Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology - Volume 7, issue 4

Authors: Kayser, Klaus

Article Type: Other

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 01-01, 2001

Authors: Buhmeida, AbdelBaset | Collan, Yrjö

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: 59 FNAB samples from normal or hyperplastic prostates were stained with Feulgen stain. Different cell groups were evaluated. The intensity of the Feulgen stain was measured by a computer-assisted image cytometry system. The DNA histogram patterns were evaluated. The recommended gate for diploidy was between 1.7c-2.3c. The studied cell groups revealed different types of DNA histograms. About 93% of samples had at least one cell group with DNA peak within the gate limits. In about 15.4% …and 4.2% of the samples peaks were seen located above and below the gate limits, respectively. We concluded that although there were no cytological abnormalities evident in microscopy, results suggest DNA abnormalities in ageing prostates. The cells located within the gate limits should be considered to represent biologically normal cells while cells outside the gate probably present cells produced by mitotic abnormalities. Show more

Keywords: Cytologically benign prostatic lesions, FNAB, DNA cytometric abnormalities

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 02-02, 2001

Authors: Salisbury, Jonathan R.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Three-dimensional reconstructions producing computer-generated false colour images have played an important role in furthering understanding in many areas in microscopical morphology, both in anatomy and pathology. This review article considers recent developments in three-dimensional reconstruction in pathology in four areas, namely the use of immunostained serial sections, the number of serial sections pathologists should examine in their routine diagnostic work, the problems of tissue shrinkage and axial scaling, and 3D motion analysis …of living cells. Show more

Keywords: three-dimensional reconstruction, structural models, computer-assisted image processing, immunohistochemistry, morphology, tissue shrinking, motion analysis

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 03-03, 2001

Authors: Villalobo, Antonio | Cusidó-Hita, David M. | Ruano, Maria José

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Overexpression and mutations of ErbB receptors are frequently associated with the high proliferation rate of some tumor cells and the poor prognosis of patients with different types of cancer. The development of new potential therapeutic strategies able to curtail the growth of tumor cells is a highly pursued goal in basic research and in clinicel applications. The inhibition of the proliferation of tumor cells could be mediated by directly or indirectly targeting ErbB receptors. Hence, in …this minireview three experimental strategies to attain the arrest of cell proliferation by targeting ErbB receptors with glycobiological tools are explored. This includes: the delivery of cytotoxic lectins to the cell interior using ErbB receptors as carriers, bioengineering tumor cells to modify the normal glycosylation pattern and function of ErbB receptors, and the use of natural occurring inhibitory glycoligands for ErbB receptors. Show more

Keywords: Acetylglucosaminyltransferase, decorin, epidermal growth factor receptor, ErbB receptors, lectin, ricin,

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 04-04, 2001

Authors: Carvalho, Lina | Martins, Maria João | Seixas, Mário

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A great effort has been undertaken done to determine prognostic and therapeutic markers to enhancing diagnosis and survival. These targets have been focused by the recent technological developments and knowledge in genetics, molecular biology and informatics. As tumorgenesis is associated with chromosomic alterations, these can be validated by measurable differences in DNA content analysis either by flow on static cytometry. The second method is more appreciated by pathologists and frequently applied to solid tumors. A …total number of 120 lung carcinomas has been classified according to the WHO classification is 42 adenocarcinomas, 38 squamous cell carcinomas, 12 carcinoids, 9 adenosquamous carcinomas, 6 bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, 8 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, 3 pleomorphic carcinomas and 2 small cell combined carcinomas. They have been submitted to static cytometry for DNA quantification. The study was made by application of Feulgen´s stain to touch smears of each tumor and then validated by the digital equipment CAS 200. The DNA content analysis distinguished two levels: namely diploid and non-diploid tumors. A correlation between non-detectable lymphnode metastases and small size (<3cm) of squamous cell carcinomas was seen with diploid tumors and improved prognosis. In the group of adenocarcinomas, the large variability of DNA content hinders the utility of this variable to define the progression of the disease. Carcinoids and the other types of neuroendocrine carcinomas could be distinguished by diploidy and aneuploidy. In this way, DNA image analysis is useful for a detailed morphological evaluation, and can be used to estimate the prognosis. The use of DNA content to defining the prognosis of lung cancer patients has to be considered to be biased by the applied method and the variability of DNA content in different histological groups of lung carcinoma. In adenocarcinomas, it has been shown that a higher DNA index correlates with a higher frequency of brain metastasis. In squamous cell carcinomas, aneuploidy correlates with shorter survival. Show more

Keywords: lung carcinomas, DNA, image analysis, ploidy

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 05-05, 2001

Authors: Solís, Dolores

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Elucidation of the intricacies of carbohydrate recognition by proteins undoubtedly paves the way for a rational design of carbohydrate-based drugs. Progress towards this goal demands a detailed structural characterisation of the protein target, identification of the ligand determinants essential for recognition and a thorough thermodynamic characterisation of the binding process. To this aim, X-ray crystallography, chemical mapping and calorimetric studies have proved to be highly valuable tools.

Keywords: carbohydrate-binding proteins, galectins, crystal structure, synthetic sugar derivatives, isothermal titration calorimetry, drug design.,

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 06-06, 2001

Authors: Kayser, Klaus | Kayser, Gian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Aims: To analyze the practicability and clinical significance of histochemically applied neoglycoconjugates in lung pathology. Theoretical background: Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins and related substances) are supposed to play a major part in intercellular biochemical information exchange such as proliferation, apoptosis, maturation, cellular recognition. Their histochemical application offers a spatial related insight of potential presence and expression of binding capacities of lectins in.normal and abnormal human cells. These properties can be associated with biological …parameters such as tumor stage, tumor response to therapeutic regimes, or prognosis. In addition, syntactic structure analysis resulting in texture parameters can be applied by measuring the staining intensities of various probes . It takes into account defined basic units (cells, nuclei, vessels, etc.) and their relationship to neighboring units. Primary derived parameters include average nearest distances, type of nearest neighboring units, secondary derived parameters structural entropy and its current. Basic units can be defined according to selected functional expressions such as presence or exhibition of binding capacities of visible probes (immune/ligand histochemistry). Material and methods: The presence/expression of binding capacities of numerous probes (antibodies, glycohistochemical substances) was analyzed in various lung diseases including fetal lung development, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, different types of lung tumors (malignant and benign). The slides were graded qualitatively (positive/negative) and the intensity of staining was measured by use of an image analyzing system. The obtained results were correlated with clinical parameters (TNM stage, survival, disease-free interval between primary tumor and lung metastases). A total of seven investigations on colon/rectum, breast, testis carcinoma and their lung metastases, and primary lung cancer, and carcinoids was performed. Results: The technique based upon the PAP method is an easy-to-use and reproducible one. In all cohorts, distance related features display a statistical significant association with the patients' survival and disease free interval. Poor survival was associated with small average distance between tumor cells and between tumor cells and nearest neighboring lymphocytes, low diffusion length and high structural entropy. Of specific relevance was the binding of histoblood group A, H antigens, and presence/binding of galectins. Conclusions: The histochemical application of neoglycoconjugates especially in combination with syntactic structure analysis permits the estimation of features which are associated with the disease-free interval between extrapulmonary cancer and lung metastases, and the patients survival. Show more

Keywords: Lung pathology, quantitative immune histochemistry, lectins, galectins,

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 07-07, 2001

Authors: Kayser, Klaus | Kayser, Gian

Article Type: Other

Abstract: This 22 year old man noted pain and a circumscribed swelling of the right os metatarsale I. A biopsy revealed a giant cell tumor , and a complete tumor resection of the 1 rst and 2 nd bone of the middle foot was undertaken. The diagnosis of a giant cell tumor was confirmed. A postsurgical thrombosis of the right vein was treated with heparin. Three years later multiple solid nodules of the lung were noted, and treated by 30 wedge …resections. The metastases were classified as metastases of a giant cell tumor with partial osteoid differentiation resembling to an osteoid sarcoma grade 1 2. Until today no recurrent tumor masses could be noted. Show more

Keywords: Giant cell tumor, Lung metastases, survival

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 08-08, 2001

Authors: Siebert, Hans-Christian

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Carbohydrate protein interactions are involved in many biological processes such as intercellular communication and differentiation. Therefore, structural and functional aspects concerning the interplay between proteins and carbohydrates are of great interest in medicine. X-ray crystallographic studies of numerous protein-carbohydrate complexes show that Tyr, Trp and His residues are often important constituents of the binding pocket. In the case such amino acid residues are fully or partly surface exposed they can be …detected by the laser photo CIDNP (chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization) method. In the case these CIDNP sensitive amino acids are located in the binding pocket the corresponding CIDNP-NMR-signal can be suppressed by addition of a ligand. Furthermore, by use of this method it is also possible to detect alterations of the surface accessibility between glycoproteins with and without an intact carbohydrate chain. However, in all cases the CIDNP-studies have to be supported by a molecular modelling analysis. The combination of CIDNP-NMR-techniques and molecular modelling leads to valuable models describing the structural and dynamic behaviour of lectin-carbohydrate-complexes and glycoproteins in solution. Show more

Keywords: Lectins, Glycoproteins, NMR, Laser, Molecular Modelling

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 09-09, 2001

Authors: Kayser, Klaus

Article Type: Book Review

Citation: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 10-10, 2001