Affiliations: [a] Department of Medicine (Division of Neurology) and University Hospital Rehabilitation Center, College of Medicine, Penn State University, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA | [b] Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA | [c] Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA | Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Correspondence:
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Corresponding author.
Abstract: The frontal lobe has been viewed historically in very different ways, ranging from enigmatic and mystifying to the crucial neural substrate for higher cognition and social behavior. Frontal lobe damage poses a unique and difficult set of challenges to the patient, their family and the neurorehabilitation team. Because of the role of the frontal lobe in adaptation and adjustment, such damage adversely affects a patient's participation in the process and content of rehabilitation. To aid diagnosis and treatment planning, a model of frontal lobe organization is outlined, focusing on the specific cognitive and behavioral symptom clusters associated with superior mesial, inferior mesial, dorsolateral and orbital frontal lesions. A taxonomy of social executive processes is presented for identifying impairments in social behavior and personality, based upon the domains of social self-regulation, social self-awareness, social-sensitivity (empathy), and social-salience. Specific interventions are described that encompass dopamine agonist therapy for blunted affect, mutism and akinesia, cognitive strategies for improving organization and planning deficits, and evolving treatments for social impairments.
