capacity Test (PWC). Retrospectively, after two years they were divided into three groups based on their intermediate sporting activity: gym (n  = 194, age: 50.8±7.0, BMI: 28.8±4,3), home training (n  = 110, age: 50.2±7.0, BMI: 28.4±4,2), no exercising (n  = 97, age: 48.2±7.0, BMI: 29.2±4,6). RESULTS: Patients did not differ significantly in their demographic and anthropometric data prior to the rehab program. Significant interaction effects indicated group-dependent differing sustainability effects for the 2-year follow-up (all outcomes: p  < 0.001, except for H/Q ratio: p  = 0.03). Group-wise analyses revealed significant acute improvements (after 3-week in-patient starter rehab program: p  < 0.05) for all groups in almost all outcomes (except the ‘no sport’ group, H/Q ratio p  = 0.08). These effects remained significant (p  < 0.001) only for the ‘gym’ group during the 1-year and 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that 2-year sustainability of acute rehabilitation starter effects was demonstrated especially for patients with adherence and compliance to long-term gym based exercises. Show more

Keywords: Strength training, early intervention, prevention, workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205264

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1243-1253, 2023

Authors: Rothmore, Paul | Hewitt, Tony | Dickson, Cameron | Nguyen, Tam

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Manual handling injuries amongst physiotherapists are common and the need to improve our understanding of causal influences is imperative. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine whether intra-shift variations in manual handling task performance occurred in our cohort, which may inform mechanisms underpinning related injuries. METHODS: We used motion capture, force plate dynamics and electromyography to identify variations in task performance, loading forces and muscle activity, during the performance of one static and one dynamic standardized manual handling task, pre- and post-shift, by 40 physiotherapists. Participants also rated their pain and fatigue on a visual analogue …scale (VAS). Statistical analysis utilised paired samples Student’s t tests. RESULTS: Significant differences were seen in the EMG activity in the quadriceps during the static task only. No significant differences were seen for any of the kinematic variables. Significant differences in fatigue (p  < 0.005) were seen between the pre- and post-shift sessions. Notably, there were significant differences in pain between the pre- and post-shift sessions in the static (p  < 0.01) and dynamic tasks (p  < 0.05). This increase in pain was at a level which impacted on function. CONCLUSION: Whilst significant variations in task performance were not observed, our findings indicate that physiotherapists frequently experience task-related pain towards the end of their shift. Contemporary research indicates that frequent transient low back pain may transition to a chronic disabling condition, as such we posit that the effects of intra-shift pain, and its causative factors, should be more widely considered in a ‘whole-of-job’ approach to mitigating risk in this demographic. Show more

Keywords: Manual handling, prevention, musculoskeletal, healthcare

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220041

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1255-1264, 2023

Authors: Barajas-Bustillos, Manuel A. | Maldonado-Macías, Aidé Aracely | Serrano-Rosa, Miguel Angel | Hernandez-Arellano, Juan Luis | Llamas-Alonso, Luis | Balderrama-Armendariz, Omar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Today’s work environments have high cognitive demands, and mental workload is one of the main causes of work stress, human errors, and accidents. While several mental workload studies have compared the mental workload perceived by groups of experienced participants to that perceived by novice groups, no comparisons have been made between the same individuals performing the same tasks at different times. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to compare NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) to Workload Profile (WP) in terms of their sensitivity. The comparison considers the impact of experience and task differentiation in the same individual once a …degree of experience has been developed in the execution of the same tasks. It also considers the acceptability and intrusivity of the techniques. METHODS: The sample consisted of 30 participants who performed four tasks in two sessions. The first session was performed when participants had no experience; the second session was performed after a time of practice. Mental workload was assessed after each session. Statistical methods were used to compare the results. RESULTS: The NASA-TLX proved to be more sensitive to experience, while the WP showed greater sensitivity to task differentiation. In addition, while both techniques featured a similar degree of intrusivity, the NASA-TLX received greater acceptability. CONCLUSION: The acceptability of WP is low due to the high complexity of its dimensions and clarifying explanations of these may be necessary to increase acceptability. Future research proposals should be expanded to consider mental workload when designing work environments in current manufacturing environments. Show more

Keywords: Cognition, workplace, mental tasks, manufacturing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211324

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1265-1275, 2023

Authors: Poulsen, Anne Grøndahl | Rolving, Nanna | Hubeishy, Maja Husted | Ørtenblad, Lisbeth

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Return-to-work processes involve many stakeholders who need to cooperate to best support the person on sick leave. Yet, there is little knowledge of how workers sick listed due to back pain experience navigating between stakeholders. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore how Danish workers on sick leave due to back pain experience navigating between the involved stakeholders, focusing on settings related to social work, health care and workplace. METHODS: Sixteen individual semi-structured interviews were conducted and data analysed using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS: Analysis resulted in three themes. 1) ‘Meeting the system’ …where establishing a positive relationship with the social worker was hampered by a negative perception of the job centre. This perception was initiated by the convening letter and accentuated by physical meetings being experienced as a waste of time. 2) In ‘Navigating between systems’ some participants lacked support from professionals to navigate the role as messenger between the job centre and health care system. 3) In ‘The workplace–a familiar arena’ workers experience the workplace as a familiar arena, even if negative decisions were made. Analysis additionally revealed that patients’ return-to-work processes could be divided into two types, namely complex and smooth. CONCLUSION: The initial contact from the job centre seems pivotal for the following return-to-work process. The main challenges experienced by sick listed workers were related to the job centre and to being a messenger between job centre and health care, not to their workplace and the decisions made there. Show more

Keywords: Occupational rehabilitation, social work, health care, qualitative research

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220309

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1277-1287, 2023

Authors: Argus, Martin | Pääsuke, Mati

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Using a laptop for work is gaining rapid popularity, but there is little evidence of how it influences musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and functional characteristics of the neck and shoulder area. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the prevalence of upper body MSDs and functional characteristics of the neck between office workers using a laptop or desktop computer. METHODS: A total of 110 office workers with a mean age of 41±10 years participated. 45 office workers (73% female) used a laptop and 65 office workers (86% female) used desktop computers. The prevalence of MSDs was recorded …using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Active range of motion (AROM), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) force, joint position error (JPE), and pain-pressure threshold (PPT) of the neck and shoulder area were measured. RESULTS: Laptop users experienced significantly more MSDs in the right shoulder area on the day of participation (p  < 0.001, OR = 4.47), during the previous 7 days (p  < 0.01, OR = 3.74), and at 6 months (p  < 0.01, OR = 3.57). Laptop users also experienced significantly more MSDs in the left shoulder during the previous 7 days (p  < 0.05, OR = 2.44). There were no statistically significant differences in any of the functional characteristics of the neck and shoulder area between the groups. CONCLUSION: Using the laptop computer for office work may pose a higher risk of developing MSDs in the right shoulder area, but might not have long-term effects on the functional characteristics of the neck and shoulder area. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal pain, range of motion, muscle strength, proprioception, nociception

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220080

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1289-1299, 2023

Authors: Sokolov, Volodymyr | Sevriukov, Denys G. | Rudyak, Vladimira O. | Dmytro, Mykolaiets | Tarakan, Yuliya I.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: EU law states that protection against discrimination arising in employment and employment extends to all grounds provided for by non-discrimination directives adopted in 2000. The scientists have found that the level of discrimination has significant differences depending on the country, as well as in relation to different minority groups. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has consolidated the status of an influential international court and by its decisions can affect the field of employment and at the moment plays the role of an extremely important figure in the development of human rights in Europe and abroad. …OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this research is to study the practice of ECtHR to combat discrimination in employment and employment relations, because today discrimination, despite its ban at the national and international levels, remains in almost all spheres of public life and hinders the provision of equal rights. In its case-law, the Court has developed arguments concerning the direct protection of human rights, its fundamental freedoms, where discrimination is prohibited in all spheres of public relations. METHODS: The main method of research was a historical, legal, theoretical and comparative analysis of ECtHR practice. RESULTS: The previous allocation of discrimination in this area on the basis of race and gender was significantly expanded by issues of gender identity, religion, sexual orientation, which is caused by the development of social relations in the labor market. CONCLUSION: The article highlights measures aimed at combating and predisposing discrimination in the field of employment. Show more

Keywords: Discrimination, ECtHR, employment, international court, judicial practice

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220279

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1301-1308, 2023

Authors: Pagdhune, Avinash | Kashyap, Rekha | SivaPerumal, P. | Balachandar, Rakesh | Viramgami, Ankit | Sarkar, Kamalesh

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Vehicular emissions on long-term exposure predispose metropolitan bus drivers to cardiorespiratory ailments. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cardiorespiratory risk of urban metropolitan bus drivers related to vehicular emission exposure. METHODS: Bus drivers (with service >5 years, n  = 254) and their administrative controls (primarily engaged in indoor white collared jobs, n  = 73) were recruited. Demographic, occupational and clinical details were collected through pre-validated standardized format. Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) and lipid profile were carried out with standard protocol. Risk for cardiovascular events for preceding 10-years was estimated with WHO/ISH risk prediction chart and QRISK3 score. Exposure assessments …for particulate matter (PM) were performed for both groups while duty hours. RESULTS: Exposure of drivers to PM2.5 six times and PM10 five times higher in comparison to administration staff (PM2.5 - 970.9 v/s 145.0μ g/m3 TWA and PM10 - 1111.7 v/s 233.8μ g/m3 TWA). Bus drivers exhibited significantly higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms (dyspnea-25% v/s 6.8% and cough-20.1% v/s 9.8%) and compromised PFT (obstructive–21% v/s 5.7% and restrictive–4.2% v/s 2.9%) in comparison to controls. Multivariate regression statistics reveal a significant decline for FEV1 /FVC and FEV25–75 % among bus drivers compared to controls, controlling the influence of physiological and environmental factors. The difference between predicted cardiac age and their respective chronological age was twice higher (8.3 v/s 4.3 years) among drivers compared to their administration staff. CONCLUSION: Bus drivers were exposed to high levels of outdoor air pollutants. Further, the drivers exhibited higher risk for ischemic attack and obstructive airway diseases as compared to administration staff. Show more

Keywords: Particulate matter exposure, ischemic heart disease risk, pulmonary function test (PFT), traffic-related air pollution

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220189

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1309-1318, 2023

Authors: Vijayakumar, Kamala | Raman Jagadeeswaran, Keerthi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The majority of Indians prefer to drive by two-wheeler. Hands are the most important interface between the rider and bike while riding a motorbike. The vibration is transferred to the physical structure by the handlebar as it travels. Long-term exposure to the vibrations may have an impact on various bodily structures. OBJECTIVE: To measure and analyse the human exposure to vibration in the hand-arm system while riding a motorcycle using a vibrometer. METHODS: The several types of bikes based on their cc’s were evaluated in three different road conditions during this investigation (tar road, concrete …road, and gravel road). The subjective and quantitative data of each participant were recorded. The RMS A(8) values were supported for every combination of motorcycles and road conditions, and vibration intensity was evaluated using a tri-axial vibrometer. RESULTS: The exposure limit value for daily vibration exposure is 5 m/s2 according to the UK Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 standards.This study suggests that the bike with the least amount of vibration be used to prevent hand-arm vibration (HAV) syndrome. This study found that bike C had the least vibration across all three types of roads, which will benefit riders by reducing health issues as they ride. Therefore, it is further examined utilising the Taguchi method with various bike C age groups. Bike C with the lowest age had the least vibration when different bike C ages were compared, hence it was recommended for riding. CONCLUSION: The vibration level of each bike has a huge impact, which was measured using a tri-axial vibrometer. According to the results, bike C has the least vibration across three distinct types of roads and also provides riders with less health issues while riding bikes. As a result, a moped can drive in three different road circumstances with the least amount of vibration, delivering comfort and safety while lowering vibration levels. Show more

Keywords: Hand-arm vibration syndrome, long-term exposure, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220269

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1319-1330, 2023

Authors: Bilgin, Nurcan | Kutlu, Adalet

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: While individuals’ thoughts and behaviors are shaped according to their environment’s cultural characteristics, the managers’ values also shape organizational culture. Therefore, the concepts of person–organization fit and person–job fit can also be affected by the managers’ culture. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to examine the relationships between organization, job fit and cultural values of nurse managers working in university hospitals in Turkey. METHODS: This research is a cross-sectional analytical study. The research sample comprised 391 nurse managers working in the 20 university hospitals in Turkey. The research data were collected via an information form, individual cultural …values scale, person–organization fit scale (POFS), and person–job fit scale (PJFS). Descriptive statistics were computed to define demographic characteristics. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between numeric variables. RESULTS: The means of the nurse managers’ power distance, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, masculinity, long-term orientation scores were 3.03, 5.98, 5.34, 3.02, and 5.60, respectively. The means of the nurse managers’ POFS and PJFS scores were 3.33 and 4.13, respectively. There was a positive relationship among power distance and long-term orientation dimensions and person–organization fit, while there was a negative relationship between the masculinity dimension and person–job fit (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the nurse managers’ individual cultural values were related to the organization and job fit. In this context, it is worth considering the individuals’ cultural values in nurse recruitment and selection processes. Show more

Keywords: Culture, nursing, organization fit, job fit, Hofstede

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220152

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1331-1340, 2023

Authors: Soltanzadeh, Ahmad | Mohammadfam, Iraj | Mahdinia, Mohsen | Sadeghi-Yarandi, Mohsen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The data mining of construction accidents based on a robust modeling process can be used as a practical technique for reducing the frequency of construction accidents. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to data-mine construction accidents. METHODS: This study was conducted in 2020 on construction accidents in Iran for ten years (2009–2018). The instruments to collect the required data were the checklists and descriptive reports of the accidents. The dependent variables of the study included reactive safety indicators related to construction accidents (lost working days (LWD) and total accident costs (TAC)). The independent variables consisted of …four latent factors: personal variables, organizational variables, unsafe working conditions, and unsafe acts. The data were collected based on the conceptual model designed for data mining. The data mining process was carried out based on the structural equation modeling by IBM AMOS V. 23.0. RESULTS: A total of 5742 construction accidents occurring in 10 years were analyzed. The means of TAC and LWD indicators were estimated to be 248.20±52.60 days and 1893.10±152.22 $. These two indicators directly correlated with the two latent factors of unsafe conditions and unsafe acts and their related variables and were indirectly influenced by latent personal and organizational factors. The relationship between unsafe conditions and unsafe acts was significantly positive. The relationship between latent personal and organizational factors and the two construction accident indicators was significantly negative (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The model results showed that personal and organizational variables could, directly and indirectly, affect reactive safety indicators in construction projects. Thus, these findings can be used to design and improve safety strategies to prevent and decrease construction accidents and incidents. Show more

Keywords: Safety, reactive safety indicators, lost working days, construction accidents

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220128

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1341-1350, 2023

Authors: Larson, Robert E. | Johnson, A. Wayne | Bruening, Dustin A. | Ridge, Sarah T. | Mitchell, Ulrike H.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Repositioning patients is a frequent task for healthcare workers causing substantial stress to the low back. Patient handling methodologies that reduce low back load should be used. Some studies have observed the effect of bed height on back forces using a limited range of heights. This study details a wider range. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to discover an optimal bed height for reducing low back force when boosting a patient. METHODS: 11 university students and local residents participated by completing a series of boosts with a 91.6 kg research assistant acting as dependent. …The bed was adjusted 3% of participant height and 3 boosts were completed at each height which resulted in 8–10 different bed heights depending on the height of the participant. Motion and force data were collected to estimate low back forces via 3DSSPP. Pearson’s R was performed to observe the correlation between caregiver height and low back forces. RESULTS: There were significant negative correlations between bed height and low back compression force at L4-L5 (r  = –0.676, p  = <0.001) and L5-S1 (r  = –0.704, p  = <0.001). There were no significant correlations with any shear forces. CONCLUSION: The highest bed height led to decreased low back compression forces regardless of participant height, but there was not a significant difference in shear forces. Thus, healthcare workers may experience less low back stress with the bed at a higher height. There may be a force tradeoff between the low back and other parts of the body that needs further exploration. Healthcare workers need to be made aware of the implications of adjusting the environment when performing patient handling tasks. Show more

Keywords: Posture, caregivers, moving and lifting patients, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220260

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1351-1359, 2023

Authors: Ladegaard, Yun | Skakon, Janne | Dalgaard, Vita Ligaya | Ståhl, Christian | Slot Thomsen, Søren Therkil | Netterstrøm, Bo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In Europe it is commonly accepted that psychosocial hazards may influence the mental health of employees. However, mental disorders such as depression are generally not acknowledged as an occupational disease covered by the workers compensation system. Studies indicate that workers compensation claim processes may affect employee’s health negatively due to a demanding case process. If filing a workers’ compensation claim can harm the employees’ health, it is highly relevant to pay attention to employees with mental health claims, as they are most likely vulnerable and face a very low chance of compensation. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates how …employees with work-related mental disorders experience the process of seeking workers compensation from the Danish Workers’ Compensation System. METHOD: Interview (N = 13) and questionnaire (N = 436) data from claimants were analysed. RESULTS: Analysis showed that even though many employees wished for the claim to influence the conditions at the workplace, there seemed to be a lack of preventive health and safety initiatives in the workplaces. Central stakeholders such as health and safety representatives were often not involved. Management involvement was often experienced negatively, and the Danish Working Environment Authority rarely conducted workplace inspections. Employees experienced inadequate information about the workers’ compensation process and experienced a lack of coordination between stakeholders. CONCLUSION: A more supportive and coordinated approach in the Workers’ Compensation System is recommendable. The processes in the system could be evaluated using the Social Insurance Literacy concept, to ensure sufficient support of the claimants and reduce potential harmful aspects of the process. Show more

Keywords: Mental health claims, prevention, psychosocial work environment, inspections insurance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211315

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1361-1377, 2023

Authors: Kheir, Samah | Lipskaya-Velkovsky, Lena

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Arab population of East Jerusalem with serious mental illness (SMI) is an ethnic and health status minority that has unique employment issues. Vocational rehabilitation offered to this population is guided by standard regulations that are grounded in knowledge obtained from Western communities on the employment enablers, while negligible research was done to investigate relevance of these enablers for the Arab population. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to examine the previously well-established association between motor, cognitive, and emotional personal factors, occupation features, environmental characteristics, and vocational outcomes of job satisfaction and performance among the Arab population of East …Jerusalem with SMI. METHODS: Twenty-three men and women, aged 23–58, from this minority group who had received vocational rehabilitation participated in this cross-sectional study. They completed standard assessments of motor and cognitive skills, self-efficacy, work-environment suitability, and job satisfaction. Employers then rated their level of functioning at work. RESULTS: No correlation was found between the outcome measurements and most of the personal factors and environmental characteristics (p  > 0.05), except for an association between job satisfaction, work self-efficacy, and work control. No expected differences were found between vocational rehabilitation programs in the variables of interest (p  > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The disparity from well-established patterns of association between enablers and employment outcomes reveals unique characteristics of the investigated population and suggests the impact cultural issues has on vocational rehabilitation. The findings raise an urgent call for an in-depth investigation of the complex phenomenon of employment in this population to support sustainable employment benefits and recovery journey. Show more

Keywords: Supported employment, sustainable employment, motor functioning, cognition, self-efficacy, environment, satisfaction with job

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220266

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1379-1392, 2023

Authors: Smith, Todd D. | Yu, Zuojin | Balogun, Abdulrazak O.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and associated musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) are problematic in stone, sand, and gravel mining. Research is needed to explore relationships between job demands, work-related hazards and MSS. OBJECTIVE: An exploratory study was conducted in Indiana during 2019–2020 to examine associations between job demands, work-related hazards and MSS. METHODS: Through convenience sampling, cross-sectional survey data from 459 workers were collected and analyzed using logistic multiple and binary logistic regression methods. Outcome variables were MSS to the low back, neck/shoulder, and wrist/hand. Predictor variables and MSS measures are based on the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. …RESULTS: Increased odds of low back MSS were related to dynamic loads (OR = 2.14), pushing/pulling heavy loads (OR = 1.56), torso bending or twisting (OR = 2.36), bent, stooped, or twisted posture (OR = 2.04), uncomfortable postures (OR = 2.07), repetition (OR = 1.67) and vibrating tools (OR = 1.81). Increased odds of neck/shoulder MSS were related to dynamic loads (OR = 1.83), static loads (OR = 1.24), heavy lifting (OR = 1.50), pushing/pulling heavy loads (OR = 1.68), bending or twisting of the neck (OR = 1.82), twisted neck posture (OR = 1.77) and uncomfortable postures (OR = 1.81). Increased odds of wrist/hand MSS were related to dynamic loads (OR = 2.06), static loads (OR = 1.45), bending or twisting of the wrists/hands (OR = 10.52), extended reaching (OR = 3.05), repetition (OR = 5.25), awkward postures (OR = 4.47), working above shoulder level (OR = 2.47), and vibrating tools (OR = 1.78). CONCLUSION: Hazards that increased the likelihood of MSS were identified. These hazards should be abated or controlled to prevent MSDs in stone, sand, and gravel mining. More applied research, including ergonomic assessments to further identify hazards that can be controlled or abated, is warranted. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorder, job demands, mining, musculoskeletal symptoms

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220188

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1393-1402, 2023

Authors: Yaghoubitajani, Zohreh | Gheitasi, Mehdi | Bayattork, Mohammad | Andersen, Lars Louis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: While positive short-term effects from corrective exercise on neck-shoulder pain (NSP) are evident, maintenance effects after cessation of the exercise remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to assess the lasting effects of corrective exercise in NSP and workability after a year of detraining. METHODS: A cohort study with 1-year follow-up was carried out in two previous training groups (n  = 24) using a self-reported paper-based questionnaire, which was completed three times (baseline, 8-week exercise, and 1-year detraining). The subjects (mean±SD age: 39.0±6.4, 38.1±8.0) responded to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for NSP …as the primary outcome. A single validated item from the Workability Index determined workability as the secondary outcome. Between and within-group differences of the two groups were investigated using non-parametric tests, including 12 subjects in each group. RESULTS: The results indicated that 8-week exercise improvements in NSP and mental and physical workability were largely maintained after one year of detraining. The lasting effects of NSP and physical and mental workability were statistically identified in 8-week and 1-year follow-ups. Nevertheless, it is noticeably warranted to adhere to the exercise program. CONCLUSION: The current study indicates that a brief 8-week exercise period once per year is sufficient to reduce pain and improve workability among workers. This knowledge can make exercise interventions more feasible and cost-effective for companies aiming to improve employee health. Show more

Keywords: Work-related musculoskeletal pain, maintenance, detraining, exercise effects, sedentary lifestyle

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220493

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1403-1411, 2023

Authors: Dandumahanti, Bhanu Priya | Subramaniyam, Murali

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Smartphones cause physiological problems due to inappropriate postures and extensive usage. India, being the second leading country with the highest number of smartphone users (492 million in 2021), has witnessed a significant rise in smartphone-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). OBJECTIVE: This study compared the effects of 60-min smartphone gameplay on head flexion angle, muscle activity, and loads at C7 on Indian adolescents. METHODS: A subjective assessment was conducted on 1659 participants, of which, 40 young male adults aged between 20–28 years performed the experimental trial. Muscle (Sternocleidomastoid) activity, head flexion angle, and load acting at the …neck (C7) were analyzed through postural assessment, pre-and post-subjective analysis. RESULTS: Participants maintained an average of 28.46°±4.04° head flexion angle for more than 43 min (71%) in an hour while performing the task. The muscle activity increased to 23% (p  < 0.001) of MVC at the end of the task compared to the beginning. CONCLUSION: The results indicated a significant increase in muscle activity (1.61 times), spinal loads (4.6 times) and subjective discomfort (2.9 times) after prolonged smartphone usage. It is evident that various aspects (duration, posture, content) play a vital role in smartphone-related MSD and there is a potential risk of cervical spine problems. The increased loads reduce muscle stiffness and increase intervertebral disc pressure. Show more

Keywords: Electromyogram, flexed head posture, musculoskeletal disorders, neck discomfort, smartphone

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220422

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1413-1425, 2023

Authors: Ibikunle, Peter O. | Rhoda, Anthea | Smith, Mario R. | Useh, Ushotanefe

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Return-to-Work Assessment Scale (RAS) was developed in 2021 by Ibikunle et al. to assess return-to-work among post-stroke survivors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe how the conceptual (flag model and ICF) and theoretical framework (C-OAR-SE) were used in developing the RAS. METHOD: The development of the RAS consisted of three phases: (i) Initial item generation (ii) Face and content validity (iii) Psychometric testing. With each phase embracing the flag model, international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) and the C-OAR-SE an acronym for the six aspects of the theory: ‘C’ …[construct definition], ‘OAR’ [object representation, attribute classification, and rater entity identification], and ‘SE’ [selection of item type and answer scale, as well as, enumeration]. RESULTS: A triangulated approach drawn on three separate theories and models. Phase one was developed by using the flag model which provided the semi-structured open ended questions that materialized into the draft instrument while phases two and three were developed using the ICF and the C-OAR-SE. The scale consists of two sections, A and B. Section A comprises general information about post-stroke survivors, which would not be scored, while section B includes three parts that are important to consider when deciding to return-to-work. CONCLUSION: An instrument called RAS was developed, an excellent, internally consistent, as well as reliable tool that has demonstrated good group and structural validity. Show more

Keywords: Disability, psychology, physiotherapy, community rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220120

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1427-1437, 2023

Authors: Khanehshenas, Farin | Mazloumi, Adel | Dabiri, Roya | Adinevand, Somaye Noorali

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fatigue, as a persistent and serious occupational hazard, plays an important role in traffic accidents by reducing the driver’s ability to maneuver with the vehicle and increasing the likelihood of falling asleep at the wheel. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the individual contextual factors, sleep condition, lifestyle, job characteristics, environmental, and economic conditions that affect the fatigue and alertness of Iranian suburban bus drivers. METHODS: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was used for this study. Non-probability sampling was used to study 401 suburban bus drivers from Tehran province, Iran, ranging in age …from 24 to 67 years. The SPSS22 statistical software V27 was used for the analysis. RESULTS: Approximately half of the participants (50.5%) had experienced fatigue while driving in the previous six months. According to a logistic regression analysis, the contextual factors were all independently related to falling asleep and fatigue while driving. CONCLUSION: This study provides a thorough understanding of the contextual factors related to drowsy driving and emphasizes the importance of taking these things into consideration when developing interventions aimed at improving the driver’s wellbeing and health and lowering the risk of errors and accidents. Show more

Keywords: Sleepiness, occupational health, safety, risk factors, traffic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220272

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1439-1454, 2023

Authors: Niu, Jianwei | An, Yueqi | Xu, Mengwen | Zhang, Le | Liu, Jing | Feng, Xiaolin | Li, Lei | Song, Xin | Niu, Weifang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The physical factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in nursing personnel have been largely investigated, although the role of sleep and psychological factors resulting in musculoskeletal pain has not been addressed thoroughly. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and investigate how sleep and psychological factors influence musculoskeletal pain in a nursing group. METHODS: Nordic standard questionnaires were distributed to 230 female nurses. Chi-square tests were performed to assess the associations between sleep problems, psychological problems, and musculoskeletal pain symptoms. Binary logistic regression analysis was also conducted to identify the primary factors …influencing the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain. RESULTS: The highest prevalence of pain was observed in the lower back, neck, and shoulders, whereas the lowest prevalence of pain was observed in the ankles, feet, elbows, and hips/buttocks. Chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression showed that sleep duration, sleep onset time, and sleep quality all significantly contributed to the development of neck and upper back pain. With regard to the psychological factors, only occupational pride and stress had a significant effect on pain; in contrast, family support did not show any significant influence. CONCLUSION: Compared with other body regions, musculoskeletal pain in the lower back, neck, and shoulders requires more attention and preventive interventions. Special efforts should be made to shift the workday system of the nursing group because of the strong correlation between sleep problems and pain. Incentives other than penalty mechanisms should be considered seriously in nursing to boost occupational pride and relieve job stress. Show more

Keywords: Nursing, musculoskeletal pain, Nordic standard questionnaires, binary logistic regression analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211113

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1455-1465, 2023

Authors: Wu, Lei | Li, Jian | Wang, Zhenglun | Wang, Zhongren | Liu, Tao | Sun, Jingzhi | Ling, Ruijie | He, Lihua | Wang, Sheng | Yang, Lei

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Parachutists are generally recognized as a “high-risk” group among military personnel. However, the findings came mostly from data analysis without soldiers as subjects. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the injury prevalence in Chinese paratroopers on-site and determine the relationship between injury and risk factors encountered during parachuting and land-based training. METHODS: This study consisted of a field study with questionnaire and an experiment on muscle load during the simulated training exercise of platform jumping with surface electromyography (EMG), in which 7230 paratroopers and 38 soldiers were involved respectively. Chi-square test was used for the …injury rate analysis, ANOVA and t -test for comparison of EMG data, and logistic regression for the analysis of multiple factors. Taking both intensity and time into consideration, jump-years (J-yrs) was used as a complex indicator for exposure to parachuting. Either injury per 1000 jumps or injured persons per 100 soldiers were calculated as injury prevalence. RESULTS: The overall injury rate among Chinese parachutists was found to be 13.9 injuries per 1000 parachute jumps and 24.5% based on personnel. The person-based injury rate increased with the exposure level significantly (χ 2  = 142.06, 2-sided, P  < 0.05; trend test also significantly). Among the identified risk factors the uneven terrain was ranked as the most important one by logistic analysis. The EMG amplitude in MVE% increased with the platform height of all the 8 measured muscles and even reached 100% in 4 muscles, showing a high impact at landing. In addition, some characteristics of parachuting injury were also revealed by the injury type and site analysis. CONCLUSION: A dose-response relationship between parachuting and injury was observed significantly in the survey of Chinese paratroopers. Their injury rate was found to be relatively higher than the reported internationally. Landing impact as a critical point for injury seemed to be proved by the investigation and also the experiment with EMG measurement. It is suggested for future studies, to use the person-based injury rate, landing studied in work physiology and with consideration of different landing skills. Show more

Keywords: Epidemiological study, wound, dose response relationship, electromyography, landing impact

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-220079

Citation: Work, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1467-1476, 2023