Isokinetics and Exercise Science - Volume 22, issue 3

Authors: Ribeiro, Alex Silva | do Nascimento, Matheus Amarante | Salvador, Emanuel Péricles | Gurjão, André Luiz Demantova | Avelar, Ademar | Ritti-Dias, Raphael Mendes | Mayhew, Jerry L. | Cyrino, Edilson Serpeloni

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The one repetition maximum (1RM) test is the most widely used method to analyze muscular strength. However, the 1RM reliability may be dependent on gender. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the reliability of one-repetition maximum (1RM) test in untrained young adult men and women. METHODS: Thirteen men and eleven women between 18–35 years were recruited. All subjects performed the 1RM tests in the bench press (BP), Smith …machine squat (SQ), and arm curl (AC) in four sessions separated by 48 to 72 hours of recovery. At each measurement session, the subjects performed exercise-specific warm-ups and were given three attempts to reach a peak strength level for each exercise. RESULTS: There was a significant session-by-time interaction (P< 0.05) in BP and SQ, while men reached a stabilized load between sessions 2–3, women stabilized their load between sessions 1–2. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in maximal strength occurred between session 1 and 4 in BP (men=+10.5%, women=+13.1%), SQ (men=+17.6%, women=+20.7%), and AC (men=+7.5%, women=+11.7%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the reliability of the 1RM tests in multiple-joint exercises may be gender dependent. Show more

Keywords: Muscular strength, weight exercise, gender, familiarization, motor performance

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140534

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 175-182, 2014

Authors: Chung, Seok Won | Song, Byung Wook | Kim, Joon Yub | Lim, Jae-Young | Kim, Sae Hoon | Oh, Joo Han

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The highly trained professional tour golfers would likely have different strength profiles in their muscle groups from non-athletes, which may be associated with the level of golf performance. OBJECTIVES: To describe an isokinetic muscle strength profile of several upper and lower extremity muscles of ladies professional tour golfers in comparison to non-athlete controls, and to explore possible correlations between strength and driving distance and average score. METHODS: Sixty seven ladies professional tour golfers and 25 non-athletic …women were enrolled. Absolute and weight-adjusted concentric isokinetic peak torque (PT) at 60°/s of the shoulder abductors, adductors and rotators, and elbow and knee flexors and extensors were measured bilaterally. RESULTS: All absolute and most weight-adjusted PTs were significantly higher in professional tour golfers than non-athletes. The weight-adjusted PT differed significantly only with respect to the shoulder adductors and knee muscles. Significantly higher strength ratios: bilateral shoulder adductor/abductor, right shoulder internal/external rotator, right elbow extensor/flexor, and bilateral knee flexor/extensor characterized the golfers. Further, the correlations between the strength of any of the tested muscles and either the driving distance or the average score were low to negligible. CONCLUSIONS: These results furnish a reference framework for isokinetic strength of the abovementioned muscles of professional tour golfers, and thus be used in setting realistic rehabilitation goals for lady golfers who suffer from some injury involving, directly or indirectly, these muscles. Show more

Keywords: Ladies professional golfer, isokinetic muscle strength, driving distance

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140535

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 183-190, 2014

Authors: Morcelli, Mary Hellen | Crozara, Luciano Fernandes | Rossi, Denise Martineli | LaRoche, Dain Patrick | Ribeiro Marques, Nise | Hallal, Camilla Zamfolini | Castro, Alex | Cardozo, Adalgiso Coscrato | Gonçalves, Mauro | Navega, Marcelo Tavella

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hip muscles dysfunction may challenge postural control mechanisms and compromise the individual in imbalance situations. OBJECTIVE: To compare hip muscles strength, power and activation between older female fallers and non-fallers. METHODS: Forty-four older adult women (60–85 yr) were divided into two groups based on having falling or not in the period of one year before evaluation, fallers (n=20) and non-fallers (n=24). Isokinetic strength and power were assessed during hip flexion, extension, …abduction and adduction movements, while EMG signals were recorded from the internal oblique (IO), rectus femoris (RF), multifidus (MU), gluteus maximum (GM), and biceps femoris (BF). RESULTS: Fallers had significantly lower extension (p=0.033), abduction (p=0.001) and adduction (p=0.002) strength as well as significantly lower power in hip flexion (p=0.028), extension (p=0.005) and abduction (p=0.002) compared to non-fallers. Non-fallers had 27.4% greater activation of RF (p=0.005) during hip flexion and 37.9% higher coactivation of IO/MU during hip abduction (p=0.003). Significant linear regression was found between hip extension strength and GM and BF activation in both groups. CONCLUSION: Hip muscles strength and activation may increase the risk of falling in older women. Show more

Keywords: Hip, aged, muscle strength dynamometer, accidental falls

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140538

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 191-196, 2014

Authors: Ruas, Cassio V. | Pinto, Ronei S. | Hafenstine, Rex W. | Pereira, Maria C.C. | Brown, Lee E.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Independent peak torque (IPT) ratios may lead to misinterpretation of shoulder rotator imbalances. OBJECTIVE: To compare shoulder rotator IPT conventional ratio (CR) and dynamic control ratio (DCR) with ten-degree angle specific torque (AST) CR and DCR. METHODS: Twenty healthy adult males (24.65 ± 2.4 yrs) performed concentric (C) and eccentric (E) internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) of the right shoulder on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/s and 180°/s through 150° of ROM. …RESULTS: IPT DCR was significantly different than AST DCR at several angles at both test speeds. IPT CR were not significantly different than any AST CR at either speed. The last 3 ten degree AST DCR were also compared. AST DCR was significantly different at two angles at 60°/s and at three angles at 180°/s. CONCLUSION: DCR analysis should use a ten degree AST interpretative approach in order to avoid erroneous interpretations of shoulder rotator strength imbalances. IPT ratio tests should only be used to calculate CR. Show more

Keywords: Independent peak torque, angle specific torque, torque ratios, shoulder rotators imbalances

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140539

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 197-204, 2014

Authors: Romero-Franco, N. | Martínez-López, E.J. | Hita-Contreras, F. | Lomas-Vega, R. | Martínez-Amat, A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Proprioception is affected during sports events, thus jeopardizing performance and even the well-being of athletes. To effectively control the injury risk and performance, sport professionals should find out how long the proprioceptive damage lasts. OBJECTIVE: To analyze acute effects of an anaerobic lactic exercise on the knee joint position sense of athletes and the duration of these effects until twenty-four hours later. METHODS: Fifteen athletes performed two training sessions one week apart: Warm-up: 30-minute warm-up; and …Lactic Exercise: 30-minute warm-up and an anaerobic lactic exercise session. All athletes carried out a joint position sense test of knee, as well as a blood lactate and heart rate analysis before (Pre), just after (Post_{0Min} ), thirty minutes after (Post_{30Min} ) and 24 hours (Post_{24H} ) after each training session. RESULTS: Absolute angular error in knee positioning increased just after Lactic Exercise with statistically higher values than after Warm-up Exercise (p=0.001) and gradually decreased toward 24 hours later. Relative angular error in knee positioning decreased statistically significant 24 hours after Lactic Exercise (p=0.021). CONCLUSION: Anaerobic lactic exercise immediately depletes the accuracy of knee joint position sense, although it is recovered 30 minutes later. After 24 hours, knee joint position sense is better than baseline. Show more

Keywords: Knee proprioception, athletes, anaerobic lactic exercise

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140540

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 205-210, 2014

Authors: Bohannon, Richard W. | Šteffl, Michal | Musálek, Martin | Miroslav, Petr | Houdová, Veronika | Holmerová, Iva

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to: 1) describe a new procedure for measuring hip extension strength and 2) examine the convergent and known-groups validity of measurements obtained using the procedure. METHOD: Forty women (72–98 years) volunteered for this cross-sectional, observational study of muscle strength and mobility. Hip extension strength as well as hip flexion and knee extension and flexion strengths were measured using a hand-held dynamometer (HHD). Hip extension strength was measured while participants were supine …and the HHD was positioned under their slightly elevated distal leg. Participants were dichotomized as independent or dependent in sit-to-stand and walking. RESULTS: Hip extension strength was measured without difficulty or untoward effects. Relative to other ipsilateral measures of hip and knee strength, hip extension strength was found to correlate significantly (r=0.345–0.584), to be internally consistent (alpha=0.785 and 0.751), and to load strongly (0.733 and 0.705) on a common construct-lower limb strength. Hip extension strength (left+right/body weight) discriminated (albeit weakly) between known groups, that is, participants who were dependent versus independent in sit-to-stand and walking. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings we recommend this procedure for measuring hip extension strength in older adults. Show more

Keywords: Measurement, muscle, strength, hip

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140541

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 211-215, 2014

Authors: Ribeiro, Alex S. | Avelar, Ademar | Nascimento, Matheus A. | Mayhew, Jerry L. | Filho, Marçal G.A. Campos | Eches, Erick H.P. | Ritti Dias, Raphael M. | Altimari, Leandro R. | Cyrino, Edilson S.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Differences related to sexual characteristics are directly linked to the mechanisms responsible for adaptations from resistance training (RT). Due to these differences, men and women may perform their RT programs at different percentages of maximum strength even when executing the same number of repetitions. OBJECTIVE: To compare the relative repetition maximum (%1RM) at which men and women perform RT in a program controlling repetitions/set. METHODS: Thirty men (22.7 ± 4.4 years, 68.4 ± 9.0 kg, …174.5 ± 6.6 cm), and 34 women (22.7 ± 4.1 years, 58.8 ± 11.9 kg, 162.6 ± 6.2 cm) performed 16 weeks of RT, 3 times per week using 3 sets of 8–12 RM. Anthropometric measurements and 1RM test in bench press (BP), and arm curl (AC) were obtained at baseline and after the RT program. RESULTS: Women performed the training in BP at a higher %1RM than men ($P<$ 0.05) at the beginning (men=59.8 ± 5.1% and women=63.2 ± 7.2%) and at the end (men=66.2 ± 6.5% and women=68.6 ± 7.2%) of the program. Both men and women significantly increased (P< 0.05) the %1RM at which they performed BP exercise (men=+10.7% and women=+8.5%) while maintaining the 8–12 repetition configuration with no significant time x group interaction (P> 0.05). There was not significant main effect for AC (P> 0.05) indicating no change in %1RM at which each sex exercised. CONCLUSION: We conclude that men and women perform RT at different %1RM in BP, except for the AC during a RT program utilizing 8–12 RM per set. Show more

Keywords: Weight training, one repetition maximum, sex

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140542

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 217-224, 2014

Authors: Moloney, Colum | O'Sullivan, Kieran | O'Farrell, Dermot | Louw, Quinette | Clifford, Amanda M.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The effect of hamstring tendon grafting during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) on residual hamstring muscle strength remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To identify if hamstring muscle strength deficits exist after ACLR using the ipsilateral semitendinosus and gracilis tendons (STG) in absolute and relative terms, and ascertain if pre-operative strength influences post-operative strength outcomes. METHODS: A search was performed using five databases; MEDLINE, SPORTSdiscus, Cinahl, AMED and Cochrane. Original articles that …reported both absolute and relative hamstring muscle strength on isokinetic testing after ACLR with STG grafts were evaluated, selected and critically appraised. RESULTS: Eleven studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. Hamstring peak torque (PT) deficits in the reconstructed leg compared to the contralateral side ranged from 10–19% and 6.4–12.6% at six and 12~months, respectively. Minimal deficits were reported at five to six year follow up. For absolute strength values the mean PT identified in absolute terms was low at 96 Nm at 60°/s (Range 77–121.8 Nm) with just one study normalising PT to body weight (PTBW). Only three of the included studies reported both pre- and post-operative results with two studies identifying similar reductions in PT of 8.6–9% in the operated limb from pre-operative to six months. CONCLUSION: Deficits in hamstring strength were found to exist up to one year post-operatively but appear to resolve by five to six years. It is recommended that future studies report PTBW to allow for better interpretation of results to allow for comparisons against normative data. More research is needed to examine the influence of pre-operative hamstring muscle strength on post-operative results. Show more

Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament, hamstring, semitendinosus, gracilis, isokinetic, muscle strength, knee flexor, torque

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140543

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 225-236, 2014

Authors: Tomar, Rakesh | Hamdan, Mohammmed | Al-Qahtani, Mohammad Hussain

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, i.e., the immune system destroys the special cells that make and secrete insulin. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of 12 weeks exercise programme on glycaemic and metabolic control in T1DM adolescents. METHODS: Twenty-four T1DM adolescent males (12–16 y) were randomised into an exercise (n=12) and control group (n=12). Twelve weeks of exercise programme was administered to the exercise group. …Two patients, one in each group discontinued training. Training intensity was 40–60% of maximum heart rate for a duration 60 min, 3 times a week. RESULTS: No significant improvement was seen in HbA_{1c} (P=0.598), low density lipoprotein (P=0.264), high density lipoprotein (P=0.276) and triglycerides (P=0.490) in the exercise group but significant improvement was observed in insulin dose (P=0.000) and total cholesterol (P=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks of closely supervised exercise programme enhanced reduction in insulin dose and lowered the total cholesterol T1DM adolescent male and could be recommended as a part of the management of T1DM. Show more

Keywords: Exercise, adolescent patients, insulin

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140544

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 237-243, 2014

Authors: Hong, Junggi | Burfeind, Kevin | Chun, Jihyun | Van Ryssegem, Guido

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUMD: Alteration in scapular medial border displacement often observed as scapular winging, can affect the force couples of the rotator cuff muscles and thereby shoulder function. The relationship between scapular medial border displacement and shoulder internal and external rotator muscle function in the baseball player-throwing arm has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine if any relationship exists between the amounts of scapular medial border displacement measured at rest …and during the sitting hand press up test position and shoulder internal and external rotator muscular strength in Division III baseball players throwing arm. METHODS: A total of 51 Division III baseball players volunteered for the study. Scapular medial border displacement was measured with a standardized posterior scapular displacement measurement tool in two positions, the resting and the sitting hand press-up position. Isokinetic strength of concentric internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) peak torque and time to peak torque for each subject were measured using 3 maximal testing repetitions at 60°/s. RESULTS: The results of the study showed a linear relationship between the amount of scapular medial border displacement and concentric IR strength and also in time to peak torque. However, no linear relationships were observed between scapular medial border displacement and other isokinetic strength variables. CONCLUSIONS: Scapular medial border displacement produced during a loaded state influences shoulder internal rotatory strength. This may bear on rehabilitation and strengthening exercises in terms of focusing on proper scapular position and subsequent muscular balance to optimize shoulder function. Show more

Keywords: Scapula, dyskinesis, displacement, measurement

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140545

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 245-250, 2014

Authors: Malone, John K. | Blake, Catherine | Caulfield, Brian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Test-retest reliability of performing 1–2 bouts of a 30 s Wingate (30WanT) has been shown to improve by averaging 2 bouts. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether adding a 3rd bout enhanced or decreased reliability. METHODS: On three occasions, 13 triathletes performed three 30WanT's on a cycle ergometer. Peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) reliability across bouts (Intra-session) and days (Inter-session) were tested. Mean and % change between bouts, …typical errors of measurement (TEM) and intra-class correlation co-efficient (ICC) were compared between consecutive pairs of bouts and 3 bouts. Single (1 & 2), averaged 2 (Σ 1+2) and 3 bout (Σ 1+2+3) between days using TEMs and ICCs were also compared. RESULTS: Intra-session ICCs for 2 and 3 bouts for PP, MP and FI showed strong reliability (> 0.7). Three bouts had lower TEM for MP, but 2 bouts had less TEM for PP and FI. Inter-session reliability ICCs were > 0.90 for PP, 0.94 for MP and 0.82 for FI for the 1, 2 and 3 bouts with no clear difference between. CONCLUSIONS: Performing 1, 2 and 3 bouts showed high to very high reliability, with a 3rd bout not clearly reducing TEM, and in some cases introducung more variability. Show more

Keywords: Peak power, mean power, fatigue index, intra-class correlation co-efficient, typical errors

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140546

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 251-258, 2014

Authors: Kim, Soo-Yong | Kang, Min-Hyeok | Kim, Eui-Ryong | Oh, Jae-Seop

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although Kinesio Taping (KT) may increase muscle strength, few studies have examined the effectiveness of KT on muscle strength in patients with rotator cuff tendinitis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of KT on the isokinetic strength of the shoulder internal rotator (IR) and external rotator (ER) muscles in patients with rotator cuff tendinitis. METHODS: Thirteen patients with rotator cuff tendinitis participated in this study. Shoulder IR and ER strength was measured concentrically (at 60 and …180°/s) before and after applying KT. The PT of each muscle group as well as the ER to IR ratios served as the outcome parameters. RESULTS: The PT (both absolute and bodyweight normalized) of the IRs was significantly higher post-KT compared to pre-KT at both angular velocities. The ER/IR ratio was significantly lower post-KT than pre-KT at 60°/s. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that KT may effectively increase the shoulder IR muscle strength and help restore the shoulder ER/IR balance with decreased ratios in patients with rotator cuff tendinitis. Show more

Keywords: Kinesio taping, shoulder internal and external rotators, isokinetic strength, rotator cuff tendinitis

DOI: 10.3233/IES-140547

Citation: Isokinetics and Exercise Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 259-263, 2014