Cancer Biomarkers - Volume 20, issue 1

Authors: Deng, Lina | Zheng, Wenxin | Dong, Xueshuang | Liu, Jianghua | Zhu, Chunyu | Lu, Dan | Zhang, Jin | Song, Laijun | Wang, Yuchao | Deng, Dan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most fatal primary brain cancer in adults. Due to the complex nature of GBM, its pathogenesis still remain unclear. Accumulating evidence suggest that chemokine receptor CXCR7 contribute to the development of various types of tumors. OBJECTIVE: We aim to examine the prognostic significance of CXCR7 in GBM. METHODS: CXCR7 were first detected by Immunohistochemistry. The association between CXCR7 and overall survival (OS) were examined. Moreover, multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the prognostic factors in GBM. RESULTS: Of all 146 GBM patients …recruited, 77 were in the high-expression subgroup, the rest 69 were in low-expression subgroup. There are no differences between these two subgroups in terms of age, gender, family history of cancer, extent of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, KPS, MGMT methylation status and tumor size. However, high CXCR7 expression was robustly correlated with poor OS in GBM. Multivariate analysis confirmed age, KPS scores, chemotherapy, IDH1 mutation, MGMT methylation and CXCR7 were independent factors in survival prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: CXCR7 may involve in the clinical GBM progression, and CXCR7 could be a valuable prognostic marker in the treatment of GBM. Show more

Keywords: Glioblastoma, CXCR7, prognostic biomarker, survival

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-151430

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2017

Authors: Mohsenzadeh, Maedeh | Sadeghi, Rouhallah Najjar | Vahedi, Mohsen | Kamani, Fereshteh | Hashemi, Mehrdad | Asadzadeh, Hamid | Zali, Mohammad Reza

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: While gastric cancer is a common cancer in the world and Iran, its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood as yet. Epigenetic modifications can lead to alteration of gene expression and development of tumorigenesis mechanisms. METHODS: To clarify the difference in DNA methylation pattern of histological types in gastric carcinoma, CpG islands in the promoters of retinoic acid receptor β gene (RAR-β ) was studied using methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS: In gastric cancer tissues, hypermethylation frequency of RAR-β gene was respectively 61 and 33% for …diffuse and intestinal type. In diffuse type, hypermethylation of RAR-β has been significantly associated with invasion (P = 0.007), differentiation (P = 0.033) and location (P = 0.012) of the tumor. However, hypermethylation of RAR-β correlated only with tumor size (P = 0.029) in intestinal type. For adjacent non-tumor samples, hypermethylation of RAR-β was not detected and there was no significant association between age of diagnosis and hypermethylation of RAR-β in both types of gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: These results support previous findings denoting a distinct profile of promoter hypermethylation status in the development of the intestinal and diffuse type of gastric carcinoma and the process of the tumorigenesis in these subtypes of gastric cancer is different from each other. Show more

Keywords: DNA hypermethylation, epigenetic, RAR-β, gastric cancer, diffuse-type, intestinal-type, methylation specific PCR, invasion, tumor

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-160331

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 7-15, 2017

Authors: Jiang, Fu-Qiang | Lu, Wei | Yang, Chao | Du, Peng | Ma, Jun-Peng | Yang, Jian | Xie, Peng | Zhang, Zhe

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hepatic cell carcinoma (HCC) is more common in clinical practice, and has high malignant degree. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the curative effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in treating hepatic cell carcinoma (HCC) and its effect on serum markers. METHODS: A total of 106 cases of patients with hepatic cell carcinoma treated in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups: observation group and control group. Patients in the observation group (53 cases) received transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation therapy, while subjects in …the control group (53 cases) received transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy. Differences in the overall effect, indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress, tumor activity-related indicators and tumor recurrence-related indicators between these two groups were compared. RESULTS: At one and two weeks after treatment, the number of cases of CR and PR in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, the number of cases of SD was not different from that in the control group, and the number of cases of PD was lower than that in the control group. At two weeks after treatment, differences in serum MDA, SOD, GSH, CRP, TNF-α and ESR between the two groups were significant. However, serum EC, VEGF, MMP, AFP, CA199 and GGT content was significantly lower in the observation group than that in the control group. CONCLUTIONS: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation therapy can effectively control the growth of liver cancer lesions, reduce the levels of tumor-related serum markers, and inhibit the activity of tumor cells. Show more

Keywords: Hepatic cell carcinoma, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, tumor markers

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-160508

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 17-22, 2017

Authors: Yao, Chen | Li, Gang | Cai, Ming | Qian, Yeyong | Wang, Liqin | Xiao, Li | Thaiss, Friedrich | Shi, Bingyi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The goal of our study was to assess the prognostic impact of the necroptosis relative protein RIPK1 genetic polymorphism in ischemia-reperfusion injury and survival after hepatectomy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. METHODS: In this study, expression of RIPK1 and its genetic polymorphism(rs2272990) were examined in plasma of 44 HCC patients. All these patients were undergoing partial hepatectomy. The prognostic values of RIPK1 genetic polymorphism for tumor development and survival, and ischemia-reperfusion injury after hepatectomy were further determined. RESULTS: Plasma RIPK1 expressions were significantly increased in HCC patients, compared to the healthy control …group. Totally 19 patients have the GA + AA genotype in the RIPK1 rs2272990 SNP site and 25 have GG genotype. There were no statistically significant intergroup differences observed in age, gender, AFP value, HBV positive, tumor size or cirrhosis. GG genotype had positive correlation with TNM classification (p = 0.033) and lymphatic metastasis (p = 0.027) and was significantly associated with severe hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and decreased survival rate after hepatectomy. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the RIPK1 polymorphism is an indicator of hepatic injury and a novel prognostic biomarker for tumor development and survival of HCC recipients after hepatectomy. Show more

Keywords: Hepatectomy, ischemia-reperfusion, polymorphism, RIPK1, prognosis

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170525

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 23-29, 2017

Authors: Cymbaluk-Płoska, Aneta | Chudecka-Głaz, Anita | Pius-Sadowska, Ewa | Machaliński, Bogusław | Menkiszak, Janusz

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether thrombospondin-1 might be used as a prognostic factor in ovarian cancer patients. METHOD: Ninety-six female subjects hospitalized in years 2011–2014 was included in the study. Transvaginal ultrasound examination was performed in all patients. In 39 cases of suspected ovarian cancer, CT scans were also performed. Each patient had been subjected to collection of a 5-mL blood sample before the laparoscopic procedure. Thrombospondin-1 concentrations were quantified in serum by multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassays (Luminex) at the Laboratory of the Department of General Pathology. RESULTS: Statistical analysis performed using the Kaplan-Meier …survival curves and log-rank test revealed no statistically significant correlations between the median, 75th percentile and 95th percentile thrombospondin-1 levels with progression-free survival of patients (p = 0.47). In the univariate OS model, median thrombospondin-1 level was a significant variable. Correlation was demonstrated between baseline thrombospondin-1 levels and overall survival of patients (p = 0.04, HR = 0.99). The higher the baseline TSP1 level, the longer the overall survival of patients. CONCLUSION: In our study, we were the first to demonstrate correlation between the levels of thrombospondin-1 and overall survival of patients. Therefore, it appears that thrombospondin-1 may be used as a prognostic factor in ovarian cancer patients. Show more

Keywords: Thrombospondin-1, ovarian cancer, analysis survival, prognostic factor

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-161546

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 31-39, 2017

Authors: Tsuji, Masayoshi | Kanda, Hideyuki | Hayakawa, Takehito | Mori, Yayoi | Ito, Teruna | Hidaka, Tomoo | Kakamu, Takeyasu | Kumagai, Tomohiro | Osaki, Yoneatsu | Kawazoe, Miki | Sato, Sei | Fukushima, Tetsuhito

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nicotine concentration in hair is a useful marker of tobacco exposure. Detection of nicotine in the hair of non-smokers indicates passive smoking. Accurate measurement of nicotine among active and passive smokers can help in smoking cessation programs or programs designed to prevent secondhand smoke exposure. OBJECTIVE: To establish, using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV), a hair nicotine cut-off value to distinguish active from passive smokers. METHODS: Hair samples were collected from randomly chosen Japanese men (n = 192) between 2009 and 2011. Nicotine and cotinine levels in …hair were measured using HPLC/UV with column-switching. T-tests and chi-square tests were performed to compare active and passive smokers, while receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the cut-off value. RESULTS: There were 69 active smokers and 123 passive smokers. The nicotine and cotinine concentrations in hair were significantly higher in active than in passive smokers (p < 0.01). The area under the curve for nicotine was 0.92. A hair nicotine cut-off value of 5.68 ng/mg, with a sensitivity of 94.2% and specificity of 87.0%, was identified as the optimal cut-off value for separating active from passive smokers. CONCLUSION: Nicotine and cotinine concentrations in hair clearly distinguished active from passive smokers. Show more

Keywords: Screening cut-off value, nicotine, hair samples, active smoker, passive smoker

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170004

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-48, 2017

Authors: Zheng, Shuaiyu | Zhang, Xiaojin | Wang, Xian | Li, Jiyuan

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven to be critical players in many different types of tumors including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at investigating the correlation of miR-138 expression and clinical outcome of patients with ESCC. METHODS: A total of 168 serum samples and 128 fresh cancer tissues as well as their corresponding adjacent non-cancerous tissues were collected. Real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the clinical value of miR-138 in ESCC. RESULTS: Our results showed that tissue and serum miR-138 levels were both significantly reduced in …ESCC compared to their respective controls. Tissue miR-138 levels were highly correlated with serum miR-138 levels. Serum miR-138 differentiated patients with ESCC from healthy controls with high accuracy. In addition, reduced tissue/serum miR-138 levels were correlated with unfavorable clinicopathological parameters including T stage, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. ESCC patients with lower tissue/serum miR-138 levels had shorter five year overall survival compared with those with higher tissue/serum miR-138 levels. Finally, downregulation of miR-138 was demonstrated to be an independent prognostic risk factor for ESCC. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, both tissue and serum miR-138 levels are reduced in ESCC, and might be promising prognostic biomarkers for ESCC. Show more

Keywords: Biomarker, diagnosis, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, miR-138, prognosis

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170079

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 49-54, 2017

Authors: Wu, Ju | Huang, Jiaobao | Wang, Wei | Xu, Jian | Yin, Min | Cheng, Nan | Yin, Jiajun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in various cancers. Fer-1-like protein 4 (FER1L4), one of lncRNAs, plays a role as tumor suppressor in various human cancers and can be regulated by microRNA. However, the role and function of FER1L4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to annotate the role of FER1L4 and its clinical value in HCC. In the present study, we found that FER1L4 was lowly expressed in HCC tissue specimens as well as in malignant HCC cell lines, while the situation is opposite in miR-106a-5p. We found that down-regulated …FER1L4 increased the expression of miR-106a-5p significantly and there was a reciprocal repression between FER1L4 and miR-106a-5p. Moreover, we identified FER1L4 as a target of miR-106a-5p by using dual-luciferase reporter assay. Knockdown of FER1L4 promoted the malignancy of HCC cells, including proliferation, migration, and invasion, and inhibited cell apoptosis. We also found that FER1L4 functions as a tumor suppressor in vivo . Together, these results suggest that FER1L4 could exert a tumor suppressive impact on HCC, which at least, in part, through suppressing miR-106a-5p expression. FER1L4, as well as miR-106a-5p, can predict the clinical prognosis of HCC alone or combined, which may be a novel therapeutic target for treating HCC. Show more

Keywords: Long non-coding RNA, Fer-1-like protein 4, miR-106a-5p, prognosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170090

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 55-65, 2017

Authors: Sun, Xiantao | Wang, Zhimin | Yuan, Weitang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the vital cancer mortality worldwide and the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) is considered as an important biomarker. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of lncRNA-SNHG1in CRC, and explore the relationship of lncRNA-SNHG1 and CRC, and consequently find a new therapeutic target for CRC patients. METHODS: This study used 80 CRC patients and several cancer cell lines, with RNA interference technology to find the function of SNHG1. RESULTS: SNHG1 expression was higher in CRC tissue lines other than the cancer adjacent tissues. Moreover, down-regulated SNHG1 …resulting in smaller tumor size and lighter tumor weight. Additionally, down-regulated SNHG1 inhibited cell migration, proliferation and colony formation, but promoted cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that down-regulated SNHG1 could inhibit CRC tumor genesis and SNHG1 might act as an important potential therapeutic target in CRC treatment. Show more

Keywords: Colorectal carcinoma, SNHG1, proliferation, apoptosis

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170112

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 67-73, 2017

Authors: Yang, Wei | Wu, Yaqi | Wang, Cong | Liu, Zhikui | Xu, Meng | Zheng, Xin

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Several investigations have demonstrated that follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is implicated in the initiation and progression of diverse cancers. It remains unclear whether FSTL1 acted as a cancer-promoting gene through its overexpression in HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We detected FSTL1 protein expression in 210 consecutive HCC cases curatively resected in our hospital between 2004 and 2007. The correlation between FSTL1 expression in HCC tissues and post-surgical prognosis of HCCs was analyzed. The in vitro experiments including apoptosis assessment, MTT, BrdU incorporation ELISA assay, Western immunoblotting, and qRT-PCR were performed to determine the impact of FSTL1 …on apoptosis and proliferation abilities of HCC cells and the relevant mechanisms. RESULTS: FSTL1 protein was found aberrantly increased in 172 of 210 HCC tissues (81.9%) compared to adjacent liver tissues. FSTL1 overexpression was apparently associated with larger tumor size, advanced TNM staging, portal vein invasion, intra-hepatic metastases. Patients with higher FSTL1 expression in tumors suffered from the worse overall survival rate as assessed by comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Higher FSTL1 expression in HCC tissues was identified as a independent poor post-surgical prognostic predictor for HCC. Silencing FSTL1 by siRNA promoted cell apoptosis and leaded to suppression of cell viability and proliferation in MHCC97h cells. Furthermore, enforced expression of FSTL1 obtained the opposite results in Huh7 cells. Mechanistic investigation showed that FSTL1 repressed HCC cell apoptosis through AKT/GSK-3β /Bcl2/BAX/Bim signaling. CONCLUSION: These data proved that FSTL1 contributed to unfavorable post-surgical outcome of HCC patients via inhibiting cell apoptosis. Show more

Keywords: FSTL1, HCC, AKT/GSK-3β signaling, prognostic factor, cell apoptosis

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170132

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 75-85, 2017

Authors: Qi, Jie | Ma, Liang | Wang, Xiaogang | Li, Ying | Wang, Kejun

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent type of bone malignancy, and this disease has a poor prognosis. We aimed to identify the significant genes related with OS by integrating module-identification method and attract approach. METHODS: OS-related microarray data E-GEOD-36001 were obtained from ArrayExpress database, and then protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of normal and OS were re-weighted by means of spearman correlation coefficient (SCC). Next, maximal cliques were detected from the re-weighted PPI networks using clusteringbased on maximal cliques approach. Afterwards, highly overlapped cliques were merged according to the interconnectivity, following by candidate modules and …seed modules identification. Attract proposed by Mar et al. who have suggested that this approach can extract and annotate the gene-sets which can distinguish between disease and control samples, and obtained differences of these gene-sets among the expression profile of samples were defined as attractors. Thus, we applied attract method to extract differential modules from the seed modules, and these obtained differential modules were defined as attractors. The genes in attractors were determined as attractor genes. RESULTS: After eliminating the maximal cliques with nodes less than 4, there were 1,884 and 528 maximal cliques in normal and OS PPI networks, which were used to conduct module analysis. A total of 60 and 19 candidate modules were obtained in control and OS PPI networks, respectively. By comparing with normal group, 2 seed module pairs with similar gene composition were found. Significantly, based on attract method, we found that these 2 modules were differential. These 2 modules had the same gene size with 4 genes. Of note, genes CCNB1 and KIF11 simultaneously appeared in these two attractors. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully identified two attractors via integrating module-identification method and attract approach, and attractor genes, for example, CCNB1 and KIF11 might play pathophysiological roles in OS development and progression. Show more

Keywords: Osteosarcoma, attract, modules

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170144

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 87-93, 2017

Authors: Hua, Yongqiang | Chen, Hao | Wang, Libing | Wang, Feng | Wang, Peng | Ning, Zhouyu | Li, Ye | Liu, Luming | Chen, Zhen | Meng, Zhiqiang

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as novel biomarkers for various types of cancer including pancreatic cancer (PC). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the diagnostic and prognostic significance of serum miR-373 in PC. METHODS: In the current study, we recruited a total of 103 PC patients, 30 patients with benign pancreatic tumor, 20 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 50 healthy volunteers. Total RNA was isolated from all the blood samples, and relative miR-373 expression levels were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: Our findings demonstrated that serum …miR-373 expression was greatly down-regulated in PC patients. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for serum miR-373 was 0.852 for discriminating PC patients from normal control subjects. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between reduced serum miR-373 level and several clinical parameters, including TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. Moreover, PC patients with lower serum miR-373 level had shorter 5 year overall survival. Finally, serum miR-373 was proved to be an independent predictor for PC. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, serum miR-373 might serve as a promising biomarker for the early detection and prognosis prediction of PC. Show more

Keywords: Pancreatic cancer, serum miR-373, diagnosis, prognosis, biomarker

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170231

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 95-100, 2017

Authors: Fu, Luoqin | Liu, Suxia | Wang, Huiju | Ma, Yingyu | Li, Li | He, Xianglei | Mou, Xiaozhou | Tong, Xiangmin | Hu, Zhiming | Ru, Guoqing

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2), a serine/threonine kinase, is located in the centrosome and is a member of cell cycle regulation related protein kinase (CCRK) family. Aberrant expression of NEK2 is linked with carcinogenesis and progression of various tumors. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression level of NEK2 and its relationship with clinicopathological factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of NEK2 in 310 patients’ specimen tissues and 197 adjacent normal liver tissues of HCC cases, and the subsequent prognostic value for each sample was estimated. …RESULTS: NEK2 expression levels in HCC were lower than in adjacent tissues (49.7% vs. 72.6%, P < 0.001). First, patients with relatively low NEK2 expression had increased cancer progression and poorer prognosis than those with high expression. Second, NEK2 expression was significantly reduced in patients with large tumors (P = 0.025), with stage III Edmondson-Steiner Grading (P = 0.015). Third, patients’ tumor size positively correlated with high AFP concentration (P = 0.017). Fourth, using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, we found a lower survival rate in patients with decreased expression of NEK2 than those with high NEK2 expression in HCC (P = 0.029, Log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS: Low NEK2 expression might be a useful predictor in HCC as a poor prognostic factor, and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for HCC. Show more

Keywords: NIMA-related kinase 2, hepatocellular carcinoma, immunohistochemistry, prognostic factors

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170586

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 101-106, 2017

Authors: Rashed, Hayam E. | Hussein, Samia | Mosaad, Hala | Abdelwahab, Mai M. | Abdelhamid, Mohamed I. | Mohamed, Salem Y. | Mohamed, Abdel Motaleb | Fayed, Alaa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the main events in colorectal cancer (CRC) spread. Snail-1 is a zinc transcription factor that mediates EMT in tumor cells probably by down-regulation of E-cadherin and claudin-1. OBJECTIVES: To detect the expression of epithelial markers (claudin-1 and E-cadherin) and mesenchymal markers (snail-1 and vimentin) in primary cancer colon. Also, to select stage II cancer patients of a high risk that can benefit from postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain …reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to investigate snail-1, claudin-1, E-cadherin and vimentin expressions at mRNA and protein levels in fresh tissues of cancer colon and normal colonic mucosa. The correlations between the expression of these markers and clinicopathological parameters were performed. RESULTS: Normal colonic mucosa revealed complete membranous expression of claudin-1, preserved E-cadherin and negative snail-1 and vimentin expressions. Compared to control, the expression of snail-1 and vimentin mRNA in cancer colon was significantly up-regulated while the expression of claudin-1 and E-cadherin mRNA was significantly down-regulated. These changes were significantly associated with stage and lymph node involvement at both mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.05). There were significant negative correlations between vimentin and each of E-cadherin and claudin-1 gene expression and between snail-1 and each of E-cadherin and claudin-1 gene expression. Moreover, these changes were independent predictors of recurrence of stage II cancer colon cases. CONCLUSION: There is a clinical significance of snail-1, claudin-1, E-cadherin and vimentin as possible markers for recognizing patients with lymph node involvement, advanced stage and high incidence of tumor recurrence in cancer colon. Show more

Keywords: RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, colon cancer, snail-1, claudin-1, vimentin, E-cadherin

DOI: 10.3233/CBM-170034

Citation: Cancer Biomarkers, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 107-122, 2017