NeuroRehabilitation - Volume 41, issue 3

Authors: Arango-Lasprilla, Juan Carlos | Rivera, Diego

Article Type: Editorial

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-001479

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 577-580, 2017

Authors: Rivera, D. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodology utilized to calculate reliability and the generation of norms for 10 neuropsychological tests for children in Spanish-speaking countries. METHOD: The study sample consisted of over 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Inclusion criteria for all countries were to have between 6 to 17 years of age, an Intelligence Quotient of≥80 on the Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence (TONI-2), and score of <19 on the Children’s Depression Inventory. Participants completed 10 neuropsychological tests. Reliability and norms were calculated for all …tests. RESULTS: Test-retest analysis showed excellent or good- reliability on all tests (r ’s>0.55; p ’s<0.001) except M-WCST perseverative errors whose coefficient magnitude was fair. All scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the models by country. The non-significant variables (p  > 0.05) were removed and the analysis were run again. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking children and adolescents normative study in the world. For the generation of normative data, the method based on linear regression models and the standard deviation of residual values was used. This method allows determination of the specific variables that predict test scores, helps identify and control for collinearity of predictive variables, and generates continuous and more reliable norms than those of traditional methods. Show more

Keywords: Methodology, Spanish-speaking, normative data, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172275

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 581-592, 2017

Authors: Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. | Rivera, D. | Ertl, M.M. | Muñoz Mancilla, J.M. | García-Guerrero, C.E. | Rodriguez-Irizarry, W. | Aguayo Arelis, A. | Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y. | Barrios Nevado, M.D. | Vélez-Coto, M. | Yacelga Ponce, T.P. | Rigabert, A. | García de la Cadena, C. | Pohlenz Amador, S. | Vergara-Moragues, E. | Soto-Añari, M. | Peñalver Guia, A.I. | Saracostti Schwartzman, M. | Ferrer-Cascales, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the ROCF as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The ROCF copy and immediate recall (3 minutes) scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The …final multiple linear regression models showed main effect for age on copy and immediate recall scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. Age2 affected ROCF copy score for all countries, except Puerto Rico; and ROCF immediate recall scores for all countries, except Chile, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, and Puerto Rico. Models indicated that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE≤12 years for Chile, Puerto Rico, and Spain in the ROCF copy, and Paraguay and Spain for the ROCF immediate recall. Sex affected ROCF copy and immediate recall score for Chile and Puerto Rico with girls scoring higher than boys. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the ROCF Test in pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure, neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172241

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 593-603, 2017

Authors: Rivera, D. | Morlett-Paredes, A. | Peñalver Guia, A.I. | Irías Escher, M.J. | Soto-Añari, M. | Aguayo Arelis, A. | Rute-Pérez, S. | Rodríguez-Lorenzana, A. | Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y. | Albaladejo-Blázquez, N. | García de la Cadena, C. | Ibáñez-Alfonso, J.A. | Rodriguez-Irizarry, W. | García-Guerrero, C.E. | Delgado-Mejía, I.D. | Padilla-López, A. | Vergara-Moragues, E. | Barrios Nevado, M.D. | Saracostti Schwartzman, M. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Stroop Word-Color Interference test in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the Stroop Word-Color Interference test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The Stroop Word, Stroop Color, Stroop Word-Color, and Stroop Interference scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the …analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on all scores, except on Stroop Interference for Guatemala, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. Age2 affected Stroop Word scores for all countries, Stroop Color scores for Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain; Stroop Word-Color scores for Ecuador, Mexico, and Paraguay; and Stroop Interference scores for Cuba, Guatemala, and Spain. MLPE affected Stroop Word scores for Chile, Mexico, and Puerto Rico; Stroop Color scores for Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Spain; Stroop Word-Color scores for Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Spain; and Stroop-Interference scores for Ecuador, Mexico, and Spain. Sex affected Stroop Word scores for Spain, Stroop Color scores for Mexico, and Stroop Interference for Honduras. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the Stroop Word-Color Interference test in pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: Stroop Word-Color Interference test, neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172246

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 605-616, 2017

Authors: Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. | Rivera, D. | Nicholls, E. | Aguayo Arelis, A. | García de la Cadena, C. | Peñalver Guia, A.I. | Vergara-Moragues, E. | Rodriguez-Lorenzana, A. | Marín-Morales, A. | Soto-Añari, M. | Lara, L. | Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y. | Alcazar Tebar, C. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Rodriguez-Irizarry, W. | Ibañéz-Alfonso, J.A. | García-Guerrero, C.E. | Delgado-Mejía, I.D. | Pohlenz Amador, S. | Sánchez-SanSegundo, M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the M-WCST as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Number of categories, perseverative errors, and total error scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. …RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models indicated main effects for age on all scores, such that the number of categories correct increased and total number of perseverative errors and total number of errors decrease linearly as a function of age. Age2 had a significant effect in Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, and Spain for numbers of categories; a significant effect for number of perseverative errors in Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Spain; and a significant effect for number of total errors in Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Spain. Models showed an effect for MLPE in Cuba (total errors), Ecuador (categories and total errors), Mexico (all scores), Paraguay (perseverative errors and total error), and Spain (categories and total errors). Sex affected number of total errors for Ecuador. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate way to interpret the M-WCST with pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172242

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 617-626, 2017

Authors: Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. | Rivera, D. | Ramos-Usuga, D. | Vergara-Moragues, E. | Montero-López, E. | Adana Díaz, L.A. | Aguayo Arelis, A. | García-Guerrero, C.E. | García de la Cadena, C. | Llerena Espezúa, X. | Lara, L. | Padilla-López, A. | Rodriguez-Irizarry, W. | Alcazar Tebar, C. | Irías Escher, M.J. | Llibre Guerra, J.J. | Torales Cabrera, N. | Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y. | Ferrer-Cascales, R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Trail Making Test (TMT) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,337 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the TMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The TMT-A and TMT-B scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression …models showed main effects for age on both scores, such that as children needed less time to complete the test while they become older. TMT-A scores were affected by age2 for all countries except, Cuba, Guatemala, and Puerto. TMT-B scores were affected by age2 for all countries except, Guatemala and Puerto Rico. Models indicated that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years of education needed less time to complete the test compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE ≤12 years for Mexico and Paraguay in TMT-A scores; and Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, and Spain for TMT-B scores. Sex affected TMT-A scores for Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Peru, in that boys needed less time to complete the test than girls. Sex did not affect TMT-B scores. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the TMT in pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: Trail Making Test, neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172247

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 627-637, 2017

Authors: Arango-Lasprilla, J.C. | Rivera, D. | Trapp, S. | Jiménez-Pérez, C. | Hernández Carrillo, C.L. | Pohlenz Amador, S. | Vergara-Moragues, E. | Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y. | Rodriguez-Irizarry, W. | García de la Cadena, C. | Galvao-Carmona, A. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Llerena Espezúa, X. | Torales Cabrera, N. | Flor-Caravia, P. | Aguayo Arelis, A. | Saracostti Schwartzman, M. | Barranco Casimiro, R. | Albaladejo-Blázquez, N.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the SDMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. SDMT scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed …main effects for age in all countries, such that score increased linearly as a function of age. In addition, age2 had a significant effect in all countries, except in Honduras and Puerto Rico. Models indicated that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years of education obtained higher score compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE ≤12 years for Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, and Spain. Sex affected SDMT score for Paraguay and Spain. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the SDMT with pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: Symbol Digit Modalities Test, neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172243

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 639-647, 2017

Authors: Olabarrieta-Landa, L. | Rivera, D. | Rodríguez-Lorenzana, A. | Pohlenz Amador, S. | García-Guerrero, C.E. | Padilla-López, A. | Sánchez-SanSegundo, M. | Velázquez-Cardoso, J. | Díaz Marante, J.P. | Caparros-Gonzalez, R.A. | Romero-García, I. | Valencia Vásquez, J. | García de la Cadena, C. | Muñoz Mancilla, J.M. | Rabago Barajas, B.V. | Barranco Casimiro, R. | Galvao-Carmona, A. | Martín-Lobo, P. | Saracostti Schwartzman, M. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Shortened Version of the Token Test in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the Shortened Version of the Token Test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Shortened Version of the Token Test total scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in …the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age in all countries, such that score increased linearly as a function of age. In addition, age2 had a significant effect in all countries, except Guatemala and Puerto Rico. Models showed that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher score compared to children whose parents had a MLPE ≤12 years in Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Spain. The child’s sex did not have an effect in the Shortened Version of the Token Test total score for any of the countries. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the Shortened Version of the Token Test when used in pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: Shortened Version of the Token Test, neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172244

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 649-659, 2017

Authors: Rivera, D. | Salinas, C. | Ramos-Usuga, D. | Delgado-Mejía, I.D. | Vasallo Key, Y. | Hernández Agurcia, G.P. | Valencia Vásquez, J. | García-Guerrero, C.E. | García de la Cadena, C. | Rabago Barajas, B.V. | Romero-García, I. | Campos Varillas, A.I. | Sánchez-SanSegundo, M. | Galvao-Carmona, A. | Lara, L. | Granja Gilbert, E.J. | Martín-Lobo, P. | Velázquez-Cardoso, J. | Caracuel, A. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Concentration Endurance Test (d2) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the d2 test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The Total number of items processed (TN), Total number of correct responses (CR), Total performance (TP), and Concentration performance (CP) scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental …education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on all scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. TN scores were affected by age2 for Guatemala and Puerto Rico; CR scores were affected by age2 for Mexico; TP scores were affected by age2 for Chile, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Spain; and CP scores for Mexico and Spain. Models indicated that children whose parents had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parents had a MLPE≤12 years for Mexico and Spain in all scores, and Puerto Rico for TN, CR, and TP, and Guatemala and Paraguay for CP scores. Sex affect the scores for Ecuador and Honduras (CP scores). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the d2 test in pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: Attention, Concentration Endurance Test (d2), neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172248

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 661-671, 2017

Authors: Olabarrieta-Landa, L. | Rivera, D. | Lara, L. | Rute-Pérez, S. | Rodríguez-Lorenzana, A. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | Peñalver Guia, A.I. | Ferrer-Cascales, R. | Velázquez-Cardoso, J. | Campos Varillas, A.I. | Ramos-Usuga, D. | Chino-Vilca, B. | Aguilar Uriarte, M.A. | Martín-Lobo, P. | García de la Cadena, C. | Postigo-Alonso, B. | Romero-García, I. | Rabago Barajas, B.V. | Irías Escher, M.J. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the phonological and semantic verbal fluency tests (VFT) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the VFT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Scores for letters F, A, S, and animals and fruit categories were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the …analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on all scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. Age2 had a significant effect in Chile (animals), Cuba (A letter, fruits), Ecuador (animals, fruits), Honduras (F letter), Mexico (animals, fruits), Peru (fruits), and Spain (S letters, animals, fruits). Models showed an effect for MLPE in Chile (A letters, animals, fruits), Ecuador (S letter, animals, fruits), Guatelama (F, S letter, animals), Honduras (animals), Mexico (F, A, S letters, animals, fruits), Puerto Rico (A, letters, animals), and Spain (all scores). Sex scores were found significant in Chile (animals), Ecuador (A letter, fruits), Mexico (F letter, fruits), Paraguay (F, A, S letters, fruits), Puerto Rico (F letter, animals, fruits), and Spain (F letter, fruits). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest multi-national Spanish speaking-pediatric normative study in the world, and as such it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate way to interpret the phonological and semantic VFT in pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172240

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 673-686, 2017

Authors: Olabarrieta-Landa, L. | Rivera, D. | Ibáñez-Alfonso, J.A. | Albaladejo-Blázquez, N. | Martín-Lobo, P. | Delgado-Mejía, I.D. | Lara, L. | Rabago Barajas, B.V. | Rodriguez Salgado, A.M. | Paredes Quispe, L.A. | Romero-García, I. | Velázquez-Cardoso, J. | García de la Cadena, C. | Fernandez-Agis, I. | Padilla-López, A. | Hernández Agurcia, G.P. | Marín-Morales, A. | Corral San José, A. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the PPVT-III as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. PPVT-III scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The final multiple linear regression models showed …main effects for age in all countries, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. In addition, age2 had a significant effect in all countries, except Guatemala and Paraguay. Models showed that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE ≤12 years in all countries, except for Cuba, Peru, and Puerto Rico. Sex affected scores for Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Spain. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the PPVT-III when used in pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III, neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172239

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 687-694, 2017

Authors: Rivera, D. | Olabarrieta-Landa, L. | Rabago Barajas, B.V. | Irías Escher, M.J. | Saracostti Schwartzman, M. | Ferrer-Cascales, R. | Martín-Lobo, P. | Calderón, J.A. | Aguilar Uriarte, M.A. | Peñalver Guia, A.I. | Camlla Ynga, R. | García-Guerrero, C.E. | Fernandez-Agis, I. | García-Gómez-Pastrana, A. | Ibañéz-Alfonso, J.A. | Gómez, H. | Galarza-del-Angel, J. | García de la Cadena, C. | Arango-Lasprilla, J.C.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data for the Learning and Verbal Memory Test (TAMV-I) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the TAMV-I as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Free recall, memory delay and recognition scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS: The …final multiple linear regression models indicated main effects for age on all scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. Age2 had a significant effect in all countries except Cuba, and Puerto Rico for free recall score; a significant effect for memory delay score in all countries except Cuba and Puerto Rico; and a significant effect for recognition score in in all countries except Guatemala, Honduras, and Puerto Rico. Models showed an effect for MLPE in Chile (free recall), Honduras (free recall), Mexico (free recall), Puerto Rico (free recall, memory delay, and recognition), and Spain (free recall and memory delay). Sex affected free recall score for Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Spain, memory delay score for all countries except Chile, Paraguay, and Puerto Rico, and recognition score for Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain, with girls scoring higher than boys. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate way to interpret the TAMV-I with pediatric populations. Show more

Keywords: Learning and Verbal Memory Test (TAMV-I), neuropsychology, Spanish-speaking populations, pediatric population

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-172249

Citation: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 695-706, 2017