Work - Volume 66, issue 1

Authors: Jacobs, Karen

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203142

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 1-2, 2020

Authors: Pilipiec, Patrick

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Insufficient evidence exists that can explain two conflicting views (i.e. positive and negative relationship) regarding the effect of job insecurity on job performance. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the importance of time in explaining these ambiguous views. A positive association was expected cross-sectionally and a negative relationship longitudinally. I hypothesized that available coping resources may delay the negative effect on job performance until being exhausted. METHODS: Longitudinal self-reported data of 928 participants were used. Job performance was operationalized as core task performance and productivity loss. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were analyzed using linear and logistic regressions. Duration …analyses were performed using the two-year duration of job insecurity. RESULTS: Short-term and long-term, job insecurity was only related with increased productivity loss. No evidence was found for core task performance. The duration of job insecurity, and chronic job insecurity in particular, did not predict core task performance or productivity loss two years later. CONCLUSIONS: The factor time, operationalized as the time of follow-up and the duration of exposure to job insecurity, did not clarify the conflicting views. Managers should be more aware of the adverse effects of using job insecurity as a motivational strategy to increase job performance. Show more

Keywords: Chronic exposure, core task performance, duration of job insecurity, productivity loss

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203145

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 3-15, 2020

Authors: Dockrell, Sara | Forde, Cuisle | Gormley, John

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Adolescent girls are prone to increased sedentary behavior and are more sedentary than their male peers or younger girls. This study compared the energy required for identical tasks in standing and sitting. METHOD: Energy expenditure (EE) was measured using indirect calorimetry (n  = 24) in four tasks (sitting/standing quietly; reading; typing; sorting paper) under two postural conditions (sitting; standing). The currently accepted definition for sedentary behavior of energy expenditure of ≤1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) and being in a seated or reclining position was used. RESULTS: All seated tasks resulted in mean EE <1.5 METs with the exception …of sorting paper. All standing tasks resulted in mean EE of >1.5 METs with the exception of standing quietly. Standing sorting paper was the only task with a mean EE significantly >1.5 METs. A significant interaction between task and posture was found. CONCLUSIONS: Active tasks in standing had significantly greater EE than in sitting, and sorting paper while standing was the only task with an EE significantly >1.5 METs. The difference between the two postures is likely too low to produce positive metabolic health benefits in the short term. Studies of the effects of long-term use of standing desks in the classroom are required. Show more

Keywords: Sedentary behavior, calorimetry, METs

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203146

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 17-23, 2020

Authors: Putri Anis Syahira, M.J. | Karmegam, K. | Nur Athirah Diyana, M.Y. | Irniza, R. | Shamsul Bahri, M.T. | Vivien, H. | Nurul Maizura, H. | Sivasankar, S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Malaysian traffic policemen are constantly exposed to unhealthy air in the outdoor environment, which results in various health problems. This study investigates the relationship of the personal exposure level to PM2.5 and lung functions in traffic policemen in Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru. METHODS: A pulmonary function test using a spirometer was carried out to measure the lung function of the traffic policemen. The personal exposure level to PM2.5 was measured using a pump with a PVC filter and 5.0μ m pore size. A questionnaire requesting the background data, such as age, height, and weight, …was also used for testing lung function abnormalities. RESULTS: The PM2.5 personal exposure level was found to be significantly related to lung function (predicted FEV1 and predicted FVC) at p -value < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic policemen are mainly exposed to physical hazards from traffic pollutants emitted by vehicles, such as fine particles and particulate matter. The findings of this study indicate that there is a trend of lung function deterioration among traffic policemen. These baseline data can serve as a reference for the top management of traffic police to aid in the development of occupational safety and health guidelines for police officers, as the traffic police are not covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA, Act 514 1994). Show more

Keywords: Spirometer, lung function, occupational health, respiratory health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203147

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 25-29, 2020

Authors: Rugs, Deborah | Powell-Cope, Gail | Campo, Marc | Darragh, Amy | Harwood, Kenneth | Kuhn, Judy | Rockefeller, Kathleen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasingly, occupational and physical therapists are using safe patient handling and mobility (SPHM) equipment, such as mechanical lifts, in rehabilitation. However, there is little guidance in the literature on how SPHM equipment can be used to assist patients to reach rehabilitation goals. The purpose of this projectwas to document and categorize common and innovative ways rehabilitation therapists use SPHM equipment in their clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: This article investigates common and innovative uses of SPHM equipment in rehabilitation practice. METHODS: Occupational, physical and kinesio therapist employed at the Veterans Health Administration wrote narratives and took photos …describing rehabilitation therapy activities where they used SPHM equipment in their clinical practice. The authors used a systematic process to review and categorize the narratives and subsequent photos by using the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). RESULTS: Thirty narratives (13 innovative and 17 common) were coded into four categories on the ICF section of mobility. The most common category was “changing and maintaining basic body position”(21) followed by “walking and moving” (5). The category “carrying, moving and handling objects” garnered two narratives and there were no narratives for “using transportation.” CONCLUSIONS: Project findings may serve as a guide for therapists who would like to enhance their use of SPHM equipment in rehabilitation. Additional research is needed to expand the use of SPHM in rehabilitation practice and evaluate the impact on patient rehabilitation outcomes and therapist safety outcomes. Show more

Keywords: Rehabilitation therapy, international classification of functioning, occupational therapy, physical therapy

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203148

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 31-40, 2020

Authors: Owlia, Mohammadhasan | Kamachi, Megan | Dutta, Tilak

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Patient handling activities require caregivers to adopt postures that increase the risk of back injury. Training programs relying primarily on didactic methods have been shown to be ineffective at reducing this risk. The use of real-time biofeedback has potential as an alternative training method. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of real-time biofeedback on time spent by caregivers in end-range lumbar spine flexion. METHODS: Novice participants were divided into intervention (n  = 10) and control (n  = 10) groups and were asked to perform a set of simulated care activities eight times on two consecutive days. Individuals in …the intervention group watched a training video on safer movement strategies and received real-time auditory feedback from a wearable device (PostureCoach) in four training trials whenever their lumbar spine flexion exceeded a threshold (70% of maximum flexion). Changes in end-range lumbar spine flexion were compared between groups and across trials. RESULTS: Participants in the intervention group saw reductions in end-range lumbar spine flexion during the simulated patient handling tasks at the end of the training compared to their baseline trials while there was no change for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The training program including PostureCoach has the potential to help caregivers learn to use safer postures that reduce the risk of back injury. Show more

Keywords: PostureCoach, personal support workers, family caregivers, low back pain, multi-component training intervention

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203149

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 41-51, 2020

Authors: Oh, Hyunsung | Park, Soo Kyung

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Precarious work is featured with disadvantaged job conditions such as to employment contract, job description, and occupational environment, and has been recognized as an emerging social risk for mental health. Social capital deserves further attention, believed to buffer stress produced by precarious employment. Yet, recent evidence suggests that the mental health benefits of social capital vary by gender, as gender norms that oblige women to assume a caregiving burden may nullify the benefits of a richer social capital. OBJECTIVE: Our study focused on two types of social capital, bonding and bridging, testing their stress-buffering effects, as focusing …on the posited gender-moderated effects of social capital. METHODS: We analyzed 333 precarious workers in South Korea. Chi-square tests and t -tests are used to compare socio-demographic factors, depressive symptoms, and daily stressors by gender. Multiple regression analyses were used to test significance of an interaction term between daily stress and sub-domains of social capital by gender. RESULTS: Male workers with higher bonding and higher bridging social capital reported lower depressive symptoms. Yet, female workers gained no direct benefit from higher bonding social capital and those with higher bridging social capital reported even higher depressive symptoms when their daily stress was lower. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the notion that social capital is not universally beneficial and female precarious workers lacking resources seem to suffer despite increased social participation. Show more

Keywords: Social network, daily stress, mental health

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203150

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 53-62, 2020

Authors: Patterson, Megan S. | Gagnon, Leah R. | Nelon, Jordan L. | Spadine, Mandy N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Working adults in the United States often do not engage in enough exercise to experience health benefits. With workplaces becoming increasingly sedentary, more emphasis is placed on providing exercise opportunities at work. Evidence suggests participating in exercise during the workday and socially connecting with others while exercising, can lead to positive health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine whether mental and social health factors were related to increased exercise among employees participating in a worksite group exercise program. METHODS: An egocentric network analysis was conducted on a sample of university employees …(n  = 57). RESULTS: Regression analyses (Adjusted R2  = 0.501, F = 4.686, p  = 0.001) suggest that depression (β = –0.548, p  = 0.041), stress (β = 0.530, p  = 0.016), nominating alters who exercise similarly (β = 0.326, t = 2.111, p  = 0.045), average exercise scores across egonetworks (β = –0.330, t = –2.135, p  = 0.043), and nominating other group exercise members (β = 0.579, t = 3.721, p  = 0.001) were related to physical activity scores. CONCLUSION: These findings provide empirical support for using group exercise environments as a mechanism for increasing exercise among employees. Specifically, fostering social connections between employees involved in the program can lead to greater physical activity scores. Future research should confirm these results in larger samples, along with determining more causal relationships with longitudinal and experimental designs. Show more

Keywords: Egonetworks, worksite wellness, group exercise, employee wellness

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203151

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 63-72, 2020

Authors: Pradeepkumar, H. | Sakthivel, G. | Shankar, S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related health problems result in an economic loss of 4–6% in GDP (Gross domestic Product) of the most countries. In the industrialized countries, 1/3rd of the health-related absence to duty are due to musculoskeletal disorders. Professional driving is one such occupation which looks like sedentary occupation, but involves many risk factors that contribute to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) due to its nature of working and work environment. This research describes the various risk factors associated with WMSDs and their effects on drivers health. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of WMSD and its associated risk factors among the …bus drivers of Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC), Karnataka. METHODS: Subjects considered in this study are 301 full-time bus drivers from the central division KSRTC which consists of 6 depots in Bengaluru. Information regarding reported WMSD symptoms during immediate past 7 days to 12 months, the intervention of WMSD in their day-to-day life and the overall comfort of the body are determined through Standardized Nordic Questionnaire and also by direct observation. The survey questionnaire is conducted by face to face interview. FINDINGS: From the statistical analysis, it is found that around 55.8% of the study population has experienced WMSD. The prevalence of WMSD is most common in the age group of 29–39 years (53.5%) followed by the age group of >40 years. CONCLUSION: In this study, some of the work-related and lifestyle/health-related factors show significant association with WMSD in bus drivers of Karnataka. Musculoskeletal disorders can be prevented by designing the driver’s workspace ergonomically so that the design suits to all sorts of drivers and the drivers should also be trained on basics of vehicle ergonomics (posture, seat adjustments, in-vehicle controls adjustments). INTERPRETATION: KSRTC should educate drivers on the basics of vehicle ergonomics, harmful use of tobacco/alcohol, unhealthy food habits and also to involve in physical exercise at least 75–150 mins weekly. If not, the trend of drivers suffering from WMSD belonging to mid-age will increase exponentially. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK: Statistical result and direct observation insist on undertaking further studies on ergonomic interventions at driver’s cabin, lifestyle/occupational health factors which mitigate WMSD in different parts of the body during driving. Show more

Keywords: WMSD, bus drivers, risk factors, ergonomics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203152

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 73-84, 2020

Authors: Tahmasebi, Reza | Anbarian, Mehrdad | Torkashvand, Sadaf | Motamedzade, Majid | Farhadian, Maryam

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the major problems in industrial societies. Awkward postures in theworkplace are considered as a main reasons for these disorders. Therefore, the study and investigation of postures to improve them (in the workplace) have a significant role in appropriate intervention. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to design an ergonomic chair for near-ground welding operations and evaluate its impact on the electromyography (EMG) activity of a select group of lower limb muscles. METHODS: The EMG activity of lower limb muscles was measured in eight postures consisting of three postures identified via …observing welders at work, and five on-chair postures suggested for chair use during welding. The usability of the designed chair was evaluated through the use of the System Usability Scale (SUS). RESULTS: The results showed that the suggested on-chair postures had significantly lower mean muscle activity compared with the identified postures (p  < 0.001). Among the identified postures, kneeling posture had the lowest mean muscle activity (p  < 0.01), still significantly higher than the mean activity of the on-chair postures (p  < 0.001). Applying a 15° slope to the seat pad led to a decrease in muscle activity and an increase in usability score. The usability score of the chair was acceptable in all postures except KCC-90 posture. CONCLUSIONS: Using a suitable chair or support for different work postures can prevent detrimental muscle activities during work and the development of musculoskeletal disorders caused by intense muscle activity due to awkward postures. Show more

Keywords: Chair design, working posture, electromyography, usability

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203153

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 85-93, 2020

Authors: Graydon, Joanne | Coman, Robyn | Hanley, Natalia | Caputi, Peter

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Teachers can be at risk of exposure to psychosocial hazards. Improving workplace safety for teachers, within a ‘systems thinking’ context, should begin with understanding the work. OBJECTIVE: While much is known about what teachers do, little is known about how teachers conceptualize ‘work’. Knowing how teachers conceptualize ‘work’ provides a reference point for exploring attitudes towards work health and safety. METHODS: The paper presents a review of the literature, an overview of heuristic methodology describing and interpreting the lived experience of teachers as workers, and analysis of teachers’ accounts of work. The heuristic approach allowed …the author to compare their lived experiences and perceptions as a teacher with the lived experience of teachers in the NSW school system. RESULTS: Teaching is work that is both rewarding and hazardous. It is argued that teachers draw on battle motifs, perceive a need for safety within a workplace context, and have an ability to conduct personal risk assessments. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from the study provided direction for the second phase of the project that is aimed at exploring the ways in which teachers conceptualize psychosocial work- related hazards and the extent to which they are visible in teaching practice and policy. Show more

Keywords: Teaching, teachers’ perceptions, lived experience, psychosocial hazards, neoliberal

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203154

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 95-107, 2020

Authors: Borgheipour, Hasti | Eskandari, Davood | Barkhordari, Abdullah | Mavaji, Maedeh | Tehrani, Ghazaleh Monazami

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: As cement industries have remarkably affected the economy of producer’s countries, one of the main concerns of these industries is to prevent accidents and related costs. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigates the relationship between the safety climate and safety performance with the moderating role of safety knowledge and the mediating role of safety motivation in the cement industry. METHODS: Data were collected from 230 Iranian employees of the cement industry using a safety climate and performance questionnaire. The relationships between variables and analysis of the collected data were tested using structural equation modeling. …RESULTS: The results indicated that the safety climate had a positive effect on safety performance in the cement industry. Moreover, management’s commitment to safety was positively or negatively related to the social support and production pressure. There was either a positive and negative relationship between social support and production pressure of safety knowledge and safety motivation, respectively. CONCLUSION: The integrative model suggested that it was important to promote the safety knowledge at all organizational levels to develop spontaneous activities and raise safety in the intended organization. Show more

Keywords: Safety knowledge, safety behaviors, management’s commitment, safety motivation, social support

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203155

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 109-117, 2020

Authors: Shih, Yi-Nuo | Chu, Kuo-Hsin | Wu, Chia-Chun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Work attention in employees with schizophrenia is a significant issue in vocational rehabilitation. Background music is very popular in workplaces, and according to some investigations, can help increase attention at work if utilized appropriately. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the influence of background music tempo on attention performance in employees with chronic schizophrenia. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) study was performed to test the attention of 240 participants with chronic schizophrenia under four conditions, namely no music, fast tempo, slow tempo and white noise. RESULTS: Employees with schizophrenia achieved higher attention scores under …background music than in a no-music environment. Additionally, slow-tempo music produced higher attention scores than fast-tempo music. CONCLUSIONS: Observational results indicate that slow-tempo background music is more desirable than fast-tempo background music in a work environment involving schizophrenic individuals. Show more

Keywords: Background music, schizophrenia, work attention, tempo

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203156

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 119-123, 2020

Authors: Sur Unal, Ulku | Cifcili, Saliha Serap

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: While professional musicians may have a high incidence of musculoskeletal pain, there are few studies on the performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMD) in visual artists. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and probable risk factors of PRMD in visual artists. METHODS: The study population comprised the students and academics of fine arts faculty. The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires were used to evaluate posture and pain, respectively. RESULTS: The study included 197 participants (140 women, 57 men). The mean REBA score was 5.2. The sculptors who worked in marble …sculpting had the highest REBA scores. Of the participants, 88.8% reported musculoskeletal pain. The pain severity of 64.0% of the participants was 3 (very uncomfortable with a reduction in activity) and/or 4 (pain interferes with the ability to work). The PRMD prevalence was 64.0%, and significantly higher in women than in men (p  < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal pain in visual artists is extremely prevalent. Mean REBA score of 5.2 corresponds to a medium risk assessment accompanied by guidance to “further investigate, change soon.” The policy makers in fine arts faculties who are responsible for student and employee health should prioritize strategies to prevent and manage musculoskeletal pain. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, visual arts, musculoskeletal pain, occupational medicine, epidemiology

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203157

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 125-133, 2020

Authors: Cornelissen, Pieter A. | Van Vuuren, Mark | Van Hoof, Joris J.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational incidents and accidents are still commonplace in the contemporary workplace, despite increased understandings of safety. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to yield new insights into safety-related thinking, decisions and behaviours through the application of an institutional logics perspective. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews with twenty-two managers in a railroad construction and maintenance organisation were conducted, in which a variety of topics related to occupational safety and management were discussed. RESULTS: The results illustrate that an institutional logics perspective provides useful insights into the different logics of the market, profession, and corporation in the occupational safety …context. Furthermore, the results demonstrate contradictory viewpoints, so-called complexity, between these three logics and subsequent management approaches. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that viewing occupational safety through the lens of institutional logics leads to a better understanding of safety and reveals various rationales for safety attitudes and behaviours that otherwise may have been dismissed as irrational. Understanding and possessing the discourse of logics can help managers and safety professionals with analysis and prevention of accidents. Show more

Keywords: Workplace safety, institutional complexity, market logic, profession logic, corporation logic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203158

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 135-147, 2020

Authors: Wadeson, Amy | White, Melissa M. | Zhang, Wenjuan | Lau, Mei Y. | Kaber, David B.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Previously, a stretching regimen was designed for manual material handling (MMH) of gas cylinders as a potential ergonomic solution for reducing occupational injury. No studies have made use of objective process measures, such as muscle activation levels, for evaluation of effects of stretching programs. OBJECTIVE: Examine acute effects of stretching on muscle activation levels and driver perceived level of exertion in gas cylinder handling during simulated delivery operations. METHODS: A within-subject experiment was conducted with eight male participants being subjected randomly to two conditions over a two-day period: stretching before delivery trials and no stretching. …Surface electromyography and the Borg CR-10 scale for perceived exertion were used. RESULTS: Generally, results were variable among muscle responses. The extensor muscle bundle in the forearm was found to show a significant decrease (p  = 0.0464) in activation level because of stretching. The anterior deltoid and trapezius significantly increased (p  < .0001) the EMG activation level with stretching. Also counter to expectations, participants rated perceived exertion significantly higher (p  = 0.0423) for trials preceded by stretching. CONCLUSIONS: This research indicates a muscle stretching regimen in advance of MMH activities has mixed effects on activation levels across muscles. It is possible that effects are attributable to body posture positions, or manner of muscle use, during actual work activities. Findings indicate that stretching prior to work activity does have an impact on specific muscle activation. Show more

Keywords: Surface electromyography, stretching program, manual material handling

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203159

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 149-160, 2020

Authors: Rincón, Ovidio | Bernal, Martha Lucía | Salazar, José Javier | Zea, Christian Ricardo

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Students remain in a sedentary position inside classrooms for 60% to 80% of their school day. As such, research has associated students’ prolonged seated posture on school furniture with their discomfort and musculoskeletal pain. The correlation between the shape of the seat surface and the zones of the body making contact with these surfaces constitutes an essential factor in determining comfort-enhancing seat design. OBJECTIVE: This study’s primary aim lies in contrasting the standard, current school chair against two seat prototypes, both designed and built from digital models, comparing seat-user pressure distribution and contact area during students’ performance …of different school tasks. METHODS: Participants (n  = 13), ages 7 to 19, performed school tasks sitting on three different chairs’ seat surfaces during the test: the current seat used in schools and two seat prototypes, each designed based on body anatomy. The seats were evaluated through a force-sensing array pressure-mapping system. RESULTS: The measurements from designed seat prototypes provide a better distribution of pressures and greater contact area with the students’ anatomical areas (buttocks and thighs) than the seat currently used in the specified schools. The improvement in pressure values and contact area as seen in the second designed seat prototype is due to its inclination angle and contact with students’ sacral zone. CONCLUSIONS: This research work found that a seat’s shape based on human anatomical features (buttocks and thighs), compared to a completely flat seat, creates a higher reduction of body pressures and an increase in the body contact area, with the intent to increase comfort and reduce musculoskeletal pain. Show more

Keywords: School furniture, pressure measurement, seat surface shape, design, comfort

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203160

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 161-171, 2020

Authors: Ahn, Sun-hee | Kwon, Oh-yun | Hwang, Ui-jae | Jung, Sung-hoon | Kim, Hyun-a | Kim, Jun-hee

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increased genu recurvatum (GR) angle is a risk factor for knee injury. Identification of factors causing GR is important for the prevention and rehabilitation of GR. Few studies have investigated the association between muscle strength and GR. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between GR angle and hip and knee muscle strength in standing workers METHODS: The participants in this study were 110 healthy volunteers (59 male, 51 female) who performed standing work in a theme park. The GR angle, muscle strength, and strength ratio of the lower extremities were measured to determine their associations with …GR. The GR angle was measured using a Smart KEMA motion sensor, and muscle strength was assessed using a Smart KEMA strength sensor. Stepwise multiple regression models were used to investigate which muscles contributed most to the extent of the GR angle. RESULTS: Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the decreased hip external rotator to hip internal rotator ratio, increased knee extensor to knee flexor ratio, and young age were associated with an increased GR angle. CONCLUSIONS: Many factors are known to increase the GR angle. However, this study investigated the roles of only hip and knee muscle strength. The results suggest that muscle strength ratios are more important than the weakness of any muscle. Show more

Keywords: Back knee, genu recurvatum, influencing factor, multiple regression, muscle strength

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203161

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 173-181, 2020

Authors: Ezeukwu, Obinna Antoninus | Ojukwu, Chidiebele Petronilla | Okemuo, Adaora Justina | Anih, Chinagozim Faith | Ikele, Ikenna Theophilus | Chukwu, Sylvester Caesar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: For maternal and infant benefits, cradle, cross-cradle and football hold positions have been recommended and widely utilized by mothers during breastfeeding (BF) tasks. There is paucity of data on the biomechanical costs of these BF positions. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the trunk lean angles and electromyographic (EMG) activities of the trunk muscles during these BF positions. METHODS: In this experimental study, 25 nulliparous females carried a 6-kg weighing infant, while simulating BF tasks in each of the three BF hold positions for five minutes respectively. During each task, forward and lateral trunk lean angles were …measured with a single inclinometer. Activities of the right and left erector spinae (ES) and external oblique (EO) muscles were also measured via surface electromyography. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze data at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Cross-cradle position resulted in significantly higher anterior trunk lean and right ES and EO muscle activities. Conversely, cradle position significantly elicited highest activities in the left ES and EO muscles. Left trunk lean angles were highest during the football position. CONCLUSION: Football BF position may pose less risk of BF-related musculoskeletal disorders in nursing mothers, as compared to the cradle and cross-cradle BF positions. Show more

Keywords: Electromyography, trunk muscle, trunk lean angle, lactation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203162

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 183-191, 2020

Authors: Souza, Tamires Patrícia | Souza, Rafaela | Watte, Guilherme | de Souza, Jorge Alan | Moreira, José da Silva | Knorst, Marli Maria

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Semi-precious stone mining may cause occupational lung disease. The impact of inhaling silica on workers’ exercise capacity has only been partially studied. OBJECTIVES: To study lung function, exercise capacity, and identify factors associated with functional impairment. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 193 current miners from Ametista do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, medical and occupational data were collected. The diagnosis of silicosis was established by the history of dust exposure and chest radiographic findings. All workers performed a spirometry and a 6-minute walk test (6MWT). RESULTS: Of the sample 51 (26.4%) …had silicosis. Time working in mine was 14.7±8.7 years. Spirometry showed a normal, restrictive or obstructive ventilatory pattern in 75.1 %, 13 % and 9.3 % of the workers, respectively. The diagnosis of silicosis and length of time working in mining negatively affected lung function, although exercise capacity was preserved. In the multivariate analysis, time working in mining, diagnosis of silicosis and education remained significant for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ; r  = 0.60; r 2  = 0.36; p  < 0.001) and age and height for distance in 6MWT (r  = 0.66; r 2  = 0.43; p  < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show impaired lung function and preserved exercise capacity in current mineworkers exposed to silica. Length of time working in mining, presence of silicosis and lower education were factors associated with reduced lung function. Show more

Keywords: Pneumoconiosis, silicosis, exercise, 6-minute walk test

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203163

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 193-200, 2020

Authors: Karpman, Jesse | Gross, Douglas P. | Manns, Patricia | Tomkins-Lane, Christy

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of wearable accelerometers in conjunction with Functional Capacity Evaluation (FCE) may provide additional useful information about maximum performance in workers and enhance the validity of functional testing. However, little research has been conducted to compare accelerometer output with performance during FCE. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to: (1) Determine the magnitude and direction of correlation between participant performance on five FCE tasks and scores from Actigraph activity monitors; and (2) Compare the results of two different placements of Actigraph devices. METHOD: We used a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling to collect …data from 46 healthy participants. Each participant completed 5 functional tasks selected from the WorkWell FCE protocol while wearing 2 Actigraph devices, 1 on the dominant side waist and 1 on the non-dominant wrist. The FCE tasks included 5-repetition maximum lifting (floor-to-waist, waist to crown and front carry), a sustained overhead work endurance task, and the 6-minute walk test. Analysis included calculating Pearson regression coefficients between maximum FCE item performance and Actigraph vector magnitudes (VM) along with Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) to compare VM activity counts derived from the Actigraphs on the waist and wrist. RESULTS: Thirty-Nine (84.8%) participants had complete data and were included in analysis. Findings indicate Actigraph VM data from the device worn on the waist correlated positively with maximum lift performance (r  = 0.39–0.64, p  < 0.001 to 0.08) and 6-minute walk distance (r  = 0.66, p  < 0.001). Actigraph data from wrist placement were not significantly correlated with FCE performance on any of the functional tasks, except when comparing average VM data and waist to crown lift (r  = 0.44, p  < 0.001). There was no significant correlation in either Actigraph placement for VM and overhead work time. ICCs between the two Actigraph placements ranged from poor to acceptable agreement (ICC = 0.24–0.70, p  < 0.001 to 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: Actigraph device output correlated moderately with maximum performance on FCE lift and ambulation tests. Waist placement appears more suitable than wrist during performance-based tests. Show more

Keywords: Accelerometry, disability evaluation, motor activity, return to work, exercise test

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203164

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 201-211, 2020

Authors: Soltaninejad, Mohammadreza | Khammar, Alireza | Aminizadeh, Mohsen | NabiAmjad, Reza | Raei, Mehdi | Hami, Mahsa | Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Many adverse effects occur among the nurses due to shift work Hence, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of shift work-related disorders and its related factor among the nurses at Tehran University Subsidiary Hospital, Iran, and to find solutions for managing the relevant health problems. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the Survey of Shift workers (SOS) questionnaire and the Personal Information Form were used to collect data related to demographics and working conditions of 1259 randomly selected nurses working at Tehran University Subsidiary Hospital as statistical population. RESULTS: According to the results, psychological …disorders (95%), digestive problems (85%) and social problems (80%) were the most frequent problems among the subjects. Additionally, the satisfaction rate was higher among the volunteer nurses compared to nurses who were forced to do shift work (P  < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The nurses volunteered for shift work had higher satisfaction rate compared to nurses forced to shift work system; moreover, they had more job satisfaction and less shift work-related complaints. Therefore, it is important to select the nurses who are volunteer for shift work system. In addition, the shift work schedule in hospitals should be set based on workload and requirements because the shift schedule can adversely influence the social and family issues of the nurses, as well as their sleep quality and body biological process. Show more

Keywords: Psychological disorders, digestive problems health problems, sleep disorder, night work

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203165

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 213-219, 2020

Authors: Kippe, Karin | Lagestad, Pål

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Research suggests that one-third of Norwegian adults satisfy national health recommendations for physical activity, but little knowledge exists regarding activity levels in different occupations. OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the level at which kindergarten staff fulfil these health recommendations, and examines differences in physical activity levels of staff working mainly with toddlers (1–3 years) and older children (4–6 years). The study also investigates physical activity level during working time and leisure time. METHODS: Physical activity levels among 43 kindergarten staff members were measured utilizing accelerometers and questionnaires. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that 86% of …kindergarten staff satisfy the health recommendations for physical activity. Moreover, kindergarten staff working with older children were significantly more physically active than staff working with toddlers. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity level during working time was found to be of major significance for fulfilling the health recommendations among kindergarten staff working with toddlers. Show more

Keywords: Health recommendations, kindergarten staff, kindergarten children

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203166

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 221-228, 2020

Authors: Colim, Ana | Sousa, Nuno | Carneiro, Paula | Costa, Nélson | Arezes, Pedro | Cardoso, André

Article Type: Case Report

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Several risk factors among packing lines workers can lead to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD) occurrence. Foreseeing WRMSD prevention and productivity increase, some furniture manufacturing industries have been investing in the adoption of robotic solutions. In this field, ergonomics plays an important role to verify if automation implementation has been successful. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to address the general impact and effectiveness from an ergonomics point of view of the implementation of a robotic aid in a packing workstation. METHODS: The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was applied to 14 workers of semi-automated packing lines. Some additional …questions about occupational conditions were included. In order to assess the ergonomic impact of the robotic aid, Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) was also applied by trained ergonomists, by analyzing the considered packing workstations before and after the adoption of the robotic aid proposed solution. RESULTS: The results showed that trunk torsion was the most highlighted WRMSD risk factor by all workers, associating it with the lumbar pain. The obtained RULA scores demonstrated that the adoption of a robotic aid eliminated this risk factor and, consequently, reduced the corresponding WRMSD risk. CONCLUSIONS: The adoption of robotic aids can be instrumental in reducing WRMSD risk in furniture manufacturing industries. Ergonomic studies with workers’ participatory approaches seem to be an appropriate strategy to enable the validation and development of industrial robotic solutions. Show more

Keywords: Ergonomics, workers’ perceptions, manufacturing industry, packing workstation, robotic aid, WRMSD, NMQ, RULA

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203144

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 229-237, 2020

Authors: Heidarimoghaddam, Rashid | Dianat, Iman | Mosaferchi, Saeedeh | Mortezapour, Alireza

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203143

Citation: Work, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 239-242, 2020