Work - Volume 73, issue 3

Authors: Grönlund, Anne | Öun, Ida

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The potential of flexible scheduling to alleviate work-family tensions and replace female part-time work has not been thoroughly explored. Specifically, research has not acknowledged that employees’ schedule control may be conditioned by organizational demands for availability and commitment. OBJECTIVE: We examine the links between flexibility and gendered patterns of work-family reconciliation by considering how work arrangements balance employer demands and employee control and how they relate to work-family tensions. METHODS: Using mixed-methods, we combine a survey of Swedish parents (n  = 2320) with interviews of survey respondents (n  = 40). First, we identify clusters of flexible work …arrangements and explore differences between mothers and fathers. Second, we analyze the relationship between flexible work arrangements and work-family tensions. Finally, the qualitative data are used to explore how flexibility/lack of flexibility enter into parents’ work-family tensions and negotiations. RESULTS: Three types of flexible work arrangements are found. Boundaryless jobs, which combine high levels of control with high requirements for organizational flexibility, are more common among fathers and highly educated. Confined jobs have low levels of both employee- and employer-oriented flexibility, but high demands, and are common among mothers and in female-dominated workplaces. Despite higher levels of control, boundaryless jobs are not associated with less work-family conflict. In malleable jobs, control is relatively high and demands low and work-family tensions are less noticeable. CONCLUSIONS: Employer- and employee-oriented flexibility go hand in hand, but work arrangements differ radically between groups. High flexibility does not alleviate work-family tensions, and part-time work remains an important work-family strategy for mothers. Show more

Keywords: Flexibility, schedule control, gender, organizational demands, work-family reconciliation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210668

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 843-856, 2022

Authors: Gyllensten, Kristina | Fredriksson, Sofie | Widen, Stephen | Söderberg, Mia | Waye, Kerstin Persson

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Noise is a common workplace problem that can affect health and performance. High sound levels have been found in sectors that largely has been overlooked in noise research such as health care and education. In these communication-intense environments the work requires speech communication, thus making it difficult to wear hearing protection. OBJECTIVE: To explore nurses’ and preschool teachers’ experiences of taking part in a participatory intervention project aiming to improve the sound environment and the psychosocial work environment. METHODS: One preschool and one obstetrics ward took part in the study, and a qualitative design was …used to evaluate the experience of the participatory intervention approach. RESULTS: Five main themes were found in the analysis: Awareness; Taking control of the sound environment; Influence of the building and interior design; Circumstances influencing the intervention process; and Motivation to maintain change. CONCLUSIONS: Despite demanding working situations and lack of financial resources, preschool and obstetrics staff described being creative in planning and implementing several different solutions to improve the sound environment at their workplaces, while interventions specifically improving the psychosocial work environment were fewer. Hence, our study suggest that a participatory intervention approach may facilitate participation and motivation, but resources and support are needed for a comprehensive and effective implementation. Show more

Keywords: Occupational noise, sound environment, participatory interventions, communication-intense working environment, qualitative analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211009

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 857-869, 2022

Authors: Liu, Li | Guo, Fu

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Due to the prevalence and increased demand for manual packaging tasks, the concern for worker health and safety has grown. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the effects of gender and work postures on subjective discomfort, muscle fatigue, and kinematics during a manual packaging task. METHODS: Twenty participants, including 10 males and 10 females, were recruited to perform a 60-minute manual packaging task in sitting and standing postures. RESULTS: Discomfort was evidenced by increased the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values (sit: from 6 to 14.55; stand: from 6 to 17.15) and muscle …fatigue was supported by decreased median power frequency (MPF) values for right brachioradialis (RB) (sit: –23.68%; stand: –16.20%), right upper trapezius (RUT) (sit: –20.14%; stand: 11.79%), and right erector spinae (RES) (sit: 8.64%; stand: 11.21%) muscles. Women were more likely to bend forward in a relaxed upper body position, especially while sitting, which may increase the risk of low back pain and women also reported greater discomfort than men, but not in the hands and back. Compared with sitting, the back showed greater muscle fatigue in standing, while muscle fatigue for the shoulders and hands was the opposite. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that work posture should be considered to prevent fatigue in manual packaging tasks. Given the impact of gender on muscle fatigue, work performed by women and men should both be considered. The results can help to develop action strategies and work posture design to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in the manual packaging industry. Show more

Keywords: Work postures, gender, EMG, musculoskeletal disorders, kinematics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205107

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 871-879, 2022

Authors: Ohlendorf, Daniela | Schneidereit, Laura | Hermanns, Ingo | Holzgreve, Fabian | Maltry, Laura | Ellegast, Rolf | Wanke, Eileen M. | Nienhaus, Albert | Groneberg, David A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Working in forced postures and standing continuously can be classified as straining the musculoskeletal system. OBJECTIVE: Since such postures are frequently used in hospital canteen kitchens, we used kinematic analysis to determine the working postures of canteen kitchen staff. METHODS: In this study, the daily work routine of 18 (11 w/7 m) workers of a hospital canteen kitchen (Frankfurt Main/Germany) aged 21–62 years (46±13 years) was examined by means of kinematic analysis (CULEA system; IFA; Sankt Augustin/Germany) and a detailed computerized analysis of the activities performed on-site. Angle values of the head and trunk were evaluated in …accordance with ergonomic standards and presented using percentile values (P05-P95). The OWAS method was also employed to capture the proportions of standing, walking and sitting work. RESULTS: The kinematic posture analysis showed for all activities on the conveyor belt a tendency towards a dorsally inclined body position: trunk inclination (–7.5° to 0), thoracic spine inclination or a bending forward (–11.3° to 0°) and curvature of the back within the thoracic spine (–15.2° to 0°). In addition, >90% of the “activities on the belt” (46% of the daily working routine) were carried out standing. CONCLUSION: The activities on the conveyor belt were characterized by a tendency towards hyperextension of the trunk, possibly due to a too high working environment. Furthermore, an increased burden on body structures while standing can be concluded. From a primary prevention perspective, this increased standing load should be reduced by behavioral and relational prevention measures. Show more

Keywords: Musculoskeletal diseases, canteen kitchen, kinematic analysis, CUELA, occupational medicine

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205170

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 881-894, 2022

Authors: Kordsmeyer, Ann-Christin | Mette, Janika | Harth, Volker | Mache, Stefanie

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The current state of research indicates pregnancy-related discrimination as a potential stressor during pregnancy for women at work, which may result in perceptions of occupational stress. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine women’s perceptions of pregnancy-related stressors at work, problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies as well as attributed consequences for mental, physical and social dimensions. METHODS: The survey was completed online with a cross-sectional study design. Inclusion criteria for the study participation were being currently pregnant and engaged in paid work (regardless of full-time or part-time work). Women were recruited via social …media and with the support of pro familia . RESULTS: Results indicate that 79 (53.4%, n  = 148) participating women experienced pregnancy-related stressors at work. The most relevant kinds of stressors were intrapersonal stressors and interpersonal stressors related to employers or colleagues. The most prevalent coping strategy was to seek social support or advice from gynaecologists. Attributed physical consequences were exhaustion, fatigue and sleeping disorders. Mental health consequences were named in terms of feeling emotionally upset and having fears related to the baby’s health. CONCLUSIONS: Family-friendly support policies need to be further developed and topics like pregnancy-related stressors need to be addressed in an occupational context. Especially the perspective and knowledge of employers on the topic needs to be strengthened, e.g., to ensure an ongoing communication between employers, HR and employees during pregnancy. Further research is needed which provides representative data, analyses employer’s experiences and their attitudes in managing pregnancies as well as consequences for women when returning to work. Show more

Keywords: Coping strategies, mental health, occupational stress, pregnancy, working conditions

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205212

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 895-906, 2022

Authors: Lee, Youngjae | Srinivasan, Divya | Rawlings, Cara | Madigan, Michael L.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Slips, trips, and falls are the second leading cause of non-fatal injuries in workplace in the United States. A stage combat landing strategy is used in the theatre arts to reduce the risk of fall-induced injury, and may be a viable approach among some working populations. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare fall impact characteristics between experts in stage combat landing strategy and naïve participants after four training sessions of stage combat landing strategy training. METHODS: Forward and backward falls from standing were induced by releasing participants from static leans. Participants fell …onto a foam mat, and impact force was measured using force platforms under the mat. A statistical equivalence test was used to determine if impact characteristics between groups were similar. RESULTS: Results indicated equivalence between groups in peak impact force during backward but not forward falls. Equivalence between groups in impact time suggested a mechanism by which equivalence in peak impact force as achieve. CONCLUSIONS: Four training sessions was sufficient for naïve participants to exhibit fall impact characteristics similar to experts in an anecdotally-effective landing strategy, and support further study. To our knowledge, this was the first study to investigate training for a landing strategy involving stepping after losses of balance from standing. Show more

Keywords: Accidental falls, landing strategy, training, impact force, injury

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205236

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 907-913, 2022

Authors: da Silva, Ravenna Leite | da Silva, Luiz Bueno | Silva, Aryelle Nayra Azevedo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nursing is among the most stressful professions. Studies that examine possible factors that influence the mental workload (MWL) of nurses are of fundamental importance, because through these results, efforts can be concentrated on improving their working conditions more efficiently. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of hospital infection on the MWL of nurses in an intensive care unit (ICU). METHOD: Cross-sectional and descriptive study, with a quantitative approach. Three research instruments were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and the Nursing Work Index-Revised Brazilian version (B-NWI-R). The sample consisted of 30 nurses …from the ICU of a public hospital in João Pessoa city, Brazil, during the daytime period, and the Spearman correlation test (α= 0,05) was applied to verify associations. RESULTS: There was a high MWL among nurses, with a NASA-TLX weighted average of 66.38 (SD±15.0). Correlations were found between the levels of hospital infection in the ICU and the MWL of the nurses (r  = 0.654, p  < 0.01); in the nurses’ care of patients with urinary tract infection, the correlation is 0.546, p  < 0.01; if care is provided to patients with lung problems, the correlation is 0.563, p  < 0.01 The ICU presented a favorable environment to nursing practices, with means lower than 2.5, according to the B-NWI-R. CONCLUSION: The MWL of the nurses was associated with the hospital infection levels of the intensive care sector studied. It was found that the MWL of nurses in relation to hospital infection in the ICU increased by 42.8%. This MWL is impacted by 29.8% when nurses’ care is linked to patients with urinary infection. But if care is provided to patients with lung problems, this percentage rises to 31.7% Show more

Keywords: Nursing, cross infection, intensive care unit

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205266

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 915-925, 2022

Authors: Huang, Yueng-Hsiang | Sears, Jeanne M. | He, Yimin | Courtney, Theodore K. | Rega, Elisa | Kelly, Anna

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Safety climate (SC) is a robust leading indicator of occupational safety outcomes. There is, however, limited research on SC among workers who have returned to work with a work-related permanent impairment. OBJECTIVE: This study examined three propositions: (1) a two-level model of SC (group-level and organization-level SC) will provide the best fit to the data; (2) antecedent factors such as safety training, job demands, supervisor support, coworker support, and decision latitude will predict SC; and (3) previously reported associations between SC and outcomes such as reinjury, work-family conflict, job performance, and job security will be observed. …METHOD: A representative cross-sectional survey gathered information about experiences during the first year of work reintegration. About one year after claim closure, 599 interviews with workers were conducted (53.8% response rate). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the factor structure of the SC construct. Further, researchers used correlation analyses to examine the criterion-related validity. RESULTS: Consistent with general worker populations, our findings suggest the following: (1) the two-factor structure of SC outperformed the single-factor structure in our population of workers with a permanent impairment; (2) correlations demonstrate that workplace safety training, decision latitude, supervisor support, coworker support, and job demands could predict SC; and (3) SC may positively impact reinjury risk, work-family conflict, and may increase job performance and job security. CONCLUSIONS: Our study validated a two-factor SC scale among workers with a history of disabling workplace injury or permanent impairment who have returned to work. Practical applications of this scale will equip organizations with the necessary data to improve working conditions for this population. Show more

Keywords: Safety climate, injured workers with permanent impairment, return-to-work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-205285

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 927-936, 2022

Authors: Sohrabi, Younes | Yarmohammadi, Hamed | Pouya, Amin Babaei | Arefi, Maryam Feiz | Hassanipour, Soheil | Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nurses experience many job tensions, which lead to job burnout. The consequences of nurses’ job burnout include absenteeism, reduced quality of patient care, interpersonal conflicts with colleagues, physical and mental problems, reluctance to provide care with patients, and quitting the job. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of job burnout among nurses in Iran using a meta-analysis method. METHOD: The study was conducted through a meta-analysis method based on the PRISMA checklist. An unlimited search was conducted until 2020 to access the Persian and English papers in national databases, including Medlib, SID, …Iranmedex, and Magiran, and databases including Cochrane, Science-Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The keywords were “job burnout, nurse, and Iran.” The data were searched and extracted by two researchers independently. All analyses were performed using version 2.0 of the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. RESULTS: The prevalence of job burnout was investigated in 14 papers with a sample size of 2271 individuals with an average age of 31.44 years old, and a confidence interval of 55% (44–66%). Fars province, with 89.2%, had the highest, and Zanjan province, with 25.9%, experienced the lowest prevalence of job burnout. The overall prevalence of job burnout was 44% in males and 66% in females so that the highest prevalence was in women. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of job burnout in nurses was high in some areas of Iran. A special attention by managers is needed in this field because of the several roles played by the nurses in the healthcare system and the improvement of public health. Implementation of plans to reduce the job burnout and to improve the mental health of nurses by reducing work hours, giving more opportunities to them to express their opinion(s) in amount of salary and benefits, and creating better working conditions are recommended. Show more

Keywords: Job burnout, nurse, Iran, systematic review, meta-analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210283

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 937-943, 2022

Authors: Adachi, Katsunori | Inaba, Ryoichi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) is widely used as a psychometric assessment scale to measure work engagement by relative evaluation. Determining standard values for absolute evaluation would make it more useful. The merit of absolute evaluation is that it can offer an objective evaluation to personnel members regardless of their status in the organization. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the criteria for absolute evaluation of the Japanese version of UWES-9 and creates a database for the evaluation of work engagement. METHODS: To examine the evaluation criteria for the total points of UWES-9 for 417 automotive …industry workers, responses were validated via a one-way analysis of variance and receiver-operating characteristic analysis, using the scales of “worthwhileness of work” and “level of job satisfaction” in the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire with similar work engagement concepts. RESULTS: In both scales, the ability to predict was at its highest when divided into the high work engagement group (wherein the total points of UWES-9 are 21 points and above). CONCLUSIONS: In the relative evaluation, 24 points from the average of the total points of UWES-9 is the standard. In the absolute evaluation, the lower standard around 21 points is probable. Show more

Keywords: UWES, worthwhileness of work, level of job satisfaction, evaluation criterion

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210297

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 945-959, 2022

Authors: Zhijie, Song | Gull, Nida | Asghar, Muhammad | Shi, Rui | Sarfraz, Muddassar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Paternalistic leadership style has progressively intrigued organisational behaviour study in the last two decades. An abundance of research is integrating the existing literature on leadership and positive organizational culture to better understand the processes through which leadership leads to life satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: One such mechanism through which specific leaders influence life satisfaction is work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC). Paternalistic leadership is a significant antecedent to develop subordinates’ life satisfaction because it integrates discipline with fatherly support. However, no research exists to date on the effect of paternalistic leaders on subordinate’ WFC and FWC, which in …turn affects their life satisfaction. METHOD: The current study examines the impact of paternalistic leadership on employee life satisfaction using a sample of 198 nurses from public sector hospitals of Sindh province in Pakistan. The data was collected through survey questionnaires, and Smart-PLS-SEM was used to test the proposed hypotheses. RESULTS: The primary goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between paternalistic leadership and life satisfaction. At the same time, there were significant mediation effects on life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that paternalistic leadership positively impacted life happiness through decreasing followers’ WFC. However, it has a detrimental influence on FWC, which mediates the effect on subordinates’ life satisfaction. Show more

Keywords: Paternalistic leadership, life satisfaction, work-family conflict, family-work conflict, healthcare sector, Pakistan

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210482

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 961-968, 2022

Authors: Singh, Vijendra P. | Nettem, Sowmya | Kyaw Soe, Htoo H. | Babji, Nurul Ashiqin Binti | Sahari, Al-Insyirah Iman Binti | Yusof, Liyana Syatrah Binti Mohd | Mathew, Melwin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Dental professionals have been reported to be constantly exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders with symptoms often started as early as the student phase. Risk perception may play an important role in modifying risk at work. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of gender, academic level, and the presence of painful symptoms on the perception of risk factors at work contributing to musculoskeletal symptoms among dental students of Melaka, Malaysia. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 183 clinical year dental students based on a convenience sample. The data were collected using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Job Factor …Questionnaire for assessment of musculoskeletal symptoms and risk factors at work respectively. Study data were evaluated using percentage, median, Cochran’s Q test, Bonferroni correction, multiple linear regression analysis and Mann-Whitney U Test. The analysis was interpreted considering a 95 % confidence interval and significant level at P  < 0.05. RESULTS: Dental students reported a high prevalence (86.9 %) of musculoskeletal symptoms mostly affected the neck, shoulder, lower and upper back body regions. No significant difference in perception was found with the gender. A significant (P  < 0.05) higher perception was observed in fourth-year students. The presence of painful symptoms was significantly (P  < 0.05) associated with working in the same position, prolonged duration of work and use of tools. CONCLUSIONS: Priority in implementing ergonomic education throughout the training in the dental schools should be considered to improve perception and reduce musculoskeletal disorders associated with the dental profession. Show more

Keywords: Dental education, ergonomics, musculoskeletal discomfort, risk factors awareness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210519

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 969-976, 2022

Authors: Abraham, Thomas | Binoosh, S.A. | Remesh Babu, K.R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal risks (MSRs) are a major concern among construction warehouse workers due to the lifting, carrying and lowering of heavy loads. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to reduce MSRs among warehouse workers in the construction industry using virtual modelling and analysis of activities. METHODS: A preliminary study was carried out using the Standard Nordic Questionnaire. Biomechanical analysis, Ovako Working posture Assessment System (OWAS) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) were used to analyse the material handling activities. Virtual modelling was used develop the manikins with autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks at different carriage …modes and stacking heights for the analysis. RESULTS: The preliminary study results revealed a higher prevalence of risk at their lower back (73.24%) among the construction warehouse workers. Biomechanical analysis showed a higher risk at L4-L5 joint of lumbar spine during overhead and bending postures for stacking the blocks. Posture analysis results of OWAS indicated a lower risk in overhead carriage mode. Detailed analysis with RULA confirms this result. Mean compressive force values at stacking heights were showed a significant difference (p  < 0.05) in 8, 13, 18 and 21 kg AAC blocks. However, stacking height with a range of 120–140 cm was found as safer to the workers by considering all block sizes. CONCLUSION: An ergonomic intervention based on safer stacking heights was developed to reduce MSRs to an acceptable range. It improves productivity of handling the AAC blocks by reducing the cycle time. The intervention can be adapted for handling of similar materials in the construction industry. Show more

Keywords: Manual material handling, musculoskeletal risk, postural analysis, carriage modes, stacking height

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210742

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 977-990, 2022

Authors: Mariscal Aguilar, Pablo | Carpio Segura, Carlos | Tenes Mayen, Andrés | Zamarrón de Lucas, Ester | Villamañán Bueno, Elena | Marín Santos, Mercedes | Álvarez-Sala Walther, Rodolfo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although pulmonary rehabilitation programmes (PRPs) benefit patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), poor adherence to these programmes is common. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse the factors associated with poor long-term adherence after completing a PRP. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective study of 70 patients with COPD who performed an 8-week outpatient PRP that included 24 sessions of aerobic training, skeletal muscle resistance exercises, physiotherapy and COPD education. The study classified the patients into 2 groups: (1) long-term adherence and (2) long-term non-adherence to the PRP. We considered long-term non-adherence when the patient did …not attend the 32 weeks follow-up visit after beginning the PRP. We measured the degree of dyspnoea, quality of life, physical activity, anxiety-depression status, submaximal exercise capacity and COPD exacerbations in both groups. RESULTS: The patients’ median age was 69.6 [63.8–75.0] years, and 71.4% were men. The median forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 60.0 [47.7–68.0] % of that predicted. We observed total COPD exacerbations and severe COPD exacerbations in the last year in 32 (45.7%) and 22 (31.4%) patients, respectively. Dyspnoea, physical activity and quality of life significantly improved after completing the PRP. Long-term non-adherence to the PRP was observed in 32 (45.7%) patients. In the single regression model, severe COPD exacerbations (p  = 0.04) and dyspnoea (p  = 0.03) were associated with long-term non-adherence to the PRP. In the multiple regression model, only severe COPD exacerbations remained as an associated factor (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.1–8,1; p  = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Approximately half of patients who complete PRPs present long-term non-adherence to the programme. Severe COPD exacerbations are associated with long-term non-adherence. Show more

Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exercise therapy, disease exacerbation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210907

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 991-1000, 2022

Authors: Teo, Sock Hong | Fong, Kenneth N.K. | Chen, Zhenzhen | Chung, Raymond C.K.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Facilitating return-to-work (RTW) for working-age stroke survivors is a key component of stroke rehabilitation, however, research investigating the long-term outcomes of working-age stroke survivors is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors that influence long-term RTW for patients enrolled on a community-based early supported discharge (ESD) rehabilitation program in Singapore about five years post stroke. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients, aged between 18 and 60 years and were employed at the time of their hospitalization, were enrolled into the ESD program between 2012 and 2014. A prospective cohort design was adopted to examine the relationships between the factors— …demographic, functional, personal, psychosocial factors and work related— and RTW at five-year follow-up. Details of RTW were collected through questionnaires via telephone follow-up. RESULTS: Sixty percent of the participants (n  = 49) were selected for Cox and logistic regression analyses of RTW at five-year follow-up. The results indicated that having social problems is a negative predictor of RTW (OR 0.02; 95% CI 0.00–0.22) while being the breadwinner is a positive predictor of RTW (OR 13.79; 95% CI 2.46–77.52). The same factors were also significant in the time to RTW event at five-year follow-up, with a hazard ratio of 0.09 and 4.07, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of the characteristics of stroke patients enrolled into an ESD program who have the potential to RTW would make interventions more targeted, increasing the likelihood of RTW. Show more

Keywords: Return-to-work, rehabilitation, stroke

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210914

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1001-1010, 2022

Authors: Fallah, Hossein | Nazari, Jalil | Choobineh, Alireza | Morowatisharifabad, Mohammad ali | Jafarabadi, Mohamad Asghari

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: As older adults prefer to live in their homes, it is of paramount importance to examine the adaptation of the environment to the older adults’ capabilities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate psychometric properties of a scale to measure physical environment problems and barriers in older adults’ homes using an ergonomic approach in Iran. METHODS: This mixed-method investigation was conducted in two stages in Yazd, Iran. The primary 71-item version of the questionnaire was developed according to qualitative findings and a thorough review of the literature. Then the psychometric characteristics, …including face, content, construct validity, were assessed. Content validity was also assessed using CVI and CVR. Finally, its reliability and construct validity were confirmed by composite reliability (CR), Fornell-Larker matrix, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using Smart PLS software version 3. RESULTS: The face validity of the developed scale was acceptable, and the mean scores of CVI and CVR were 0.78 and 0.84, respectively. The preliminary draft of the scale was categorized into seven dimensions. Factor validity and reliability were confirmed by acceptable factor loadings, and desirable realms of composite reliability (>0.7) average variance extracted (>0.5). The cross-loading method and the Fornell-Larker matrix were used to evaluate the divergent validity of the scale, and the results confirmed its acceptable fit. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that reliability reached acceptable values, and different aspects of validity were almost confirmed. Accordingly, the questionnaire was to measure physical environment problems and barriers in older adults’ homes; however, it requires further validation for future use in other contexts. Show more

Keywords: Psychometrics, older adults, barriers, home environment, ergonomic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210983

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1011-1022, 2022

Authors: Leroyer, Ariane | Mardon, Céline | Rollin, Laétitia | Volkoff, Serge

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The diverse and complex variations in the possible forms of health-work interactions are constantly reconfigured over the course of a person’s career. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were: 1) assess the scope of the individual changes in working conditions; 2) examine conjoint changes in working conditions; 3) examine the links between these changes and back pain and fatigue. METHOD: Analyses were conducted using data from the French observatory EVREST. The variations for each individual (close to 8,000 in total) were studied by comparing data for each individual obtained at two dates at least four …years apart within the period between 2010 and 2017. RESULTS: The frequency of the studied constraints was often similar at two dates (T1 and T2), but significantly higher for repetitive movements, working additional hours and interruptions which disrupt the work. The variations in physical constraints, intensity of work and lack of agency scores between the two timepoints are two-by-two positively correlated. Finally, respondents in the higher tertiles for any of these working condition scores at T2 had a higher probability of back pain or fatigue, compared to individuals in the lower tertiles at both timepoints. Being in a higher tertile at both dates corresponded to the highest odds-ratios for health complaints. CONCLUSION: From a “sustainability” perspective, these findings support treating this diversity of seniority in a profession and past experience at the same time as major decisions on production are made, rather than dealing with it as an afterthought. Show more

Keywords: Physical constraints, intensity of work, lack of agency, back pain, fatigue

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210992

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1023-1035, 2022

Authors: Belyayev, Alex | Smith, Todd D.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Certified Hand Therapy is a subset of occupational/physical therapy that is relatively unknown to the common individual. Certified Hand Therapists (CHTs) help those with upper extremity injuries, whether it be those with workplace injuries, those who suffered a traumatic injury or those recovering from major surgery to reach the point where they are able to be independent and back to doing daily life activities. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to discern the roles that Certified Hand Therapists have in rehabilitating individuals with upper extremity injuries, to assess their participation in work-related injury prevention, to examine with whom CHTs …interact during the rehabilitation process, and to gain insight into how the relationships between CHTs and occupational safety professionals can be improved. METHODS: Structured interviews were conducted with eight occupational therapists who are Certified Hand Therapists or are in the process of being certified. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed to determine themes relative to the study objectives. RESULTS: Content analyses determined trends in job roles, interactions with occupational safety professionals, the importance of patient education in prevention and rehabilitation and barriers to effective treatment of work-related injuries. CONCLUSION: CHTs shared similar thoughts regarding their profession. CHTs revealed common themes in the eight interviews conducted. Specifically, many CHTs believe education is a vital part of the profession in terms of improving the profession and in the rehabilitation process. In addition, patient compliance and the current workers’ compensation system were seen as challenges when rehabilitating patients. Show more

Keywords: Hand therapy, rehabilitation, occupational safety, occupational therapy, hand rehabilitation, safety and health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211038

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1037-1043, 2022

Authors: Dargahi, Shahriar | Sadri Damirchi, Esmaeil | Ghamari Kivi, Hossein | Sharif, Ali Rezaei | Nazari, Alimohammad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Today, dual-career couples are becoming increasingly prevalent around the world. Due to the nature of the life of this group of people, their sexual and marital life can be damaged. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a psycho-educational model based on the lived experiences of dual career couples who are dissatisfied with sexual relations and its effectiveness on sexual satisfaction. METHODS: This research was done based on a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) method. The qualitative part was performed using the phenomenological method and 13 couples were selected for semi-structured interviews using the …purposive sampling method. In a small part of this study, a single case plan (AB plan) was used, and three couples were selected from those who referred to counseling centers in Ardabil and underwent counseling interventions. In a small part, the Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire was used to measure the changes of couples during the implementation of the intervention program. The information obtained in the qualitative part was analyzed through content analysis and the quantitative part was analyzed using visual analysis, clinical significance and recovery percentage. RESULTS: Based on the results obtained in the qualitative analysis section, the experiences of sexual dissatisfaction of dual-career couples can be classified into 10 main themes, 20 sub-themes and 30 categories that affect the sexual satisfaction of dual-career couples. The results of the quantitative section indicate that the designed psycho-educational model has led to an increase in sexual satisfaction of dual-career couples. CONCLUSION: Achieving sexual and marital satisfaction and finally mental health and reducing divorce is a process that begins with pathology in the cultural context and is achieved by emphasizing indigenous culture through developing a counseling package for appropriate intervention by therapists and counselors. Show more

Keywords: Sexual satisfaction, dual career couples, mixed research

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211075

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1045-1058, 2022

Authors: Lockie, Robert G. | Dawes, J. Jay | Orr, Robin M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Health and wellness programs can be implemented at police departments. Little research has detailed the characteristics of officers within these programs. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the health and fitness data of officers involved in a health and wellness program from 2018–2020, and to profile the officers involved relative to population norms. METHODS: Analysis was conducted on archival data from 633 officers (523 males, 110 females) who participated in a health and wellness program from a large city police department. Data included: body mass; body fat percentage; blood pressure (BP); estimated maximal aerobic capacity; sit-and-reach; push-ups; vertical …jump; grip strength; sit-ups; bench press ratio. Data were grouped by year (2018, 2019, 2020), and a univariate ANCOVA with Bonferroni post hoc adjustment determined any significant between-group differences. Individual officer data were also compared to population norms. RESULTS: The 2020 group had higher systolic BP compared to both other groups, and superior sit-and-reach and grip strength compared to the 2018 group (p  < 0.05). Compared to population norms across the 3 years, 74–86% of officers had BP elevated above normal levels. Depending on the fitness component measured most officers (69–98%) were categorised as average or better. CONCLUSIONS: There were few differences between the year groups, although the 2020 officers did have superior sit-and-reach and grip strength. The higher systolic BP from the 2020 group may be indicative of the challenges of the year (pandemic, civil unrest). Officers generally had good profiles relative to population norms. The wellness program appeared to benefit the well-being of officers. Show more

Keywords: Blood pressure, law enforcement, muscular endurance, strength; tactical

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211089

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1059-1074, 2022

Authors: Eckhaus, Eyal | Krisi, Miri

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Over the years, persons with disabilities have suffered unjustifiably due to a low employment rate, largely the result of unsupportive and negative attitude from employers. Such attitudes are exacerbated during periods of economic stress, with a case par excellence being the current COVID-19 pandemic. Prior studies have addressed common concerns of employers within the workplace. However, the dimensions of these concerns extend beyond the internal working environment, to the outward-facing work environment, involving interactions with customers and suppliers. These concerns have not, thus far, been properly addressed. OBJECTIVE: To develop the Service from People With Visual Impairment …(SPVI) psychometric measure, a 6-item employers’ attitude assessment tool. METHODS: This study is based on 1,036 questionnaires collected using Online Panel Data (OPD), from managers who have hiring authority. We performed Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for discriminant and convergent validity. Finally, we present an empirical model comprising a stable single factor and establish predictive validity using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). RESULTS: CFA showed good fit to the observed data; CMIN/DF = 1.94, p  > 0.05, CFI = 1, TLI = 0.99, NFI = 1, RMSEA = 0.03. SEM showed good fit; CMIN/DF = 1.91, CFI = 1, TLI = 0.99, NFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the instrument could become a pragmatic tool to assess employer attitudes to employ people with visual impairment or blindness due to external work environment concerns. The tool is relevant to a wide range of circumstances, including economic downturns. Practical considerations are discussed. Show more

Keywords: Vision disorders, employment, occupations, rehabilitation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211151

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1075-1083, 2022

Authors: Razaq, Sarah | Kara, Murat | Özçakar, Levent

Article Type: Letter

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-210637

Citation: Work, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 1085-1087, 2022