Affiliations: [a] Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| [b] Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| [c] Department of Neurology, Parkinson’s & Movement Disorders Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| [d] Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| [e] Master’s of Neuropsychology, Neurosciences Department, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
Correspondence:
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Address for correspondence: Paul B. Perrin, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Director, Health Psychology; Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA. Tel.: +1 (804) 827 3894; Fax. +1 (804) 828 2237; E-mail: [email protected].
Abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE:Given the growing population of individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) worldwide and the growing need for family members to take on a caregiving role, it is critical that cross-cultural differences be examined in order to better meet the needs of PD caregivers. The purpose of this study was to examine the connections between the unmet needs and mental health of PD caregivers differentially in Mexico and the United States. METHODS:In Parkinson’s clinics at public, academic medical centers, PD caregivers from Mexico (n = 148) and the United States (n = 105) completed measures of unmet family needs and mental health. RESULTS:Caregivers in the United States had higher unmet needs for emotional support and for a community support network than caregivers in Mexico, although caregivers at the two sites had comparable levels of anxiety and depression. Unmet family needs explained 29.5% of the variance in caregiver anxiety in the United States (p < 0.001) but only 5.7% in Mexico (p = 0.209). Unmet family needs explained 30.4% of the variance in caregiver depression in the United States (p < 0.001) and 14.0% in Mexico (p = 0.001). In the United States, unmet needs for emotional support and for instrumental support uniquely predicted caregiver anxiety and depression, and in Mexico only the unmet need for instrumental support was a unique predictor. CONCLUSIONS:PD caregivers in the United States are at increased risk for poor emotional and community support, and these unmet needs channel directly into caregiver anxiety and depression. In Mexico, where caregivers have stronger emotional and community support, caregivers’ unmet need for instrumental support generates anxiety and depression. Important targets for PD caregiver interventions may differ between Mexico and the United States.
Keywords: Cross-cultural, Parkinson’s caregivers, family needs, mental health
