Breast Disease - Volume 42, issue 1

Authors: Awaluddin, Awaluddin | Pieter Jr., John | Sampepajung, Elridho | Syamsu, Salman Ardi | Smaradhania, Nilam | Hamid, Firdaus | Prihantono, Prihantono | Laidding, Sachraswaty R. | Kusuma, Muhammad Ihwan | Faruk, Muhammad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequent cancer-related death among women worldwide. Factors influencing BC patients’ survival include histopathological grade, histopathological type, stage, hormonal receptors, and number of mitotic images. OBJECTIVE: To compare the tumor size, histopathological grade, and molecular type of BC patients. METHODS: This was an observational analytic retrospective study. The population was BC patients at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital from 2017 to 2021. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare statistically between tumor size, histopathological grade, and molecular subtype. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The study …included 784 patients. Most were aged 50–59 years (34.8%), with tumor size 4c (37.0%) and moderate grade (66.1%), and the most common molecular subtype was luminal A (34.2%). Bivariate analysis using the Kruskal–Wallis test found no significant difference in molecular subtypes based on tumor size (p = 0.079), but significant differences existed in molecular subtype by histopathological grade (p = 0.005) and tumor size by histopathological grade (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences existed between histopathological grade by tumor size and molecular subtype. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of BC patients are important to prevent morbidity and mortality. Show more

Keywords: Breast cancer, tumor size, molecular subtype, histopathological grade

DOI: 10.3233/BD-239000

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 191-195, 2023

Authors: Rezkallah, Emad M.N. | Elsaify, Andrew | Tin, Su M.M. | Dey, Debdeep | Elsaify, Wael M.

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lymphoma of the breast can be classified as either primary breast lymphoma (PBL) or secondary to systemic lymphoma (SBL). PBL is a rare disease with Diffuse Large B cell Lymphomas (DLBCL) being the most common subtype. OBJECTIVES: In the current study, we represented eleven cases diagnosed with breast lymphoma in our trust; two of them had PBL and nine had SBL. We focused mainly on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and outcomes. METHODS: We did this retrospective review for all breast lymphoma patients who were diagnosed in our trust during the periods from 2011–2022. Patients’ …data were obtained from the hospital recording system. We followed up these patients thus far to identify the outcome of treatment in each patient. RESULTS: Eleven patients were included in our review. All patients were females. Average age of diagnosis was 66.1 ± 13 years of age. Eight patients were diagnosed with DLBCL, two patients were diagnosed with follicular lymphomas, and the last one had lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Chemotherapy +∕− radiotherapy was the standard treatment regimen in all patients. Four patients passed away within one year of chemotherapy, five patients achieved complete remission, one patient had two relapses and is still under treatment, while the last patient was diagnosed recently and still awaiting treatment. CONCLUSION: Primary breast lymphoma is an aggressive disease. The treatment for PBL is mainly systemic with chemoradiotherapy. The role of surgery is now limited to the diagnosis of the disease. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial for the management of such cases. Show more

Keywords: Breast, lymphoma, presentation, diagnosis, management, outcome

DOI: 10.3233/BD-220051

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 197-205, 2023

Authors: Usman, Andi Nilawati | Manju, Budu | Ilhamuddin, Ilhamuddin | Ahmad, Mardiana | AB, Takko | Ariyandy, Andi | Budiaman, Budiaman | Eragradini, Athirah Rinandha | Hasan, Intan Idiana | Hashim, Sabarisah | Sartini, Sartini | Sinrang, Andi Wardihan

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cancer is a type of disease caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can destroy body tissues. The use of traditional medicine naturally uses plants from ginger with the maceration method. The ginger plant is a herbaceous flowering plant with the Zingiberaceacea group. METHODS: This study uses the literature review method by reviewing 50 articles from journals and databases. RESULTS: A review of several articles, namely ginger has bioactive components such as gingerol. Ginger is used as a treatment in complementary therapies using plants. Ginger is a strategy with many benefits and functions …as a nutritional complement to the body. This benefit has shown the effect of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer against nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy in breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Anticancer in ginger is shown by polyphenols associated with anti-metastatic, anti-proliferative, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. Therefore, consuming ginger regularly affects natural herbal therapy with the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and serves as a prevention against the effects of chemotherapy. Show more

Keywords: Ginger, prevention, treatment, cancer, breast

DOI: 10.3233/BD-239003

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 207-212, 2023

Authors: Usman, Andi Nilawati | Ahmad, Mardiana | Sinrang, Andi Wardihan | Natsir, Sartini | Takko, A.B. | Ariyandy, Andi | Ilhamuddin, Ilhamuddin | Eragradini, Athira Rinandha | Hasan, Intan Idiana | Hasyim, Sabarisah

Article Type: Review Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: FOXP3 Tregs have been found in breast cancer patients, both humoral and tumor. Survival or prognosis of breast cancer patients seems to correlate with the increase and decrease in FOXP3 Treg. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to provide insights regarding the FOXP3 Tregs involved and their mechanisms in breast cancer prognosis. METHODS: The literature study method is used from primary and secondary libraries. The library search used online-based search instruments such as NCBI-PubMed, Google Scholar, and Elsevier. The data obtained were then arranged according to the framework, data on the relationship between FOXP3 Regulatory T Cells …and breast cancer, and writing a journal review was carried out according to the given format. Regulators (Tregs) can inhibit anti-tumor immunity and promote tumor growth. Tregs also play a role in inhibiting cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells by inhibiting the release of granules from CD8+ , where CD8+ is important in killing tumor cells. FOXP3 is a Treg-specific biomarker and plays an important role in the development and function of Tregs. RESULTS: Studies on the presence of FOXP3+ Tregs in tumors have shown controversial results. Studies in some tumors reported the presence of FOXP3+ , indicating a poor prognosis, whereas studies in other tumors found that FOXP3+ correlated with a good prognosis. CONCLUSION: Regulatory T lymphocytes and TILs in invasive breast carcinoma are still not established. Therefore, further research on the Effect of FOXP3 expression of regulatory T lymphocytes on breast cancer is still important. Show more

Keywords: Treg-regulatory T cells, FOXP3, breast cancer

DOI: 10.3233/BD-239002

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 213-218, 2023

Authors: Pankratjevaite, Lina | Igbokwe, Michelle Mistry | Benian, Cemil | Lelkaitis, Giedrius

Article Type: Case Report

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Breast granular cell tumour (GCT) is a rare but usually benign lesion. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report a case of a woman with breast GCT. CONCLUSION: Clinically and radiologically, GCT may mimic breast carcinoma. A conclusive diagnosis is made after a histopathological examination of the lesion. The treatment of choice is surgery.

Keywords: Granular cell tumor, rare breast disease, surgery, case report

DOI: 10.3233/BD-220063

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 219-222, 2023

Authors: Santana Valenciano, Ángela | Juez Sáez, Luz Divina | Pérez Mies, Belén | Moreno, Sara Corral | Fidalgo, Sonia Rivas | Montero, Jacobo Cabañas

Article Type: Brief Report

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Metastases from extramammary malignant neoplasms are very rare, accounting for less than 2% of all breast malignancies. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the clinicopathological features and prognosis of breast metastases from non-primary breast malignancies at our institution. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study, obtaining data from electronic medical records and pathology databases between January 1985 and December 2020 for patients diagnosed with breast metastasis from non-primary breast malignancies. Only patients diagnosed by biopsy were included. RESULTS: Fifteen patients diagnosed with breast metastases from non-primary breast malignancies were included, …13 women (86,67%) and 2 men (13,33%). The median age at time of initial diagnosis was 56 years (IQR 21–68). The most frequent primary malignancy was melanoma (9/15; 60%). The median time to diagnosis of breast metastases was 65 months (IQR 13–106). The most common diagnostic modality was CT-scan (10/15; 66,67%). The median follow-up was 96 months (IQR 29–136). Eight patients underwent surgery (53,3%), being the most common surgical intervention breast-conserving surgery (5/8; 62,5%). Mortality at the end of follow-up was 53,3% (8/15). On the survival analysis, we found no differences between patients undergoing surgery and those only receiving systemic treatment [41,5 months (IQR 17,5–57,5) versus 14 months (IQR 2–24), respectively; p = 0,161]. CONCLUSIONS: Breast metastases from non-primary breast malignancies are extremely rare and represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, due to the poor prognosis of these patients. Thus, arriving at the correct diagnosis is crucial to avoid unnecessary treatment in this population. Show more

Keywords: Breast metastases, extramammary malignancies, diagnosis, treatment

DOI: 10.3233/BD-220056

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 223-228, 2023

Authors: da Costa Vieira, René Aloisio | Ching, An Wan | de Oliveira-Junior, Idam

Article Type: Brief Report

Abstract: Thoracoabdominal (TA) flaps are a good option for primary closure of small and medium defects after mastectomy for locally advanced breast tumours. Although they have a higher rate of necrosis than myocutaneous flaps, they can be easily performed by breast surgeons. Few studies on this procedure have been reported, and we have been unable to identify any prior publications reporting breast reconstruction with TA flaps.

Keywords: Breast cancer, surgical flaps, myocutaneous flaps, locally advanced tumors

DOI: 10.3233/BD-220057

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 229-232, 2023

Authors: Nadia, Shafa | Rivai, Fridawaty | Sidin, Indahwaty | Pasinringi, Syahrir A.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades, patient-centered care has become internationally recognized as a dimension of high-quality health care. Recent research has shown that patient-centered care has many benefits, which are broadly categorized as patient experience and clinical and operational benefits. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed at analyzing the correlation between the application of patient-centered care (PCC) and length of stay, patient satisfaction, and clinical outcome of post-surgical breast cancer patients. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional. A sample of 100 patients was determined and selected with the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using measuring tools comprising …patient-centered care and patient satisfaction questionnaires as well as medical records to evaluate the length of stay and clinical outcomes. Bivariate analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation between patient-centered-care and length of stay (LOS), patient satisfaction, and the clinical outcomes of inpatients. RESULTS: A correlation was found between patient-centered care (PCC) application and patient satisfaction (p  = 0.005), but no correlation was observed between PCC application and length of stay (LOS) (p  = 0.176) as well as clinical outcome (p  = 0.128). CONCLUSIONS: The application of patient-centered care can be attributed to patient satisfaction but is not correlated to length of stay and clinical outcome of post-surgical breast cancer patients. The hospital should create an accepted definition and commonly agreed set of dimensions used for the concept of operationalization and its measurement to implement PCC and improve overall patient satisfaction and clinical outcome and reduce the length of stay as expected. Show more

Keywords: Patient-centered care, patient satisfaction, length of stay, clinical outcome, breast cancer surgery

DOI: 10.3233/BD-239004

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 233-243, 2023

Authors: Hassan, Mohammad Jaseem | Ahmed, Saqib | Siddiqui, Bushra | Akhtar, Kafil | Anees, Afzal | Arif, Sayeedul Hasan | Hasan, Mahboob

Article Type: Case Report

Abstract: Development of a neoplasm in an ectopic breast is uncommon, while the development of phyllodes tumor in an ectopic breast in the axilla is even rarer. We report a rare case of a 51-year-old female who presented with a complain of swelling and pain in the right axilla with no associated complaints in other organs. Magnetic resonance imaging suggested a possibility of metastatic lymphadenopathy. Complete excision of the right axillary mass was performed and sent for histopathological examination which was examined thoroughly and sections were given. On microscopic examination, stromal proliferation in a leaf-like pattern with mild stromal atypia and …focal permeation of borders were seen, and a diagnosis of Ectopic borderline phyllodes tumor in axilla was made, which is extremely rare and needs to be differentiated from its close differentials like fibroadenoma and periductal stromal sarcoma. Show more

Keywords: Axillary ectopic breast, phyllodes tumor, accessory breast, axillary swelling

DOI: 10.3233/BD-230007

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 245-249, 2023

Authors: Sadeghi, Minoosh | Gholizadeh, Majid | Safataj, Neda | Tahmasebivand, Mahsa | Mohajeri, Gholamreza | Lotfi, Hajie | Bostanabad, Saber Yari | Safar, Behnaz | Salehi, Mansoor

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer in women, with increasing incidence and death rates in recent years. Disruptions of different signaling pathways partially cause breast cancer. Hence, different genes through particular pathways are involved in BC tumorigenesis. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the expression level of GLIS2 and CCND1 genes in 50 patients. Also, in-silico analyses were used to enrich related signaling pathways involving the mentioned genes. RESULTS: The results showed an increased expression level of Cyclin D1 and decreased expression level of GLIS2 in BC patients. Moreover, a …relationship between aberrant expression levels of GLIS2 and CCND1 and BC development was determined. CONCLUSION: These observations could help uncover new therapeutic targets for treating patients with BC in the progressive stage. Show more

Keywords: Breast cancer, GLIS2 , CCND1 , signaling pathway

DOI: 10.3233/BD-220068

Citation: Breast Disease, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 251-259, 2023