Transcranial direct current stimulation in individuals with spinal cord injury: Assessment of autonomic nervous system activity

Article type: Research Article

Authors: da Silva, Fabiana Tenório Gomes^{a; b; c} | Browne, Rodrigo Alberto Vieira^c | Pinto, Camila Bonin^a | Saleh Velez, Faddi Ghassan^a | do Egito, Eryvaldo Sócrates Tabosa^d | do Rêgo, Jeferson Tafarel Pereira^c | da Silva, Marília Rodrigues^c | Dantas, Paulo Moreira Silva^c | Fregni, Felipe^{a; *}

Affiliations: [a] Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Center of Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA | [b] Psychology institute, Department of Neurosciences and behavior, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil | [c] Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil | [d] Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author: Felipe Fregni, MD, PhD, MPH, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation & Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 96 13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA. Tel.: +1 617 952 6153; Fax: +1 617 952 6150; E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract: Background: We hypothesized in this study that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of primary motor cortex could exert top-down modulation over subcortical systems associated with autonomic control and thus be useful to revert some of the dysfunctional changes found in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of subjects with spinal cord injuries (SCI). Objective: To explore the acute effect of tDCS on ANS indexed by Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in individuals with SCI and analyze whether this effect depends on the gender, degree, level and time of injury. Methods: In this randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blinded study, 18 adults with SCI (32.9±7.9 years old) were included; the intervention consisted of a single 12-minute session of active tDCS (anodal, 2 mA) and a control session of sham tDCS applied over Cz (bihemispheric motor cortex). HRV was calculated using spectral analysis. Low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio variables were evaluated before, during, and post tDCS. Results: A two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that after active (anodal) stimulation, LF/HF ratio was significantly increased (P = 0.013). There was a trend for an interaction between time and stimulation for both LF and HF (P = 0.052). Paired exploratory t-tests reported effects on the difference of time [post–pre] between stimulation conditions for LF (P = 0.052), HF (P = 0.052) and LF/HF (P = 0.003). Conclusion: Anodal tDCS of the motor cortex modulated ANS activity in individuals with SCI independent of gender, type and time of lesion. These changes were in the direction of normalization of ANS parameters, thus confirming our initial hypothesis that an enhancement of cortical excitability by tDCS could at least partially restore some of the dysfunctional activity in the ANS system of subjects with SCI.

Keywords: Transcranial direct current stimulation, autonomic nervous system, spinal cord injury, heart rate variability

DOI: 10.3233/RNN-160685

Journal: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 159-169, 2017