Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution - Volume 18, issue 4

Authors: Subramanian, V.

Article Type: Editorial

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. i-i, 2021

Authors: Widianarko, Budi | Handayani, Widhi | Pratiwi, Alberta Rika

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The Indonesian batik, which is usually produced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) often consumes a lot of water and causing environmental pollution. Therefore, a study to map the water use for batik production is required. This study examines the Blue Water Footprint (BWF) and Grey Water Footprint (GWF) of block-printed batik making-process coloured by Indigo (Indigofera sp.), Mahogany (Swietenia sp.) and Tingi (Ceriops sp.) dyes produced by a batik SME in Jarum village of Klaten Regency, Indonesia. The average BWF of block-printed batik making-process coloured by natural dyes was lower than the GWF and Indigo consumes …more water in dyeing, followed by Tingi and Mahogany. The dyeing process consumes less water for BWF (2.96 L/pc), while the biggest portion of BWF was contributed from the wax removal process (152.81 L/pc). Implementation of cleaner production by managing the grey water, such as the implementation of communal Wastewater Treatment Plant, adopting water conservation strategies and educating the craftsmen are necessary to achieve batik and water resource sustainability. Show more

Keywords: Batik, cleaner production, natural dyes, sustainability, water footprint

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210037

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1-7, 2021

Authors: Chaudhary, Ritu | Upadhyaya, Sushant | Sangal, Vikas Kumar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Due to the increased socio-economic development, the manufacturing of different products based on various polymers for different applications such as space crafts, airplanes, automobiles, boats, and sports equipment are increasing continuously. This huge increase in solid polymer commodities is also creating the extravagant quantity of solid waste polymers (SWPs) due to their non-degradable characteristics. These SWPs, for example, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and nylon, etc., are used frequently in various applications and create new challenges to the industries, government, as well as end-users for systematic waste recycling/recovery in an eco-friendly manner. Moreover, in this modernisation era, …almost all marble industries are also facing a huge problem as marble slurry (MS) yields a great burden not only due to its limited degradability characteristics but also wider environmental hazard towards water bodies, and rivers. Fine particles in the range size of 45-300 micron in the MS create air pollution which in turn increases breathing problems. Moreover, it also creates an ecological adverse impact on soil fertility and reduces the percolation rate of rain water which in turn reduces the recharging of groundwater. Therefore, keeping in view the above facts, the simultaneous recycling of HDPE, PP and marble slurry is adopted through single screw extrusion in order to reduce the burden on the environment. Moreover, the effect of various process parameters viz barrel temperature, screw speed (rpm), feed composition, and grain size of PP and HDPE on extrudate output was envisaged. It was found that the extrudate output increases steeply on increasing the average barrel temperature from 100 to 120°C and linearly with screw speed range from 65 to 85 rpm. The effect of grain size had shown decreasing trend in throughput whereas on increasing the polymer content in the feed, throughput was found to be enhanced. Additives such as HPMC were found to be effective when used in synergy with HDPE and PP along with MS. The extrudate throughput was found to be a maximum of 33.01 g/minute at 120°C, 85 screw rpm, 1.40-grain size underfeed with equal proportionate of HDPE/PP with 2% HPMC and 8% MS. This clearly opens the ways for proper utilization of HDPE, PP and MS waste by extrusion and provides the environmental protection solution by utilizing these polluted materials in the fabrication of value-added products through extrusion. Show more

Keywords: Extrusion, recycling, HDPE, air pollution, marble slurry, water pollution

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210038

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 9-17, 2021

Authors: Dominguez Franco, Henry | Custodio, María | Peñaloza, Richard | De la Cruz, Heidi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Watershed management requires information that allows the intervention of possible sources that affect aquatic systems. Surface water quality in the Cunas river basin (Peru) was evaluated using multivariate statistical methods and the CCME-WQI water quality index. Twenty-seven sampling sites were established in the Cunas River and nine sites in the tributary river. Water samples were collected in two contrasting climatic seasons and the CCME-WQI was determined based on physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. The PCA generated three PC with a cumulative explained variation of 78.28 %. The generalised linear model showed strong significant positive relationships (p < 0.001) of E. …coli with Fe, nitrate, Cu and TDS, and a strong significant negative relationship (p < 0.001) with pH. Overall, the CCME-WQI showed the water bodies in the upper reaches of the Cunas River as good water quality (87.07), in the middle reaches as favourable water quality (67.65) and in the lower reaches as poor water quality (34.86). In the tributary, the CCME-WQI showed the water bodies as having good water quality (82.34). Show more

Keywords: Water quality, Cunas River, CCME-WQI, watershed management, surface water

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210039

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 19-27, 2021

Authors: Preeti, Preeti | Rahman, Ataur

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The spatial and temporal variability of quantity and quality of water are important aspects of water resources management. Water demand has been increasing across the globe, but the fresh water supply is limited. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are increasingly being embraced as an alternative freshwater source. This study reviews the dynamics of global research on RWH that utilises geographic information systems (GIS). It is found that the interest and use of RWH utilising GIS have increased over the recent years. However, the full potential of GIS in large scale RWH is yet to be untapped. We make recommendations for future …research on RWH based on GIS. This includes new software and model development that links RWH with GIS to plan and design large scale RWH and automated building footprint extraction for estimating RWH potential. GIS can play a bigger role in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by incorporating GIS with RWH since GIS can handle large spatial data efficiently, which can help in locating areas that are suitable for rainwater harvesting. Show more

Keywords: Rainwater harvesting, GIS, water, SDGs

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210040

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 29-35, 2021

Authors: Singh, S.K. | Sharma, Artika | Singh, Darshika | Chopra, Ritika

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With the advent of the environmentally conscious decision-making period, the carbon footprint of any engineering project becomes an important consideration. Despite this, the carbon footprint associated with water resource projects is often overlooked. Water production, its supply and treatment processes involve significant energy consumption and thus, are source of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O) and methane (CH4 ) which contribute to global warming. The emissions are not direct but come as a by-product of burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity to carry out these processes. Since water demand is …continuous and keeps on rising, the quantification of carbon footprint associated with the water industry is vital. This paper studies and attempts to quantify the carbon footprint of one such urban water system, that is the Haiderpur Water Treatment Plant in Delhi, capital region of India by using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology and evaluate its performance from the point of view of energy consumption and make suggestions. Show more

Keywords: Carbon footprint, LCA, energy, water production, water treatment plant, sustainability

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210041

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 37-44, 2021

Authors: Huang, Wenhua | Huang, Yan | Ren, Juan | Jiang, Jinglong | Elveny, Marischa

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: One of the challenges facing drilling companies in the completion and production of oil and gas wells is sand production from the formation. The ability to predict sand production in the wells of a reservoir, to decide to use different methods of control is considered a fundamental issue. Therefore, analysis and study of sand production conditions and selecting the optimal drilling route before drilling wells are significant issues that are less considered. According to the findings of this study, due to the sand grains adhesion issue, saturation increase has caused to increase in the intermolecular uptake, and therefore moisture has …been decreased. It leads to reduction in the sand production rate. Pressure increase has a direct relationship with the sand production rate due to increased induced drag forces. Moreover, phenol–formaldehyde resins provided an acceptable measurement as there are no significant changes in porosity and permeability. Show more

Keywords: Phenol–formaldehyde resins, sand production rate, moisture effect, permeability reduction, chemical consolidation

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210042

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 45-52, 2021

Authors: Tambi, Ashok | Gupta, A.B. | Upadhyaya, Sushant

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This study presents a performance analysis in terms of energy and other costs related to the unit cost of water produced in 16 identical community scale reverse osmosis units installed at Jaipur. The energy consumptions indicated that these plants suffer from accelerated fouling of membranes due to scaling by hardness causing substances, which results in a significant loss of useful life of the membranes. The study shows that the overall cost of water production has four major components. Energy cost varies between Rs. 0.025 and 0.079 per litre. Salary cost varies between Rs. 0.04 to 0.20 per litre. Spares …and chemical cost varies between Rs. 0.01 to 0.04 per litre. In addition, repayment of capital invested has also been considered with and without solar integration to arrive at realistic cost estimates over a perceived life cycle of the system. The breakeven achieved by selling 4600–5200 litre water @ Rs. 0.2 per litre per day if repayment of capital investment is not considered, as these units were installed under CSR, while it varies between 8800 and 9600 litre if repayment of capital investment is also considered as an independent business venture. This analysis substantiates that potential exists for the long-term sustainability of these systems. Show more

Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, total dissolved solid, solar integration, reverse osmosis

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210043

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 53-62, 2021

Authors: Chandu, Kavitha | Akasapu, Dharma Raju | Kumar, Samudrala Venkata Jagannadha | Dasari, Madhavaprasad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The study focusses on the variation of air quality assessed from mass concentrations of air pollutants in the year 2020 (particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10 ), sulphur dioxide (SO2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3 )) amidst COVID–19 restrictions on firework activity during Diwali festive period in Visakhapatnam city. The results are compared with 2018 and 2019. The results indicate that the firework activity affected ambient air quality. The effect is lower in 2020 than in 2018 and even in 2019. In 2019, the effect is lower compared to 2018 due to the washout …of pollutants caused by unusual rains on those days. Show more

Keywords: Visakhapatnam, air pollution, diwali festival, fireworks, particulate matter, trace gases

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210044

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 63-71, 2021

Authors: Chatterjee, Ayan | Chatterjee, Sandipan | Chatterjee, Surjani | Banerjee, Neepa | Santra, Tanaya | Mukherjee, Shankarashis

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: With respect to population growth, there will inevitably be an increasing need for improvements in technology, which has led to greater energy efficiency, higher labour efficiency, continuous production methods and operating flexibility; in addition to these factors, mechanisation has also advanced rapidly. It has been also been reported that the introduction of louder machines with the process of industrialisation has made noise a major occupational and environmental hazard. Against this backdrop, a study has been conducted to assess the impact of occupational noise, if any, on the hearing status of human resources occupationally engaged in the industry. A total of …57 male volunteers, aged between 25 and 39 years, working at least for a period of 5 years, constituted the exposed group. A total of 36 individuals of comparable age working in administrative office constituted the control group. Hearing impairment was calculated at speech frequency, up to 4 kHz and up to 6 kHz. The degree of hearing impairment was also calculated. From the present study, it may be concluded that the hearing ability of the human resources, engaged in different sections of the industry, is significantly impaired compared to their age matched counterparts. Show more

Keywords: Audiometric test, degree of hearing impairment, industry, speech frequency

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210045

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 73-78, 2021

Authors: Kottadiyil, Divya | Deore, Shital | Sivaperumal, P.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: In recent years, exposure to pesticides has gained widespread attention due to their adverse health effects. Long-term exposure to pesticides has shown hazardous effects on vital functions of the human nervous and reproductive systems. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the extent of pesticide exposure in humans. Primarily, it is quite challenging to determine trace levels of pesticide residues in biological matrices. Hence, a quick, multi-residue extraction procedure was experimented for pesticide residue analysis in human serum. Herein, the original QuEChERS extraction method was modified for achieving the best possible recoveries. A total of 15 representative pesticides from each class …were selected and fortified into the human serum samples. The extraction was performed by employing acidified solution containing acetonitrile and ethyl acetate followed by vortex and centrifugation. The obtained aqueous layer was collected and vapourised to dryness and d-SPE clean-up was conducted utilising PSA. The extracted sample was injected into the GC-MS/MS system under MRM mode. The method development parameters such as linearity, % RSD, accuracy, LOD, LOQ and % ME were assessed. The results obtained for the serum matrix were found to be within the criteria mentioned in European Union SANTE/12682/2019 guidelines for method validation. The developed solitary method is quick, simple and highly efficient for routine pesticide residue analysis. Hence, a wide spectrum of pesticides can be analysed utilising the proposed method for human serum. Show more

Keywords: Pesticide residues, modified QuEChERS, biological matrix, GC-MS/MS, MRM mode

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210046

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 79-86, 2021

Authors: Abed, Amer | Ibrahim, Orooba

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The principal objective of the study is to investigate the use of Mentha spicata , Thymus vulgaris and Ocimum basilicum as a good alternative option to Antiprotoscolices in-vitro . Hydatid disease, a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus , an important economic and human public health problem with a wide geographical distribution. Fertile hydatid cysts were collected from livestock and the viability of the protoscolices was confirmed. Protoscolices were subjected to four different concentrations of organic extracts (12.5, 25, 50 and 75 mg/ml) for 10, 20 and 30 min. Each extract was investigated and viability of the …protoscolices was tested using 0.1% eosin staining. The highest efficacy was by T. vulgaris , M. spicata (100%), and O. basilicum (98.8%) respectively, after exposure of 20 minutes at 75 mg/ml, that lead to the significant reduction in the viability of protoscolices. The extract had time-dependent effect. Phytochemical were identified qualitatively and weighted quantitatively, that help in the identification of bioactive compounds involved in selective action on the protoscolices tegument layer. In conclusion, all the selected medicinal plants could be a promising source of potent antiprotoscolices effect. The mechanism by which plant extracts killed protoscolices and also their safety for living cells are unclear and need to be investigated further. Show more

Keywords: Protoscolices, Cystic echinococcosis, phytochemical, zoonotic

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210047

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 87-94, 2021

Authors: Mastuti, Y.A. | Rachmadiarti, F.

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Lead (Pb) is one of the contaminants found in polluted air, especially in the area with dense traffic. Herbaceous plants are potentially used to reduce the Pb content in the polluted air. This study was designed to evaluate the potential of several plants, such as Jatropha integerrima , Duranta erecta and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , as Pb absorbents from polluted air based on Pb accumulation and chlorophyll levels. The lead content was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), while the chlorophyll content was tested using spectrophotometers at wavelengths of 649 nm and 665 nm. Results showed that the three plant …species had potential as Pb absorbents from the air. The highest lead content was found from J. integerrima at 1.293 mg/kg, followed by H. rosa-sinensis at 1.232 mg/kg and D. erecta at 0.840 mg/kg. On the other hand, the highest level of leaf chlorophyll content was H. rosa-sinensis at 16.116 mg/kg, followed by D. erecta L. at 12.594 mg/kg and J. integerrima Jacq. of 10.297 mg/kg. No correlation was found between the Pb level and chlorophyll content of the three plants. It can be concluded that the three herbaceous plants have potential as Pb absorbents in the polluted air. Show more

Keywords: Phytoremediation, air pollutant, Pb, Jatropha integerrima, Duranta erecta, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210048

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 95-100, 2021

Authors: Abed, Riyad E. | Al-Salih, Moatasem

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The transmission of viral hepatitis type B (HBV) is of significant public health concern. The infection result depends on how well the virus interacts with the host and in particular, on the ability to respond inherently and adaptively to the humoral and cellular immunity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical, immunology and tracer status (viral). This study showed the relationship between the immune and chronic conditions of Iraqi patients who are chronic hepatitis virus B or HBV carriers. The study included (111) chronically-viral hepatitis type (b) and (112) hepatitis virus surface antigen type (b) healthy carriers from …out of patients. The result of this study proved that a non-significant correlation was observed between cellular immune response (CD4 and CD8) among chronic hepatitis B patients. For CD8+ lymphocytes: there was a highly significant decrease (P<0.001) in the percentage means of the CD8+ cells in CHB patients, as compared with the carrier groups. For CD4+ lymphocytes: there was a slight decrease in the percentage of these lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the patients, as compared with the carrier groups, a non-significant importance was recorded between them. The percentage of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte CD8+ was significantly decreased in CHB patients as compared to the carrier group. One of the deciding factors for the form of infection, and the immune response, which developed in accordance with a number of other biochemical factors and genes is chronic hepatitis B immunopathogénesis and carrier condition with the level of cellular immunity. Show more

Keywords: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), cell-mediated immunity, CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210049

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 101-107, 2021

Authors: Patidar, Kalpana | Vashishtha, Manish | Rajoria, Sonal | Chaturvedi, Tarun Kumar

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The present work is focussed on treating dye-laden polluted water by using a mustard straw-based activated carbon prepared using ZnCl2 and H3 PO4 activation methods. The activation conditions based on the parameters reported in the literature are taken as follows: 700 °C activation temperature, impregnation ratio 2.0, and heating time 2 h. The textural and surface properties of mustard stalk activated carbon (MSAC) were studied by using SEM, nitrogen adsorption, and FT-IR, whereas its adsorption capacity was obtained using the methylene blue (MB) adsorption method. Activation of ZnCl2 and H3 PO4 resulted in a BET surface …area of 402 and 496 m2 /g, respectively. The average pore diameter of the MSAC was found to be 2.13 and 2.59 nm for ZnCl2 and H3 PO4 activation respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to evaluate the equilibrium parameters of MB adsorption. The monolayer adsorption capacity of MSAC by ZnCl2 and H3 PO4 for MB removal from the Langmuir model were 122.25 and 213.21 mg/g respectively. Activation with H3 PO4 was found to be more effective in modifying the structure of the mustard straw when compared with ZnCl2 and also it resulted in a higher adsorption capacity of MB. The present work highlights that the MSAC produced using H3 PO4 activation is a low-cost bio-based adsorbent using abundant agricultural by-product namely mustard straw, and this adsorbent can be used in numerous industrially important applications. Show more

Keywords: Mustard straw, adsorption, H3PO4, ZnCl2, isotherm

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210050

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 109-118, 2021

Authors: Kaduim, Doaa | Mahmoud, Zaid | Mousa, Falah

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: The biosynthesis of iron oxide (Fe2 O3 , also known as haematite) nano particles (NPs) using Hydra helix and Beta vulgaris aqueous extracts were adduced, respectively, where the extracts act as a stabiliser and reductant reagent. The crystal structure and size of particles were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the morphology was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), XRD patterns showed the synthesised nanoparticles with well-crystallised structure from Beta vulgaris extract with size 12 nm, while the results by using Hydra helix showed many peaks back to Goethite phase with 16 nm. The …antibacterial and antifungal activity were examined using Staphylococcus (showed inhibition zone diameter 23 mm, 16 mm using Hydra helix and Beta vulgaris , respectively), E. coli (showed no inhibition) and Candida fungi (showed inhibition zone 16 mm, 11 mm using Hydra helix and Beta vulgaris , respectively). Show more

Keywords: Iron oxide, nanoparticles, haematite, Beta vulgaris, Hydra helix

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210051

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 119-123, 2021

Authors: Mustafa, Shaymaa | Darwish, Mohamad

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Riverbank filtration system is considered one of the economic and sustainable solutions to river water pollution especially in tropical countries such as Malaysia. In this work, an analytical model is developed to simulate the contaminant attenuation in riverbank filtration systems by using the separation of variables method. The basic aim of the model is to understand the role of microbial activity that occurs in riverbed sediments on reducing the concentration of the contaminant in the aquifer and changing the water characteristics. Graphically, it is found that the model can simulate the infiltration process of polluted river water effectively. Also, the …analytical model results, as well as experimental data, show that nitrate (18.6 and 34.1 mg-NO3/L) and sulphate (20.9 – 22.1 mg-SO4 /L) can be consumed by bacteria in the first 0.5 m of the aquifer, and reduced by more than 95% for both compounds. The model is applied for the first riverbank filtration system in Malaysia. Sensitivity analysis results highlight the importance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration (ranged from 1.0 to 12.4 mg/L) for RBF efficacy in which a higher concentration of DOM leads to faster consumption of pollutants. Show more

Keywords: Analytical modelling, riverbank filtration, ammonia pollution, bacterial process, wastewater

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210052

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 125-133, 2021

Authors: Sreedharan, Sanju

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Zero energy technologies and sustainable energy production are the two major concerns of present day researches. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioreactors that extract chemical energy stored in organic compounds, into electric potential, through bio-degradation. The core reason for the high strength of effluent generated from slaughterhouses is animal blood. The current study evaluates the potential of MFC technology to reduce the pollution strength of cattle blood in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The current study was piloted in three stages using lab scale two chambered MFC: The first stage was to determine the best oxidising agent as compared …to natural aeration from three accessible options, KMnO4 , diffused aeration and tape grass aquatic plant. KMnO4 was found to be the superlative with a 30% reduction in COD in 100 hrs batch reactor and a maximum power of 0.97 mW using 125 mL livestock blood. The second stage of the study optimised the concentration of KMnO4 . At 500 mg/L KMnO4 concentration, 50% COD removal efficiency was acquired in a batch reactor of 60 hrs with an average energy output of 1.3 mW. In the final stage on the addition of coconut shell activated carbon with an Anolyte at a rate of 40 mL/125 mL of substrate COD removal efficiency increased to 74.9%. Show more

Keywords: Adsorption, bio-energy, cattle blood, microbial fuel cell, wastewater treatment

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210053

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 135-140, 2021

Authors: Alkhafaji, Basim Y. | Elkheralla, Roaa Jafar | Abdulhasan, Ahmed Salman

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: This experiment was conducted in pots to study the effects of sewage sludge application on some morphological, physiological and accumulation characters of Vigna radiata . The experiment contained the following treatments: control (C) 0 gm sludge/30 kg soil, (T1) 300 gm sludge/30 kg soil, (T2) 600 gm sludge/30 kg soil and (T3) 900 gm sludge/30 kg soil. All sludge treatments showed a significant increase in all morphological, physiological and accumulation characters compared with control. (T2 ) treatment gave a significant increase as compared to other treatments in all morphological characters (height of the plant, leaf area, and total dry weight …for shoots and roots). It increased by 34.1 cm, 33.1 cm2 , 29.8 gm and 3.3 gm, respectively, compared with the control. T2 treatment also gave significant values in all physiological characters (chlorophyll and protein content) as compared to other treatments and the control treatment, (2.60 μg/gm and 17.7%) respectively compared with the control. T3 treatment showed a higher accumulation of Cd and Pb in all plant parts, the root system showed greater susceptibility to bioaccumulation than the shoot system for both the heavy metals. Show more

Keywords: Sewage sludge, heavy metal, Vigna radiata

DOI: 10.3233/AJW210054

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 141-146, 2021

Article Type: News

Citation: Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 147-149, 2021