Work - Volume 74, issue 2

Authors: Silva, Vagner Antonio Rodrigues | Guimarães, Alexandre Caixeta | Lavinsky, Joel | de Castro, Rafael Freire | Freitas, Paola Piva | Castilho, Arthur Menino | Chone, Carlos Takahiro | Crespo, Agrício Nubiato

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The most common current hearing protection devices (HPDs) on the market include earplugs and earmuffs. A variety of materials can be used to manufacture these devices, and each offers a level of noise attenuation that is informed by the manufacturer although it does not always correspond to the attenuation observed in real-world use. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the noise attenuation of HPDs available to workers exposed to noise. METHODS: The most relevant studies originally published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish that investigated the noise attenuation effectiveness of HPDs used by workers exposed to noise were analyzed. …The following electronic databases were searched by 2 independent reviewers for studies published from 1999 to 2019: MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library (OVID), ProQuest, and BVS-Bireme. Different combinations of the following search terms (MeSH terms) were used for all databases: “Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced”, “Ear Protective Devices” (Efficacy OR Effectiveness)”, “Noise, Occupational”. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded a total of 326 potentially relevant studies. After the removal of duplicates, 156 remained for the screening of titles and abstracts. After reviewing titles and abstracts, 46 studies were selected for full-text reading. Of these, six were included in this systematic review. CONCLUSION: Hearing protection devices reduced the noise exposure and were effective in all included studies in different countries, types of activity, and sound pressure exposure. Show more

Keywords: Noise, noise-induced hearing loss, earmuff, earplug

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205290

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 477-484, 2023

Authors: Ferrari, Guilherme Neto | Leal, Gislaine Camila Lapasini | Thom de Souza, Rodrigo Clemente | Galdamez, Edwin Vladimir Cardoza

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The working population is exposed daily to unavoidable climatic conditions due to their occupational settings. Effects of the weather such as rain, heat, and air pollution may increase the risk of diseases, injuries, accidents, and even death during labor. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to summarize the impacts of climate change on workers’ health, safety and performance, identifying the risks, affected workplaces and the range of methodological approaches used to assess this problem. METHODS: A thorough systematic mapping was conducted in seven scientific international databases: Emerald, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Scielo, Scopus, SpringerLink, and Web of …Science. Three research questions guided the extraction process resulting in 170 articles regarding the impacts of climate change on occupational health and safety. RESULTS: We found an accentuated trend in observational studies applying primary and secondary data collection. Many studies focused on the association between rising temperatures and occupational hazards, mainly in outdoor work settings such as agriculture. The variation of temperature was the most investigated impact of climate change. CONCLUSIONS: We established a knowledge base on how to explore the impacts of climate change on workers’ well-being and health. Researchers and policymakers benefit from this review, which explores the suitable methods found in the literature and highlights the most recurring risks and their consequences to occupational health and safety. Show more

Keywords: Global warming, working population, work hazards, systematic mapping

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211303

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 485-499, 2023

Authors: Arvidsson, Lisa | Skytt, Bernice | Lindberg, Maria | Lindberg, Magnus

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nurses’ working conditions are important for their well-being at work and for their ability to provide patients with safe care. Self-efficacy can influence employees’ behaviour at work. Therefore, it is valuable to study self-efficacy levels to medical asepsis in relation to working conditions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between nurses’ assessed self-efficacy levels to medical asepsis in care situations and structural empowerment, work engagement and work-related stress. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a correlational design was conducted. A total of 417 registered nurses and licensed practical nurses at surgical and orthopaedic units responded to a …questionnaire containing: the Infection Prevention Appraisal Scale, the Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire-II, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 and the Health & Safety Executive Management Standards Indicator Tool. Correlational analyses and group comparisons were performed. RESULTS: The nurses rated high levels of self-efficacy to medical asepsis in care situations. The correlational analyses revealed that correlation coefficients between structural empowerment, work engagement, work-related stress and self-efficacy to medical asepsis were 0.254–0.268. Significant differences in self-efficacy were found in the grouped working conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that nurses rated high self-efficacy levels to medical asepsis and, to some extent, this seemed related to structural empowerment, work engagement and work-related stress. This valuable knowledge could enable improvements at the managerial and organisational levels, benefiting both nurses and patients in the long run. Show more

Keywords: Infection prevention, working conditions, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211305

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 501-513, 2023

Authors: Tanaka, Sachie | Kuge, Ryunosuke Iwai | Nakano, Miku | Inukai, Sayaka | Hamamoto, Midori | Terasawa, Miho | Nakamura, Toshinori | Sugiyama, Nobuhiro | Kobayashi, Masayoshi | Washizuka, Shinsuke

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mood and adjustment disorders are two major causes of long-term sick leave among employees, leading to large social losses. Therefore, a return to work (RTW) intervention was attempted, targeting patients with mood and adjustment disorders. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the outcome of an interdisciplinary RTW intervention including occupational therapy implemented within the Japanese healthcare framework. METHODS: An interdisciplinary RTW intervention including occupational therapy was conducted five times a week for approximately three months, targeting individuals with mood and adjustment disorders who took a leave of absence. Their mental symptoms, cognitive functioning, job performance, …temperament, social adaptation, psychosocial state, and readiness to RTW before and after the intervention were evaluated. Full-time RTW ratios at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months from baseline were followed up and compared with those of prior studies. RESULTS: A total of 30 individuals completed the intervention. After the intervention, participants’ psychological symptoms, cognitive function, vocational aptitude, temperament, social adaptation, psychosocial state, and readiness to RTW improved (p≤0.001–0.0279). The ratios of RTW at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months from the baseline were 6.7%, 46.7%, 73.3%, 77.8%, and 82.6%, respectively, reflecting a higher pattern than prior reports. CONCLUSIONS: The interdisciplinary RTW intervention including occupational therapy has the potential to improve not only depressive symptoms but also cognitive functioning, job performance, social adaptation, and readiness to RTW. They can also raise RTW ratios. Show more

Keywords: Cognitive behavioral therapy, mental health, psychoeducation, stress, worker

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211144

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 515-530, 2023

Authors: Lee, Beatrice | Rumrill, Stuart | Reyes, Antonio | McDaniels, Bradley

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Most people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are employed at the time of their diagnosis; however, due to the unpredictable nature of MS, most exit the workforce shortly thereafter. A plethora of research has examined factors that negatively affect employment outcomes for people with MS. However, little is known about how hope, a modifiable positive psychology factor, affects employment. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the role of hope and its association with employment outcomes for people with MS. METHODS: Two-hundred and fifty-five adults with MS (mean ± SD age, 45.45 years ± 10.28) completed surveys about their …MS, employment, disability-related stress, and hope. A three-step hierarchical logistic regression was conducted to examine the extent to which hope explains the variance in employment, over and above demographic and disability related covariates. RESULTS: The final model explained 28% of the variance in employment, suggesting that the model was able to distinguish people with MS who were employed versus those who were unemployed. Higher levels of hope were associated with an increased probability of being employed (OR  = 4.65; 95% CI [1.98, 10.92]). CONCLUSION: This study supports that hope is associated with favorable employment outcomes for people with MS. Persons with MS may benefit from working with rehabilitation professionals to enhance their hope, and this study provides a foundation for the development of hope-based interventions to improve employment outcomes among this population. Show more

Keywords: Positive psychology, work, vocational rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211210

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 531-538, 2023

Authors: Marins, Eduardo F. | Caputo, Eduardo L. | Freitas, Flavio C. | Rombaldi, Airton J. | da Silva, Marcelo C. | Alberton, Cristine L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Police officers are exposed to specific occupational tasks, which require lifting, trunk flexion and rotation, carrying weight, and frequent standing periods, which may be associated with an increased risk of experiencing low back pain (LBP). OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and intensity of chronic LBP (CLBP) in Brazilian Federal Highway Police officers (FHPO) from the Rio Grande do Sul state and evaluate its associated factors. METHODS: A total of 208 FHPOs participated in this study. The participants answered an electronic questionnaire containing sociodemographic, behavioral, and occupational questions, and CLBP history. Data analysis comprises descriptive statistics …and Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Most of the FHPO were male, aged 41 or more, lived with a partner and were physically active. Sixty-seven percent of FHPO had CLBP, and the median pain intensity was 3.0 (IQR = 0– 5). Participants who lived with a partner were less likely to report CLBP (PR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.64; 0.99). On the other hand, those who worked as FHPO for more than 11 years were more likely to report CLPB (PR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.06; 1.63), and high pain intensity (β= 0.95; 95% CI = 0.19; 1.71). CONCLUSIONS: The high CLBP prevalence among FHPO from Rio Grande do Sul state indicates a need to highlight the importance for police organizations to promote CLBP prevention and implement workplace management programs. Show more

Keywords: Personal protective equipment, injuries, law enforcement, job characteristics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211289

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 539-547, 2023

Authors: Rajeshwari, R. | Rao, Chythra R | D’Silva, Ruth Mary | Chandrasekaran, Baskaran

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Anecdotal evidence links occupational sedentary behaviour, low energy expenditure (EE) and cognitive dysfunction. Nevertheless, EE across different work postures including active workstations remains unclear and its influence on cognitive processing speed is yet to be established. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate differences in EE across various work postures and its influence on cognitive processing speed. METHODS: Sixteen desk-based employees performed simulated work tasks (typing, reading and cognitive tasks) in three different work positions (sitting, standing, and walking) in three different days. EE was measured for three days consecutively for 30-minutes in three simulated working postures …using indirect calorimetry. Cognitive processing speed was assessed through computer-based choice reaction times during each work posture. The outcome variables of interest (EE, reaction times and accuracy) were compared between three work postures using repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson correlation. RESULTS: EE in walking posture was higher (5.57±0.45 Kcal) than sitting (1.07±0.12 Kcal) and standing (1.88±0.42 Kcal). Total EE was significantly higher in walking than standing (35.17±6.86 Kcal) and sitting postures (41.37±8.46 Kcal). We did not find any significant differences in cognitive processing speed between different work postures except within standing work condition (60.22±13.97 ms). Accuracy was found to be reduced in walking compared to sitting (0.76±0.83%) and standing (0.43±0.09%) but not reached significance. CONCLUSION: Although significant differences in EE were observed between work postures, walking or standing at work did not affect the cognitive processing speed. Show more

Keywords: Energy expenditure, cognition, calorimeter, work posture, standing

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205315

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 549-563, 2023

Authors: Batista, Gabriel de Amorim | Locks, Francisco | Beltrán Picón, Sol Patricia | Correia, Heloísa Jácome | Ferraz, Zalane Cristina Marques | Pitangui, Ana Carolina Rodarti | Cappato de Araújo, Rodrigo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fruitculture workers are exposed to shoulder pain disorders due to long working times in overhead activities. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the association between the time of physical work and leisure activities over the perception of shoulder pain intensity in fruit growing workers. METHODS: This is a descriptive and correlational cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 180 fruit-growing workers. Multivariable logistic regression was used, with an estimate of the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. The dependent variable: Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) (0–10 points), was categorized as low and high, with cutoff …points of NPRS > 3 and NPRS > 4, and was associated with the independent variables (level of physical activity, personal, labour and psychosocial). RESULTS: Workers which are insufficiently active in leisure time are more likely to report high-intensity shoulder pain, NPRS > 3 (OR: 2.39; p  = 0.049) and NPRS > 4 (OR: 2.85; p  = 0.036). In addition, working time in overhead activities is a risk factor for high-intensity pain for NPRS > 3 and NPRS > 4 (OR = 1.01; p  < 0.001). Underweight and normal-weight workers were less likely to report shoulder pain in NPRS > 3 (OR = 0.35; p  = 0.020) and in NPRS > 4 (OR = 0.20; p  = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Fruit-growing workers had a high prevalence of severe shoulder pain. In addition, workers who are insufficiently active at leisure, overweight and obese are more likely to report severe pain. It was observed that overhead tasks increase the chances of reporting high-intensity shoulder pain among workers. Show more

Keywords: Shoulder joint, pain, occupational health, agricultural workers’ diseases, rural workers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210851

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 565-574, 2023

Authors: Alam, Mohammad Shahin | Shin, DuckJung

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: For disability accommodation (DA) decision-making/planning processes to unfold successfully, an understanding of the factors influencing DA complexity and a reliable tool for measuring such complexity are needed. The current literature does not provide sufficient knowledge on either topic. OBJECTIVE: We attempted to explore the factors influencing DA complexity and develop a DA complexity scale in three phases through the sequential mixed approach. METHOD: The study used an exploratory sequential mixed method in three phases. In phase 1, a qualitative survey of 335 supervisors with recent DA management experience was conducted, and the data were analyzed …using a thematic approach to identify and evaluate DA complexity factors. In phase 2, qualitative results were transformed into items to construct a DA complexity scale. Later, the scale was tested using data from a separate quantitative cross-sectional survey of 303 supervisors with recent DA management experience. In phase 3, another quantitative cross-sectional study of 307 supervisors with recent DA management experience to evaluate the validity of the scale and its dimensions. RESULTS: In Phase 1, we identified 12 factors influencing DA complexity. In Phase 2, the DA complexity scale loaded 29 items in nine dimensions, which represented the factors influencing DA complexity. In Phase 3, DA complexity positively influenced supervisors’ job demand and stress, and negatively influenced their work motivation, organizational commitment, and supervisors’ perceptions about their relationships with employees with disabilities. CONCLUSION: This study enriches the DA literature by offering an in-depth understanding of DA complexity and a scale to measure it. Show more

Keywords: Workplace disability, supervisors, accommodation, disability complexity, accommodation assessment

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210988

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 575-594, 2023

Authors: Fragiadakis, Kostas

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The work integration of people who have recovered from addiction is an essential factor in the maintaining treatment outcomes. However, its multidimensionality has not yet received the attention it deserves. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the critical elements shaping the work integration attempts of people who have recovered from addiction and work in Greek social enterprises. METHODS: The data was obtained from 25 interviews which were conducted during the field research period; they were processed using the method of thematic analysis. RESULTS: Work integration is obstructed by a combination of individual constraints, together with obstacles …related to how persons interact with their social environment, as well as with broader political, institutional, and socioeconomic parameters. The participants depended predominantly on the treatment program and their social network for work integration. CONCLUSION: The article enriches the existing literature focusing on the workers’ perspective on the issue under study. The complexity of the obstacles and limited support sources highlight both the need for client-centered interventions and design of a state-level work integration strategy. In this context, work environments with the potential of a holistic approach to work integration obstacles, such as work integration social enterprises, remain untapped opportunities. Show more

Keywords: Work integration, addiction recovery, Greece, thematic analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210493

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 595-608, 2023

Authors: Reimann, Mareike | Abendroth, Anja-Kristin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: New forms of digital work such as crowdwork promise to increase potentials for flexible working. As crowdworkers can work highly autonomous and from anywhere at any time via the internet, they may be able to make work and private demands more compatible and avoid role conflicts between the life spheres, and in turn, experience enhanced well-being. OBJECTIVE: This research asked whether crowdworkers benefit from flexible working potentials. It investigated the association of the use of different dimensions of flexible working (flex-time, flex-place, and task autonomy) in crowdwork with work-life conflict and well-being. Moreover, it explored whether the …relationship between flexible working and well-being was mediated by work-life conflict. METHODS: The study drew upon a sample of 470 crowdworkers from a cross-sectional self-assessment survey on four different German crowdwork platforms. Structural equation modeling was conducted to estimate the effects of flexible working on work-life conflict, somatic health symptoms, and life satisfaction. Indirect effects were estimated to test the mediation hypothesis. RESULTS: The findings suggest that if crowdworkers use temporal and task flexibility, they experience fewer work-life conflict, fewer somatic health symptoms, and greater life satisfaction. This does not apply to flex-place. The relationship between flexible working and well-being is partly mediated by work-life conflict experiences. CONCLUSION: This study supports that crowdwork offers a high potential for working highly autonomous and flexibly in time and place. It is associated with lower levels of work-life conflict and enhanced well-being, but the benefits of this flexibility are not universally included in crowdwork. Show more

Keywords: Crowdwork, digital labor, flex-place, flex-time, workplace flexibility

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210908

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 609-620, 2023

Authors: Jasiński, Arkadiusz M. | Derbis, Romuald

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Midwives are potentially exposed to high levels of occupational stress. The level of stress may be related to the job demands and job resources, as well as midwife seniority. To date, few studies on the determinants of occupational stress have examined Polish midwives. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the roles of workload, job satisfaction, and seniority in shaping the stress levels of midwives in Poland. METHODS: A cross-sectional approach and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to compare two groups: newly qualified midwives (NQMs; n = 79) and experienced midwives (n = 99). All …data were collected between January and November 2018. RESULTS: Analysis revealed that in both NQMs (β = 0.34, p = 0.006) and experienced midwives (β = 0.40, p < 0.001) workload was a positive predictor of occupational stress. In contrast, job satisfaction was found to be a negative predictor of stress in both groups (NQMs: β = -0.44, p < 0.001; experienced midwives: β = -0.57, p < 0.001). The study groups did not differ significantly in terms of the levels of workload, job satisfaction, and occupational stress. CONCLUSION: Workload and job satisfaction are predictors of occupational stress in midwives. The results of this study indicate the important role of job satisfaction and workload in the shaping of occupational stress levels. Resource-rich and low-stress work environments can enhance the quality of health care provided by midwives. Show more

Keywords: Job stress, midwife, employee workload, workplace, personal satisfaction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210743

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 621-630, 2023

Authors: Puciato, Daniel | Rozpara, Michał | Bugdol, Marek | Borys, Tadeusz | Słaby, Teresa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Quality of life is currently one of the basic conceptual categories in many research disciplines. The authors of the present study are convinced that measurement of quality of life in reference to people living on the poverty line deserves special attention. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify relationships between the quality of life and sociodemographic variables in low-income Wrocław residents. METHODS: The research was conducted in Wrocław (Poland) and involved 1215 respondents aged 18–64 years, whose monthly gross income per capita in the household did not exceed 1043 PLN. The respondents’ quality …of life was assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire with additional questions on the respondents’ social and demographic status. RESULTS: The Wrocław residents most often assessed their quality of life as average or below average. They rated their health-related quality of life in the social domain as the highest, and in the physical domain as the lowest. Age, household size, stable source of income, savings, and indebtedness were significantly correlated with the quality of life of Wrocław residents under study. Among the respondents, statistically significant relationships between perceived health condition assessment and age, professional status, stable source of income, and debt were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate that public health programs and other activities related to quality of life management should be directed to individuals and social groups particularly threatened by low quality of life, i.e., people living on the income poverty line. Show more

Keywords: Quality of life, income poverty, socio-demographic factors

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211110

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 631-648, 2023

Authors: Negri, Luca | Spoladore, Daniele | Fossati, Margherita | Arlati, Sara | Cocchi, Mario Giuseppe | Corbetta, Claudio | Davalli, Angelo | Sacco, Marco

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Employment is an essential component of life as it provides income, sense of engagement and opportunities for personal development. Unemployment due to disability following an accident may have dramatic social and psychological consequences on individuals; it is thus fundamental to foster return to work of these persons. OBJECTIVE: The present work was aimed to develop a methodology determining suitable jobs for people living with disability after a job-related accident. METHODS: The Occupational Information Network (O*NET) taxonomy was combined with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to match individual resources with specific job …requirements. ICF Linking Rules were employed by two independent groups of researchers to associate ICF codes to O*NET skill and ability descriptors. RESULTS: O*NET descriptors were linked to 92 unique ICF codes. A “Criticality score” combining ICF and O*NET features to assess suitability of selected jobs for persons with disabilities was also proposed. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methodology represents a novel instrument to support return to work; the capability to assess specific work-related facets through the lens of both the ICF model and O*NET taxonomy would conceivably provide vocational rehabilitation specialists and occupational therapists with a useful tool fostering job placement of workers with disability. Show more

Keywords: International classification of functioning, disability and health, occupational information network, ICF linking rules, return to work, workers with disability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211226

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 649-662, 2023

Authors: Stembalska, Małgorzata | Mazurek, Justyna | Biernat, Karolina | Sokołowski, Michał | Sutkowska, Edyta

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Injuries are the cause of professional and social deactivation. The rehabilitation program provided under Social Security prevention pension enables earlier rehabilitation measures. OBJECTIVE: The study’s aim was to determine the efficiency of the rehabilitation as a part of Social Security prevention pension in the group of patients after limb injuries depending on the time when rehabilitation was undertaken. METHODS: The study was a retrospective data analysis, based on medical histories of 93 patients after injuries, rehabilitated as part of Social Security prevention pension from January 2016 until July 2017. The effects of rehabilitation were assessed …in 2 groups: early (up to 6 months from the injury) and late rehabilitation (over 6 months). Medical effects are based on measurements of the motion range in extremities’ joints, functional test results and final evaluation of the rehabilitation. RESULTS: For both groups, the motion range of most joints improved. Improvement among the group of early rehabilitated patients concerned everyday activities (p  = 0.035), the results of medical rehabilitation (p  = 0.046) and also the results of the functional tests. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive rehabilitation of patients after the injuries in Social Security prevention pension leads to better medical effects. The results are better for earlier rehabilitated patients. Show more

Keywords: Healthcare finance, rehabilitation, prevention, social institution, public health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210860

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 663-671, 2023

Authors: Bordignon, Maiara | Marziale, Maria Helena Palucci | Sutherland, Melissa A. | Monteiro, Inês

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nursing professionals are on the front line of health systems in Brazil as well as worldwide. Studies on the work ability of nursing professionals are especially relevant as care demands increase and health care workforce shortages are expected. As the population of Brazil ages, the need for nursing care will increase. OBJECTIVE: To identify levels and predictors of work ability among Brazilian nursing professionals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 267 nursing professionals (72 nurses and 195 nursing technicians and nursing auxiliary) from public emergency and urgent care units was conducted. Measures included the following: Work …Ability Index; Questionnaire of Socio-demographics, Lifestyle and Work and Health Aspects; and Violence at Work questionnaire. Generalized linear regression and Poisson models were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean work ability was 40.4 (range: 22 to 49). Almost 79.6% (n  = 211) of participants reported good or excellent work ability, and 20.4% (n  = 54) reported moderate or poor work ability. Better perceptions of health and job satisfaction, absence of health issues (past 15 days), lower stress levels, and having a partner were associated with better work ability. Victims of workplace violence were less likely to have good or excellent work ability than non-victims (prevalence ratio = 0.80; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.90). Professionals with cumulative experiences of workplace violence were less likely to report better work ability. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of good or excellent work ability was 79.6%. Our findings indicate that the following factors are predictors of work ability: self-reported perception of health, health issues in the last 15 days, workplace violence, job satisfaction, stress, and marital status. Show more

Keywords: Work capacity evaluation, nursing staff, occupational health, emergency nursing, health workforce

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211300

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 673-683, 2023

Authors: Leino, Timo | Turunen, Jarno K.A. | Pehkonen, Irmeli | Juvonen-Posti, Pirjo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work disability management (WDM) interventions have usually focused on a single factor and its impact on outcomes such as employee health or work disability costs. Research on company-level WDM activities and their economic impact is scarce. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explain the change in company-level work disability costs and their relation to WDM practices, and to identify the mechanisms of impact through which the successful economic outcome emerged. METHODS: The study design was a convergent mixed methods design with a multiple case study. The data from 14 business units concerned business …context, personnel, investments in and processes of WDM, and the costs of work disability in 2010-2013. The data were constructed into case descriptions which were analysed using qualitative comparative analysis. The economic analysis was carried out from the employers’ perspective. RESULTS: Five business units gained net benefits of approximately 1.5-2.5% of the payroll sum from their investments in WDM. These benefits were characterised by a combination of four strategic processes: i) dismantling barriers to co-operation, ii) improving the visibility of the strategic goals of work ability management in everyday practice, iii) WDM actions targeting the company’s main work disability risks, and iv) the facilitation of multi-actor co-operation through co-ordination and flow of information. CONCLUSION: Strategic processes to support the effectiveness of WDM were found. When aiming for economic success in work disability management, in addition to measuring and managing disability costs, it is also essential to maintain collaborative operations in everyday practice. Show more

Keywords: Work disability management, occupational health, qualitative comparative analysis, economic evaluation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210026

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 685-697, 2023

Authors: Balgiu, Beatrice Adriana

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Since most global organizations adopted teleworking since the COVID-19 pandemic, measuring teleworking-related concepts and its implications have become vital. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study consisted in the validation and the examination of the psychometric properties of the E-Work Life Scale (EWLS) which measures the relevant teleworking-related aspects: work-life interference, productivity, organizational trust, and flexibility. METHODS: To this aim, a group of teleworkers (N  = 357; Mage  = 38.90) completed the set of scales on which the study was based. The construct validity of the scale was examined by means of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and …the internal consistency by using Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s ω, and composite reliability (CR). Associations between the EWLS and the measures of life satisfaction, positive and negative affect and subjective well-being were also considered. A structural equation model is conducted to analyze the relationship between EWLS factors and life satisfaction. RESULTS: The findings obtained through CFA support the construct validity of the EWLS that is identical with the original version of the scale, which contains the four factors (χ2 /df = 2.61; CFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.069; SRMR = 0.067). The internal consistency is good for the four factors, as well as for the total score of the scale (αs > 0.69; ωs > 0.75; CRs > 0.78). Work-life interference is the factor that is most associated with subjective well-being. The dimensions of the EWLS determine the life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The results lead us to believe that EWLS is a promising instrument for the assessment of the factors involved in teleworking. Show more

Keywords: Teleworking, work-life balance, efficiency, COVID-19

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211153

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 699-709, 2023

Authors: Kakaraparthi, Lalitha | Gadhavi, Bhavana | Kakaraparthi, Venkata Nagaraj | Reddy, Ravi Shankar | Tedla, Jaya Shanker | Samuel, Paul Silvian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Handgrip strength is considered an important interpreter of general health, and hand functions in children. It is mainly influenced by anthropometric determinants and hand dimensions. OBJECTIVE: To assess the handgrip strength and their association with anthropometric determinants, hand circumference, hand span, and hand length among school children in both the dominant and non-dominant hand. METHODS: Anthropometric measurements, hand circumference, hand span, hand length, and grip strength measurements were obtained from 133 school children of both genders aged 6–12 years. A Jamar hand-held dynamometer was used to measure handgrip strength and the hand dimensions with a …tape measure in cm. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the handgrip strength among boys and girls. The dominant hand was found to be sturdier than the non-dominant hand in both genders. We also found a significant correlation of anthropometric determinants and hand dimensions with handgrip strength. Age, BMI, hand circumference, hand span, and hand length had a strong correlation with grip strength (p  < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed the reference values and concluded its correlations with hand dimensions among school children aged 6–12 years and this information can serve as a manual for interpretation of handgrip strength measurements in children. Show more

Keywords: Grip strength, hand circumference, hand span, hand length, schoolchildren

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211368

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 711-721, 2023

Authors: Hult, Marja | Saaranen, Terhi | Lindström, Petra Nilsson

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The salutogenic approach in workplace health promotion emphasizes resources to gain and maintain good health and wellbeing. One of these resources could be calling, but its relation to the salutogenic approach is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To explore the associations between salutogenic measures of health and occupational wellbeing and calling among workers from the care and educational sectors. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Autumn 2020 among Finnish public and private sector care workers. A total of 7925 workers responded. Descriptive analyses and analysis of variance were used for the data analysis. RESULTS: Salutogenic …measures of health and occupational wellbeing correlated strongly mutually, and both correlated moderately with calling. Workers aged over 55 years, workers acting in the education sector, workers with superior positions and temporary workers had the highest scores on health, occupational wellbeing and calling. When comparing occupational wellbeing dimensions by profession, managers had the highest scores and nurses the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides knowledge of promotive factors and health and occupational wellbeing resources for workplace health promotion in the care sector. Perceived calling in work can be considered a salutogenic resource for overall health and wellbeing; however, these connections should be further studied. Show more

Keywords: Education, health care, salutogenic approach, social services, work experience, workplace health promotion

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211326

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 723-732, 2023

Authors: García-Remeseiro, Tania | Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Águeda | Taboada-Iglesias, Yaiza | Alonso-Fernández, Diego

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal pain represents a major public health problem. Workers who use visual display terminals (VDT) have suffered an increase in neck pain in recent decades. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between physical activity (PA), sitting time, posture, and neck disability in a population of employed adults who use a computer at work. METHODS: In this descriptive-correlational study, 88 workers with a mean age of 48.31 years participated. All of the participants filled out the Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and Neck Disability Index (NDI). The …postural situation was also assessed with Posture Assessment Software (PAS/SAPO). RESULTS: A significant and inverse relationship was observed between the habit of PA practice and the Body Mass Index (BMI). A total of 59.1% of the participants have a moderate PA index. There was a statistically significant relationship between the NDI and the time that workers spend sitting in a workday. A significance level of p ≤0.05 was established for all the statistical analyses. CONCLUSION: The increase in sitting time produces an increase in neck disability among workers and there are no significant differences between the level of PA and the cervical angles analyzed. The promotion of leisure-time PA and the reduction of prolonged uninterrupted sitting time at work could be one of the means to reduce musculoskeletal morbidity in the working population. Show more

Keywords: Exercise, posture, neck pain, sedentary time, computer terminals

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205194

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 733-742, 2023

Authors: Mahmood, Nabeel | Qin, Rongjun | Butalia, Tarunjit | Manasrah, Maram

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the main problems that may put people’s safety in danger is the lack of real-time detection, evaluation, and recognition of predictable safety risks. Current real-time risk identification solutions are limited to proximity sensing, which lack providing the exposed person with risk-specific information in real-time. Combined values of concurrently presented risks are either unrecognized or underestimated. OBJECTIVE: This study goes beyond the proximity sensing state-of-the-art by envisioning, planning, designing, developing, assembling, and examining an automated intelligent real-time risk (AIR) assessment system. METHODS: A holistic safety assessment approach is followed to include identification, prioritization, detection, …evaluation, and control at risk exposure time. Multi-sensor technologies based on RFID are integrated with a risk assessment intelligent system. System prototype is developed and examined to prove the concept for on-foot building construction workers. RESULTS: The evaluation of AIR assessment system’s performance proved its validity, significance, simplicity, representation, accuracy, precision, and timeliness. The reliability of providing quantitative proximity values of risk can be limited due to the signal attenuation; however, it can be reliable in providing risk proximity in a subjective linguistic fashion (Near/Far). CONCLUSION: The main contributions of the AIR assessment system are that the mobile wearable device can provide a linguistic meaningful risk assessment resultant value, the value represents the combined evaluation of concurrently presented risks, and can be sound delivered to the exposed person in real-time of exposure. Therefore, AIR system can be used as an effective prognostic risk assessment tool that can empower workers with real-time recognition and measurability of risk exposure. Show more

Keywords: Real-time assessment, concurrent safety risks, RFID multi-sensors, static dynamic risks, linguistic values, risk rose, fuzzy fault tree analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210011

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 743-760, 2023

Authors: Oggioni, Barbara Passos | Duarte, Francisco José de Castro Moura | Abraçado, Mateus Pereira | Béguin, Pascal

Article Type: Correction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-223652

Citation: Work, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 761-761, 2023