Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience - Volume 5, issue 1

Authors: Moonen, G. | Delree, P. | Martin, D. | Sadzot-Delvaux, C. | Schoenen, J.

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5111

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 48-48, 1993

Authors: De Felipe, Carmen | Jenkins, Robert | O'Shea, Ross | Williams, Simon | Hunt, Stephen

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5112

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 49-50, 1993

Authors: Woolf, Clifford J.

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5113

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 51-52, 1993

Authors: Lombard, M.C. | Besse, D. | Besson, J.M.

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5114

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 53-55, 1993

Authors: Kreutzberg, Georg W.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Axonally injured neurons demonstrate profound changes in morphology, in metabolism and in housekeeping functions. Specifically, changes in cytoskeletal proteins, in neurotransmitter metabolism, in growth and maintenance factors seem to be correlated to the growth of the new axons as part of the regeneration program. Significant changes have been described in the perineuronal glial cells of a motor nucleus undergoing retrograde axonal reaction, the so-called chromatolysis. Microglia become activated, augmented, mobile and instrumental in the synaptic stripping process. Astrocytes become first hypertrophic and, in a delayed reaction, form insulating lamellae around the recovering neurons. The molecular signals that could mediate the …accompanying glial reactions are presumed to be produced by the injured neurons. Cytokines, but also neuropeptides and nitric oxide, are likely candidates. Show more

Keywords: Motoneuron regeneration, Growth factor receptor, NO synthase, CGRP, Intercellular signal

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5115

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 59-60, 1993

Authors: Cadusseau, J. | Nothias, F. | Alanbari, A. | Peschanski, M.

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5116

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 61-63, 1993

Authors: Tessler, A. | Goldberger, M.E. | Himes, B.T. | Howland, D.R. | Itoh, Y. | Pinter, M.J.

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5117

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 64-65, 1993

Authors: Goldberger, Michael | Murray, Marion | Tessler, Alan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Plasticity of undamaged projections (axonal sprouting) in the adult and neonatal mammalian spinal cord has been documented many times. It has been associated, in some paradigms, with recovery of specific functions and motor behavior. This mutually occurring recovery of function appears to be enhanced by transplants of fetal tissue.

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5118

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 69-75, 1993

Authors: Bresnahan, Jacqueline C. | Behrmann, Donald L. | Beattie, Michael S.

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5119

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 76-76, 1993

Authors: Beattie, Michael S. | Bresnahan, Jacqueline C. | Leedy, M. Gail

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5120

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 77-78, 1993

Authors: Kruse, M.N. | de Groat, W.C.

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5121

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 79-80, 1993

Authors: Barbeau, Hugues | Danakas, Michel | Arsenault, Bertrand

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5122

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 81-84, 1993

Authors: Peschanski, Marc | Le Forestier, Nadine | Rapisardi, Salvatore

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The concept of neuroplasticity in the adult is now well accepted. Amongst the most striking neuroplastic phenomena are those that systematically follow a lesion in the neural system itself. The work reported in this symposium emphatically illustrates the plasticity of neurons participating in spinal cord networks in various conditions that involve axonal lesions and neuronal degeneration. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential for post-lesion neuroplastic changes to serve as a basis for future therapeutics with specific emphasis on two important pathologies observed in humans: spinal cord injuries and degenerative motoneuronal diseases. Spontaneous attempts at axonal regeneration …and growth of axotomized neurons can be seen after a spinal trauma although the number of neurons involved is often low and variable from one population to another. In any case, axons fail to cross the scar tissue, most probably due to specific neurono-glial interactions. Successful recovery of neural systems (and therefore possible functional recovery) that can be expected as a result of these spontaneous attempts at regeneration of axotomized axons is, overall, very poor. Innumerable attempts have been made to provide severed axons in the spinal cord with a suitable substrate. Altogether, the results obtained when regeneration is facilitated in the adult through a series of different ways point to several remarkable conclusions: (i) adult neurons are indeed able to grow an axon; (ii) the failure to grow an axon after axotomy which is normally observed depends, at least in part, on an unsuitable substrate; (iii) growth ability seems to be much more restricted for neurons with large myelinated axons than for neurons with unmyelinated ones. Several therapeutic avenues can be considered that can be grouped in three different endeavors: to fill in the gap, and to change the nature of the gap, to protect fibers that have not been directly injured. An additional possibility is that compensation of lost inputs by transplants of monoaminergic neurons below the level of the lesion can be of therapeutic value. Experimental models of spinal neurodegeneration have been less intensely studied than those of spinal cord injuries. Data suggesting the existence of spontaneous neuronal plasticity in the aftermath of motoneuronal loss are, however, available. Two types of neuronal attempts at regeneration can be considered: sprouting of surviving motoneurons leading to the reoccupation of vacant motor endplates and possible attempts to grow by afferents that have been deprived of their postsynaptic target cells. These attempts may be facilitated experimentally by the use of growth factors and fetal neural transplants. The use of growth factors may be of therapeutic value and preliminary studies are presently in progress. The therapeutic value of neural transplants to replace lost motoneurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal muscular atrophies is not easily determined. It seems excluded that transplanted motoneurons replace lost neurons at all levels of the neuraxis. In contrast, neural transplantation may be interesting to replace a specific set of motoneurons, namely those controlling respiratory muscles. Show more

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5123

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 87-97, 1993

Article Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-1993-5124

Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 99-101, 1993