A preliminary examination of the TOMM2 in a sample of Spanish speakers in the United States

Issue title: Newly Developed Neuropsychological Norms for the Evaluation of Spanish-Speaking Adults in the United States

Guest editors: Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla and Diego Rivera

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Ramos Usuga, Daniela^a | Ayearst, Lindsay E.^b | Rivera, Diego^{c; d} | Krch, Denise^{e; f} | Perrin, Paul B.^g | Carrión, Carmen I.^h | Morel Valdés, Gloria M.ⁱ | Loro, Delly^j | Rodriguez, Miriam J.^{k; l} | Munoz, Geovaniⁿ | Drago, Christin I.^m | García, Patricia^o | Rivera, Patricia M.^p | Arango-Lasprilla, Juan Carlos^{q; *}

Affiliations: [a] Biomedical Research Doctorate Program, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain | [b] Modus Outcomes, Cary, NC, USA | [c] Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain | [d] Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain | [e] Center for Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA | [f] Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA | [g] Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA & School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA | [h] Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA | [i] Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA | [j] The Chicago School, Los Angeles, CA, USA | [k] Clinical Psychology Program, Carlos Albizu University, Miami Campus, Miami, FL, USA | [l] Department of Health and Wellness Design, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA | [n] Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA | [m] Global Wellness LLC, Miami, FL, USA | [o] Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA & Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA | [p] Mental Health Department – Neuropsychology, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA | [q] Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Correspondence: [*] Address for correspondence: Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla, PhD, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA. E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract: BACKGROUND:The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is a widely used performance validity measure that is available in both English and Spanish. The Spanish version, however, has historically lacked normative data from samples that are representative of the U.S. Hispanic/Spanish speaking population. OBJECTIVE:The aim of the current study was to collect normative data on the update TOMM 2 for Hispanic individuals residing in the U.S. METHODS:Normative data on the TOMM 2 was collected across 9 sites from different regions of the U.S. The total sample consisted of n = 188 cognitively healthy adults aged 18 and over with no current or prior history of neurological or psychiatric disorder. Descriptive analyses were performed on total raw scores. RESULTS:Participants obtained a mean score of 48.15 (SD = 2.81) on trial 1 of the TOMM 2, 49.86 (SD = 0.487) on trial 2, and 49.84 (SD = 0.509) on the recognition trial. Scores are provided for traditional cutoff scores as well as some popular cutoffs reported in the literature. Item level analyses were conducted as well as evaluation of performance based on a variety of demographics. CONCLUSION:When compared to the English-speaking normative sample used for the original TOMM, this sample demonstrated better performance on the TOMM 2 indicating better cultural appropriateness of the items. This is the first study conducted that provides culturally appropriate descriptive norms for use with Spanish speakers living in the U.S.

Keywords: Performance validity, test taking effort, cross-cultural normative data

DOI: 10.3233/NRE-240085

Journal: NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 235-242, 2024