Work - Volume 41, issue Supplement 1

Authors: Piccinini, Giulio Francesco | Simões, Anabela | Rodrigues, Carlos Manuel | Leitão, Miguel

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Lately, with the goal of improving road safety, car makers developed and commercialised some Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) which, through the detection of blind spot areas on the vehicle’s sides, could help the drivers during the overtaking and the change lane task. Despite the possible benefits to reduce lateral crashes, the overall impact on road safety of such systems have not been deeply studied yet; notably, despite some researches have been carried out, there is a lack of studies regarding the long-term usage and drivers’ acceptance of those systems. In order to fill the research gap, a methodology, based …on the combination of focus groups interviews, questionnaires and a small-scale field operational test (FOT), has been designed in this study; such a methodology aims at evaluating drivers’ acceptance of Blind Spot Information System® and at proposing some ideas to improve the usability and user-friendliness of this (or similar) device in their future development. Show more

Keywords: ADAS, BLIS, acceptance, lane change, road safety

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0123-4213

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4213-4217, 2012

Authors: Al-Dirini, R.M.A. | Thewlis, D. | Paul, G.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Finite Element Modeling (FEM) has become a vital tool in the automotive design and development processes. FEM of the human body is a technique capable of estimating parameters that are difficult to measure in experimental studies with the human body segments being modeled as complex and dynamic entities. Several studies have been dedicated to attain close-to-real FEMs of the human body (Pankoke and Siefert 2007; Amann, Huschenbeth et al. 2009; ESI 2010). The aim of this paper is to identify and appraise the state-of-the art models of the human body which incorporate detailed pelvis and/or lower extremity models. Six databases …and search engines were used to obtain literature, and the search was limited to studies published in English since 2000. The initial search results identified 636 pelvis-related papers, 834 buttocks-related papers, 505 thigh-related papers, 927 femur-related papers, 2039 knee-related papers, 655 shank-related papers, 292 tibia-related papers, 110 fibula-related papers, 644 ankle-related papers, and 5660 foot-related papers. A refined search returned 100 pelvis-related papers, 45 buttocks-related papers, 65 thigh-related papers, 162 femur-related papers, 195 kneerelated papers, 37 shank-related papers, 80 tibia-related papers, 30 fibula-related papers and 102 ankle-related papers and 246 foot-related papers. The refined literature list was further restricted by appraisal against a modified LOW appraisal criteria. Studies with unclear methodologies, with a focus on populations with pathology or with sport related dynamic motion modeling were excluded. The final literature list included fifteen models and each was assessed against the percentile the model represents, the gender the model was based on, the human body segment/segments included in the model, the sample size used to develop the model, the source of geometric/anthropometric values used to develop the model, the posture the model represents and the finite element solver used for the model. The results of this literature review provide indication of bias in the available models towards 50th percentile male modeling with a notable concentration on the pelvis, femur and buttocks segments. Show more

Keywords: Advanced biomechanical models, Comfort/discomfort, Biomechanics

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1039-4218

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4218-4229, 2012

Authors: Blewett, Verna | Rainbird, Sophia | Dorrian, Jill | Paterson, Jessica | Cattani, Marcus

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: ‘Safety culture’ is identified in the literature as a critical element of healthy and safe workplaces. How can rail organizations ensure that consistently effective work health and safety cultures are maintained across the diversity of their operations? This paper reports on research that is currently underway in the Australian rail industry aimed at producing a Model of Best Practice in Safety Culture for the industry. Located in rail organizations dedicated to the mining industry as well as urban rail and national freight operations, the research examines the constructs of organizational culture that impact on the development and maintenance of healthy …and safe workplaces. The research uses a multi-method approach incorporating quantitative (survey) and qualitative (focus groups, interviews and document analysis) methods along with a participative process to identify interventions to improve the organization and develop plans for their implementation. The research uses as its analytical framework the 10 Platinum Rules, from the findings of earlier research in the New South Wales (Australia) mining industry, Digging Deeper. Data collection is underway at the time of writing and preliminary findings are presented at this stage. The research method may be adapted for use as a form of organizational review of safety and health in organizational culture. Show more

Keywords: rail safety, multi-method research, organizational culture, safety culture, keyword five

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0124-4230

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4230-4236, 2012

Authors: Ryan, Brendan | Wilsona, John R. | Schock, Alex

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The paper reports on the review and re-analysis of information that has been collected in earlier field studies on the functions and associated risks in rail engineering and maintenance. Two methods of Cognitive Work Analysis have been adapted and used to identify and represent important components of the rail engineering system and the situations in which activities occur. Additional classification exercises have been used to determine issues of strategic importance to the organisation, related to the functions and human factors risks in performing these functions. The effectiveness of the methods in this industrial context has been evaluated. Conclusions are drawn …on how this type of approach can be used to produce relevant findings on the following: What the organisation knows about roles, functions and descriptions of tasks that are relevant for engineering and maintenance work; (2) the HF risks for today’s (and unless things change), tomorrow’s railway; (3) how this knowledge can help in determining organisational priorities for future work. Show more

Keywords: Rail engineering and maintenance, Function and Activity Analysis, Qualitative Analysis

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0125-4237

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4237-4245, 2012

Authors: Iridiastadi, Hardianto | Ikatrinasari, Zulfa Fitri

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The prevalence of Indonesian railway accidents has not been declining, with hundreds of fatalities reported in the past decade. As an effort to help the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), this study was conducted that aimed at understanding factors that might have contributed to the accidents. Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) was utilized for this purpose. A total of nine accident reports (provided by the Indonesian NTSC) involving fatalities were studied using the technique. Results of this study indicated 72 factors that were closely related to the accidents. Of these, roughly 22% were considered as operator acts while …about 39% were related to preconditions for operator acts. Supervisory represented 14% of the factors, and the remaining (about 25%) were associated with organizational factors. It was concluded that, while train drivers indeed played an important role in the accidents, interventions solely directed toward train drivers may not be adequate. A more comprehensive approach in minimizing the accidents should be conducted that addresses all the four aspects of HFACS. Show more

Keywords: Indonesia, railway accidents, safety, HFACS, human error

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0126-4246

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4246-4249, 2012

Authors: Lüdtke, A. | Javaux, D. | Tango, F. | Heers, R. | Bengler, K. | Ronfle-Nadaud, C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The paper presents a new approach to the development of cooperative human-machine systems in the Transportation domain which is currently researched in the European project D3CoS. A necessary precondition for the acceptance of cooperative human-machine systems with shared control is the confidence and trust of the user into the system. D3CoS tackles this important issue by addressing the cooperative system as the object and the target of the system development process. This new perspective, along with corresponding innovative methods, techniques and tools, shall allow the identification of optimal task and authority sharing approaches supported by intuitive human-machine interaction and user …interfaces at an early stage of system development. This will support powerful teamwork between humans and machines or between machines and machines that is transparent, intuitive and easy to understand. The paper describes the research dimensions for the development of the methods, techniques and tools as well as first results. Show more

Keywords: cooperative system development and evaluation, reusable concepts for advanced human machine interaction, design patterns for adaptive task and resource allocation

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0719-4250

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4250-4257, 2012

Authors: Kauer, Michaela | Franz, Benjamin | Schreiber, Michael | Bruder, Ralph | Geyer, Sebastian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Modern cars offer drivers support with the help of a number of driver assistance systems. Those systems aim to relieve drivers through assumption of sub parts of the driving task (e.g. in case of an Adaptive Cruise Control by regulation of vehicle speed and time gap to preceding vehicle). Today, systems are controlled and monitored separately which leads to efforts to combine the functionality of all systems in an overlying assistance for drivers. The approach of the University of Technology Darmstadt is called Conduct-by-Wire and can be seen as a cooperative maneuver-based driving paradigm, where the driver gives maneuver command …to the systems which are automatically executed. This paper summarizes the results of three studies which investigated the user acceptance of this driving paradigm. Overall, it can be said that the acceptance of the system depends on personal traits of the driver and on the driving situation. Almost all participants are willing to use Conduct-by- Wire for routine tasks such as commuting, which makes the systems interesting for company cars. Still, there remain a number of drivers who are not willing to use such a highly automated system at all. Show more

Keywords: Conduct-by-Wire, maneuver based vehicle guidance, advanced driver assistance system, acceptance

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0720-4258

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4258-4264, 2012

Authors: Chen, Fang | Wang, MinJuan | Zhu, Xi Chan | Li, Jiaqi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Surface transportation system is developing very fast in China and the number of vehicles is increasing quickly as well. This development creates a lot of problems on traffic safety and the number of accident is also increasing. In this paper, we made deep analysis of different possible causes of safety problems through three aspects: the traffic environment and infrastructure, in-vehicle information system design and the characteristics of drivers. There are many factors in each aspects may contribute to the transportation safety problems. Problems with infrastructure design and traffic design contribute over 50% of the traffic accident. Another important factor is …that people has very little traffic safety concept and very weak on understanding the important of right behavior on the road. This paper has pointed the urgent needs to study the human factors in road and transportation system and vehicle HMI design, as there are very few such studies available in literature based on Chinese situation. The paper also proposed the needs to develop proactive educational system that can promote driver’s understanding of traffic safety and to take the right action during drive. Show more

Keywords: Active safety, culture, Chinese market, Chinese driver, HMI, vehicle, traffic

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0721-4265

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4265-4272, 2012

Authors: Sawyer, Ben | Teo, Grace | Mouloua, Mustapha

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The driving task is highly complex and places considerable perceptual, physical and cognitive demands on the driver. As driving is fundamentally an information processing activity, distracted or impaired drivers have diminished safety margins compared with non- distracted drivers (Hancock and Parasuraman, 1992; TRB 1998 a & b). This competition for sensory and decision making capacities can lead to failures that cost lives. Some groups, teens and elderly drivers for example, have patterns of systematically poor perceptual, physical and cognitive performance while driving. Although there are technologies developed to aid these different drivers, these systems are often misused and underutilized. The …DriveID project aims to design and develop a passive, automated face identification system capable of robustly identifying the driver of the vehicle, retrieve a stored profile, and intelligently prescribing specific accident prevention systems and driving environment customizations. Show more

Keywords: active safety, facial recognition, vehicle automation, teen fatalities, elderly drivers

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0722-4273

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4273-4278, 2012

Authors: Sawyer, Benjamin D. | Hancock, Peter A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Previous research using cell phones indicates that manual manipulation is not a principal component of text messaging relating driving detriment. This paper suggests that manipulation of a phone in conjunction with the cognitive need to compose the message itself co-act to contribute to driving degradation. This being so, drivers sending text messages might experience reduced interference to the driving task if the text messaging itself were assisted through the predictive T9 system. We evaluated undergraduate drivers in a simulator who drove and texted using either Assisted Text entry, via Nokia’s T9 system, or unassisted entry via the multitap interface. Results …supported the superiority of the T9 system over the multitap system implying that specific assistive technologies can modulate the degradation of capacity which texting tragically induces. Show more

Keywords: Driving, Text Messaging, SMS, Driver Distraction

DOI: 10.3233/WOR-2012-0723-4279

Citation: Work, vol. 41, no. Supplement 1, pp. 4279-4282, 2012